Swahili-English dictionary

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

Class

Swahili-English
dictionary

BY

A. C. MADAN, M.A.

STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD

UNIVERS17

OXFORD *
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1903

/

,

H);

'

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK

PREFACE

This Dictionary is an attempt to bring together in a con-
venient form materials for the study of the language most
widely known throughout East and Central Africa, and to
combine them in the light of a long, though in various ways
limited, experience.

It would be more accurately described as an annotated
vocabulary of the dialect of Swahili commonly spoken in
Zanzibar city. It cannot lay claim to the formal completeness,
especially in the treatment of verbs, which attaches to the idea
of a dictionary, and it deals with a dialect which in respect
of a large number of words is distinguished by the Swahilis
themselves from the Swahili dialect of the coast. It is based
on the lists of words, singularly accurate and relatively com-
plete in themselves, furnished by Bishop Steere's Handbook
of Swahili and scattered throughout his collections and trans-
lations, and on Krapf's Dictionary of Swahili — works issued
more than twenty years ago. Later sources have also been
drawn upon, especially Pere Sacleux's Dictionnaire fratigais-
swahili, 1891, and the ever-increasing volume of Swahili litera-
ture (chiefly dotuments, letters, stories and poetry) due to the
industry and scientific enthusiasm of German colonists and
scholars. No work, however, at present exists (1903) which
attempts the same object as the present. ,It was beyond the
scope of Bishop Steere's plan to supply more than full lists of
useful words. As to Krapf s monumental work, it may be
enough to express a hope that it will never be re-edited. It
remains indispensable to every student of Swahili, and has the

1 a 2

IV

PREFACE

permanent value and charm of genuine philological pioneer
work by an honest and able researcher. It deals almost entirely
with the dialect of Swahili used at Mombasa, and revision might
make it more practically useful by the removal of inaccuracies
and repetitions, and by modifying the spelling and arrange-
ment, but such treatment would be analogous to re-writing
Schliemann's Troy or Livingstone's Journals. The many first-
hand explanations and examples are too precious, however, to be
left unused, and it is especially on these that the present Editor
has ventured freely to draw.

As to the use made of these and other materials, this
Dictionary makes no claim to be encyclopaedic, or to include
more than the commoner technical terms of arts, crafts and
commerce, or to represent fully the flora or fauna of Zanzibar.
Like other dictionaries, it presupposes an elementary acquaint-
ance with the grammar of the dialect dealt with, in this case
a very simple one. But (apart from imperfections due to
ignorance or oversight) it will probably be found to provide
sufficiently for the ordinary wants of officials, missionaries,
travellers, teachers and translators, especially when used in
connexion with the English- Swahili Dictionary (also published
by the Oxford University Press, second edition, 1901) by the
same Editor.

Reasons for attempting to provide a Dictionary of this kind
may be briefly stated. The common language of Zanzibar
has hitherto been the best known and most widely useful
form of Swahili. And Swahili is still by far the most im-
portant member of the Bantu family of language, i. e. of the
solid block of dialects, closely related among themselves and
clearly differentiated from all others, which are spoken through-
out about a third of the African continent, i. e. over nearly the
whole of it from Nigeria and the Soudan on the north to the
Hottentot region on the extreme south. Hence Swahili has
been ranked not unreasonably among the twelve most important

PREFACE v

languages of the modern world, and the position of Zanzibar as
till lately the undisputed commercial capital and chief political
power of Eastern and Central Africa has determined the form
of Swahili still most useful as the key to that entire region.
It is not necessary to enlarge on its characteristics, but one
special feature of it may be more fully referred to here.

The term Swahili represents, ethnologically as well as lin-
guistically, the mixture of African and Arab elements on the
East Coast of Africa. The proportions of the mixture in the
race and the language vary indefinably, but its main character-
istic is constant, viz. that the language remains always African,
— and by African in this connexion is meant Banln — in all its
leading grammatical and phonetic features, however largely
Arabic, and in a small degree other foreign elements figure in
its vocabulary. How largely they figure appears in this book.
The Editor is not well acquainted with Arabic, Hindustani, or
indeed other dialects of Bantu, but he has made an attempt to
discriminate between the Bantu and foreign element throughout.
All words believed to be of non-Bantu origin are marked with
an asterisk (*). Such words are mostly Arabic, or introduced
through Arabic channels, and an Arabic scholar could no doubt
add considerably to the number. As it is, a glance will show
the numerical importance of the foreign element. A close study
is needed to realize its full significance, to detect it (often
strangely disguised) in all stages of phonetic and even gram-
matical assimilation, and to recognize its subtle power of permea-
tion, even to the absolute displacement of some of the commonest
Bantu words, and almost a monopoly of the connectives of words
and sentences except in the simplest relations, and to unfold its
historical significance as a record of successive invasions of Arab
influence, warlike and peaceful, to which the East coast has
been for centuries subjected. Here two or three results may
be noted briefly. The Arabic element is so large and pene-
trating as seriously to diminish the value of the Swahili dialect

vi PREFACE

for the purposes of comparison with other dialects of Bantu,
simply from the displacement of Bantu roots elsewhere general.
On the other hand, the very opportunity and power of assimila-
tion is and has proved to be a most valuable one. It enables
the African to draw on the rich resources of the Arabic vocabu-
lary for the expression or better expression of new ideas, while
providing an easy, and as it were, natural channel for the ger-
minant seeds of culture, taste, and enlightenment of all kinds,
wherever Swahili penetrates throughout the continent. There
is a third consideration of practical importance. Bantu, and
especially Swahili, is easy to pronounce and even to represent
in writing with the ordinary alphabet, and the tendency of
Swahili is to make Arabic also easy to pronounce and even (in
a degree) to spell.

As to the always difficult subject of spelling and transcription
of a language only lately reduced to writing, the present Editor
is content to adopt generally the remarks made by Bishop Steere
(in his Handbook, at the end of the Introduction and in the
chapter on the alphabet), corroborated as they are in principle
by Professor Max Miiller in his little-known Introduction to
the Outline Dictionary for Students of Language by John
Bellows (now long Out of print). He would also avow his own
tendency to Bantize rather than Arabize, i. e. to simplify rather
than refine upon Arabic sounds uncongenial to the African,
so far as their representation in writing is concerned. There
seems no ground for deliberately contributing to their perpetua-
tion. The principle just referred to is, that it is a practical
necessity in the transcription of languages to indicate sounds,
not depict them, and that for this purpose the ordinary English
alphabet should be used with as few modifications as possible.
Happily in Swahili there are no sounds commonly heard which
are not sufficiently indicated by Roman characters. The only
real difficulty is one inherent in all phonetic transliteration,
viz. actual or supposed differences in the pronunciation of the

PREFACE

vn

same word, whether locally or by individuals, and consequent
impossibility of a spelling both accurate and uniform. Such
differences are partly natural and universal, few individuals
pronouncing the same word in exactly the same way. In
Swahili they are aggravated by the disturbing effect of Arabic,
leading to strange but common transpositions of vowels and
inversions of consonants in the effort of the African to imitate
or assimilate its difficult characteristic sounds, and also by
varying dialectic tendencies among the Africans themselves.
English achieves uniformity of spelling by resigning all pretence
to phonetic accuracy. In Swahili phonetic exactness at present
would make uniform spelling impossible. Hence in this
Dictionary, words will be found given in various forms, repre-
senting the word as heard by different and differently qualified
transcribers. The consequence may be sometimes baffling, but
seems unavoidable.

Only students need attend to the brief notes appended in
brackets to many of the articles. They are mainly meant to
supply hints for further study, by bringing together under each
word, others which seem to throw light upon it as to origin or
meaning — especially cognate words from the same root, words
worth noting from similarity of form, synonyms in the wide sense
of similar in general or in a special meaning, also words
illustrative by contrast and opposed meaning. There are but
few notes on life and customs, &c, in Zanzibar. The fact appears
to be that under the outward forms of a purely Mohammedan
regime, only modified on the surface as yet by European
civilization, and slightly disturbed in its depths by the leaven of
Christianity, there exists a medley of tribal customs and
superstitions, as varied and varying as.J:he population itself,
which do not admit of disentanglement on the spot, and could
only be profitably studied in the places from which they are
derived.

For Arabic words Steingass' Dictionary has been chiefly

Vlll

PREFACE

relied on, and Palmer's and Tien's Grammars. As to the mani-
fold imperfections of this book, competent critics may be trusted
to recognize and perhaps to allow for them. Every one who
has experience of Zanzibar will find words which seem wrongly
inserted or omitted. The prefaces of Johnson and Murray
catalogue the difficulties which beset more or less the making
of even a small dictionary of any language. The lexicographer
is no doubt rightly defined as a drudge, but perhaps doubtfully
as ' a harmless drudge/ The present Editor knows the Swahili
of Zanzibar well enough to know that he does not know it well.
But his work may (it is hoped) help others to know it as well —
and better.

A. C. MADAN.
Oxford, July, 1903.

INTRODUCTION

TO THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY

To find words and ascertain their meanings in a dictionary
too limited in size to allow a full enumeration of either, attention
is needed to the following directions.

i. To find words.

All Swahili verbs, many nouns and adjectives, and some
particles vary at the beginning, and will not commonly be found
under the letter (sound) which comes first. As a rule, verbs
and adjectives are to be looked for under the first letter of the
root, and nouns under the form of the singular number. The
variable formative elements, as distinct from the radical, are
called in this Dictionary prefixes (pfx.), and for convenience
prefix is often arbitrarily used to include infix, and affix or
suffix. Prefixes are usually agglutinative elements, but some
have a limited use as independent words. A glance at the
Tabular Conspectus of the noun and verb which follows the
Introduction will be practically sufficient, with a knowledge of
the elements of the simple Swahili Grammar, to enable the root
to be distinguished. Thus :

(a) A Noun beginning with wa-, mi-, vj-, ny-, ma-, which
are common plural prefixes, may be looked for under the
corresponding singular form.

Obs. The declension of each noun (which colours gram-
matically the whole of a Swahili sentence) is as a rule shown by

x INTRODUCTION

placing immediately after it the plural prefix in brackets. This
method sufficiently distinguishes declensions i to 5. Declen-
sion 6 does not change in the plural, and is shown by the
absence of a prefix following, or by ( — ). Nouns of declension 8
should be looked for under the letter following ku, i. e. the verb
from which they are in almost all cases formed. The declen-
sions are commonly referred to as D 1 (S), i.e. First Declension
Singular Number, D 1 (P), i.e. First Declension Plural Number,
D 2 (S), D 2 (P), and so on.

(b) An adjective beginning with any one of the common
adjectival prefixes (see Conspectus II (c)) may be looked for
under the letter (sound) following it. Variable adjectives are
written with a (-) before the root, e.g. -ema, and the more
important variations of forms corresponding to different declen-
sions are appended to each.

(c) Conspectus I both illustrates the difficulty of finding the
root of a Swahili verb and also supplies a key. Combinations
of any of the six classes of prefix, which may precede a root,
must be recognized and removed, and then the letter following
will be the first letter of the root.

2. To ascertain meanings.

Nouns and verb-stems are so readily developed from a
root in Swahili, by a regular and almost mechanical process,
i. e. by the use of certain prefixes, that it is impossible to give
more than a selection from them. Their meaning may, how-
ever, be gathered as a rule from the known meaning of the
prefix, and the root when recognized will usually be found
independently or in some cognate word. The rarer the com-
bination, the more certain the meaning to be simply the normal
meanings of root and prefix combined.

(a) The commonest formative noun-prefixes are M- (Mw-),
Ki~ (C/i-), U- (W-), at the beginning of a word, often with a
variable but significant ending, -0, -Ji, or -zt. The characteristic

INTRODUCTION xi

force of each of these elements may be gathered from the
notes on them in their places in this Dictionary.

(5) The Swahili verb-root is capable of such a rich and
varied development in the form of additional verb-stems, each
with its complement of conjugations, moods, tenses, &c, that
only a few have been fully treated in this Dictionary, hardly any
completely. Shades of meaning are so numerous and their
differences so delicate, that appropriate renderings in English
suited to each particular case have to be left very largely to the
student's appreciation of each form separately. Only examples
and suggestions can be given within reasonable limits of space.
But the following considerations may enable him better to infer
for himself the meaning of verb-forms not stated under the verb
itself. And if he is still inclined to complain of vagueness and
inadequacy in their interpretation, it may be remembered that
language unwritten (like Swahili) is the speech of a living
person, and so carries its own simultaneous commentary of
look, gesture, and tone, as well as sound — appealing thus to
four senses in sympathetic and intelligent relation to the speaker,
and not only to the eye interpreting a written character. The
full meaning of any written statement has at best often to be
guessed, and a Swahili, if he writes, writes as he speaks, assuming
a hearer and not a reader.

Subject only to the limitations imposed by common sense
(i. e. by the meaning of the root itself) and common usage, all
Swahili verbs may exhibit, beside (i) a simple or primary form
(Pr.), seven derived forms, here called — (2) Applied (Ap.), (3)
Causal (Cs.), (4) Reciprocal (Rp.), (5) Reversive (Rv.), (6)
Stative (St.), (7) Reflexive (Rf.), and (8) Reduplicated (Rd.)—
each (under the above limitations) with Active, Passive, and
Neuter Voices, and Positive and Negative Conjugations, and
each of them with its complement of Moods, Tenses, as well as
derived nouns and adjectives, beside an indefinite number

xii INTRODUCTION

of other forms or stems formed by combinations of those just
enumerated.

The characteristics by which each main form may be recog-
nized, and the chief meanings of each, from which choice must
be made, are briefly as follows :

i. Primary (Pr.), in which the root is followed by a, the
simplest form of the verb and conveying its simplest meaning,
but generally capable of both transitive and intransitive con-
struction. (Obs. verbs of non-Bantu origin may end also
in -u, and -i.)

(a) The Passive Voice in this {and in all the verb-forms follow-
ing)'^ distinguished by w before the final vowel, and (fr) the Neuter
by k (ik, ek). The Neuter has three common uses, indicating
(i) the same as the passive, but with less definite reference to
any agent or instrument, (2) what is usual, (3) what is practic-
able, e.g. njia hii yaendeka may mean (1) this road is as a
fact passed over, (2) this road is a regular thoroughfare, (3)
this road is passable, open, safe. Obs. meaning (3) is also
regularly indicated by -kana, for ka, e. g. yaendekana, i. e. a
combination of the Neuter and Reciprocal forms (see below, 4).

2. Applied (Ap.), in which i or e is inserted between the
root and final a, and choice has to be made among all the
meanings usually expressed in English by a preposition following
a verb, e. g. from, to, at, by, with, in, out of, for, against, about,
&c. Only the sympathetic interpretation referred to above
can determine the choice rightly in many cases. Obs. the
Passive of the Ap. form is often used as the Passive of the Pr.
form.

3. Causal (Cs.), in which z (sh, s, and sometimes y) is
inserted between the root and final a. ' The meaning conveyed
is (1) Causal, (2) Intensive or Emphatic. But the Causal
sense includes at least six varieties of causation, needing often
delicate discrimination and totally different translation, according

INTRODUCTION xiii

as it is (i) simple, a causing to do (or be), (2) compulsive,
forcing to do, (3) permissive, allowing to do, (4) suasive, inducing
to do, (5) passive, not interfering with doing, (6) consequential,
resulting in (tending to) doing.

4. Reciprocal (Rp.), in which an is inserted before the final
a. Here again the form expresses several distinct aspects of
common action, e.g. (1) reciprocal, e.g. pigana, 'give and
return blows' — action and Teaction, (2) connected action, e.g.
tokana na, ' come out of,' fuatana na, * follow/ (3) combined
(mutual, joint) action, e.g. endana, ' all go together,' liana, 'cry
together/ (4) interaction, of what affects all parts or different
parts of the same single object, e. g. shikana, ' hold together, be
compact (firm)/ kazana, ' be tight, be pressed together/ (5) in
connexion with the Neuter sign ka (see above), -kana indicates
commonly w r hat is practicable, possible, probable, &c, e. g. one-
kana, 'be visible, be within the range of vision, come into
sight/

5. Reflexive (Rf.), in which the syllable ji is prefixed to the
root itself. The many shades of meaning thus conveyed may
be gathered from the article onj'i in the Dictionary.

6. Reduplicated (Rd.), in which a verb-stem is repeated twice
and used as a single stem to indicate emphasis, frequency, or
continuance, e.g. piga piga, 'beat soundly/ or ' keep on beating/

7. Reversive (Rv.), in which u (sometimes 0) is inserted
between the root and final a, indicating the reverse of the simple
Pr. form, but also (when the general result is identical) sometimes
the same. Cf. pinda and pindua, kama and kamua, zima and
zimua.

8. Stative (St.), in which am is inserted before the final a,
indicating a relatively fixed state or permanent condition. It
occurs also combined with a?i, i. e. -aman, in verbs like shika-
mana, andamana. See under -mana in its place.

XVI

II. CONSPECTUS OF

Illustrating the usual Prefixes which distinguish the various Declens;ons
and Numbers, and also the chief Verbal and Adjectival Prefixes and Pronoun
Forms corresponding to each. There is no distinction of Gender in Swahili
Nouns.

Declen-
sion.

Noun-
Prefix.

(a)

Sing, m
Plur. wa

Root.

0)

(^■) tu _

{thing)

Adjectival
Prefix.

(0

m, mw
wa, w

Pronoun.

Verbal Prefix.

ist. 2nd. 3rd.
Sing. Subj. ni, u, a

Obj. ni, ku, m
Plur. Subj. tu, m, wa

Obj. tu, wa, wa

e.g. (a, b) J.*, person, (c) mwema, good, (d) huyu, this, (e) ampenda, he loves him.

(d)

huyu, yule
hawa, wao

3.

Sing, m
Plur. mi

(eg.) ti
(tree)

m , mw I huu, ule I 5*w^. S«W. 1 u w
mi, m hii, He ■ Obj. f

Plur. Subj. 1 ■
I I 0*7. i ' y

^. (a, b) mti, **, (0 mdogo, small, (d) huu, <Uk, («) waafca, 0/rM.

SVVz^. ki
.P/#r. vi

(e.g.)tn
(thing)

ki, ch
vi, vy

hiki, kile I Sing. Subj. \ k; ch
hivi, vile Obj.S

Plur. Subj. \
Ibi. J

Obj\ I V1
e.g. (a, b) ki'tu, thing, (c) kizuri, pretty, (d) hiki, this, (e) chapendeza, «^

Sing, u, w
jP/wr. ny

(eg.) imbo
Oswzf)

m, mw
n (with
euphonic
variants)

huu, ule Sing. Subj. ) w

hizi, zile Obi.S

Plur. Subj. l ■
Obj. '

e.g. (a, b) uimbo, song, (c) mbaya, bad, (d) huu, this, (e) wachuk.za, it disgusts

XV11

(ZANZIBAR) SWAHILI NOUN

i, is the usual Declension of living beings, 2, of plants. Diminutives belong
to 3, Amplificatives to 5, Abstracts mostly to 4, Foreign words to 6, and in
some cases 5, 7 is Local only, and 8, Verbal. The (so-called) Possessive
Adjectives and a few others follow the Pronominal Prefixes.

Declen-
sion.

Noun-
Prefix.

Root.

Adjectival
Prefix.

Pronoun.

Verbal Prefix.

(a)

(*)

(c)

(d)

(e)

5.

Sing. —

(e.g.) kasha

— —

hili, Hie

*"'*&)** "

Phcr. ma

{box)

ma, m

haya, yale

Phcr. Subj. \

Obj. ) ya

e.g. (a, b) kasha, box, {c) kubwa, large, (d) hili, this, (e) latosha, it suffices.

6.

Sing. —

(e.g.) kazi

n (with

hii, ile

Sing. Subj.) .

Obj.) '« 5

Plur. —

(work)

euphonic

hizi, zile

variants)

Phcr. Sub/. 1 ■
. Obi. i Z1

e.g. (a, b) kazi, work, (c) ngumu, hard, (d) hii, this, (e) yachosha, it wearies.

7.

Sing. —

mahali

pa, p

hapa, pale

Sing. Subj. \

Plur. —

(place)
(only noun

in this
declension?)

Obj. 1 „
Plur. Subj. X pa
Obj.)

e.g. {a, b) mahali, place, (c) pembamba, narrow, (d) hapa, this, (e) pafaa, it suits.

8.

Sing. —

(e.g.) kufa

ku, kw

huku, kule

Sing. Subj. \

Plur. —

(dying)

Plur. S% ku > k *
Obj.)

e.g. (a, b) kufa, dying, (c) kutukufu, glorious, (d) huku, this, (e) kwasifiwa,

it is praised.

ABBREVIATIONS

Easily recognized abbreviations are used for the common grammatical

names of parts of speech and their varieties — conjugations, moods, tenses, &c.

The eight Declensions given in Conspectus II are distinguished as

D i (S), i. e. First Declension Singular Number, D i (P), i. e. First

Declension Plural Number, D 2 (S), D 2 (P), D 3 (S), and so on.

The eight principal forms of verb-stem are distinguished as Pr. Primary
or Simple, Ap. Applied, Cs. Causal, Pp. Reciprocal, St. Stative, Rv.
Reversive, Rf. Reflexive, Rd. Reduplicated. Ps. denotes Passive, Act.
Active, Nt. Neuter, Pos. Positive, Neg. Negative.

Pfx. Prefix, includes (for convenience) infix, suffix, and affix — the same
formative element being often medial or final as well as initial.

Kr. Krapf, Sac. Sacleux, Str. Steere, the principal authorities relied upon
throughout, are only cited in connexion with particular words or statements.
The chief languages referred to are : B. Bantu, Ar. ox Arab. Arabic, Swa.
Swahili, Z. Zanzibar, Hind. Hindustani, Pers. Persian, Pr. French, Eng.
English, Germ. German, Port. Portuguese. Obs. Arab., and not Ar.,
denotes Arabic words but little used or assimilated in the common talk
of Zanzibar.

The following may also be noted : —
a. = adjective,
adv. = adverb,
amplif. = amplificative, denoting large (relative) size.

conj. = conjunction,
conjug. = conjugation,
cf. = compare,
conn. = connect, connected,
contr. = contrast, contrary in meaning,
dim. = diminutive, denoting small (relative) size,
dist. = distinguish, distinct in meaning,
esp. = especially.

fig. = figurative, in a figurative sense,
follg. = a word or article immediately following.

int. = interjection,
intens. = intensive, with intensive force, emphatic.
lit. = literally, in a literal sense.

ABBREVIATIONS xix

n. — noun,
obs. = observe.

opp. = opposed to, of opposite meaning,
perh. = perhaps.

prec. = a word or article immediately preceding,
prep. = preposition,
pron. = pronoun,
pronom. = pronominal or possessive — of adjectives, &c.

syn. = synonymous, in a wide sense, illustrative of the general, or of

a special, meaning of a word,
usu. = usual, usually.

A SWAHILI-ENGLISH.

DICTIONARY

(Words marked * appear not to be of Bantu origin.)

A.

A represents generally the broad
sound of a in 'father.' It also in-
cludes (chiefly in non-accented sylla-
bles) the lighter sound of a in 'man.'
And there is a modification of it
which is noted under certain words
of Arabic origin, being heard and
written sometimes as e. See Elfu,
Hewa, and E.

A is far the commonest vowel sound
in Swahili, and with the consonants k
and m gives a distinct phonetic colour
to the spoken language as a whole.
Though comparatively rare as an
initial sound of Bantu roots, it is
the regular terminal sound of most
Swahili verb-forms, appears in many
of the formative prefixes of the verb,
in the plural prefixes of two declen-
sions, and in most of the common
conjunctions and prepositions.

Aa is used to represent a long a
sound, which usually indicates (i)
in the case of Bantu words, a really
double syllable with an / or r sound
slurred or elided between the a's ; (2)
in the case of Arabic words, the Bantu
effort to express the sounds of Alif,
Ain, or combinations' of them.

A as a simple uncombined sound
is used :

(1) As an interjection, whose
meaning depends on the mode of
utterance and intonation. Thus :

(a) A I or Ah! or Ahh! expresses
simply wonder, pleasure, pain, grief,
&c.

(b) A-aa or A-haa (also A-hee and
E-hee) — the sounds distinct, with

rising intonation, and stress on the
last, ' yes, just so, exactly, I under-
stand,' i. e. assent, affirmation.

(c) Aa-a or A-a-a — the sounds dis-
tinct, with falling intonation, and
stress on the first, 'no, oh no, not
so, 'by no means,' i. e. dissent and
negation.

(2) As a preposition, but only oc-
casionally as a slurred or shortened
form of the full prepositional wa,
ya, &c, after a vowel preceding.
(See below.)

(3) Not (like the other personal
prefixes, ni, u, tu, m 3 wa) as a verb-
form ' (he, she) is,' its place being
taken sometimes by yu, otherwise by
the general verb-form ni, e.g. mfalme
yu (or ni) mwema, the king is good.

A in verb-formation is :

(1) The Pers. Pfx. of 3 Sing, in all
Tenses, agreeing with D 1 (S), e. g. a-
tapenda, he will love.

(2) The Tense Pfx. of Pres. Indef.,
e.g. ivapenda (11-a-penda), you love,
and (coalescing or dispensing with the
Pers. Pfx. wholly or in part) napenda
(ni-a-penda), I love, apenda (a-a-
p&nda), he loves.

(3) Part of one form of the Past
Tense Pfx. ali (otherwise li only),
e.g. nalipenda (ii-a/i-penda, other-
wise ni-li-penda), I loved.

N. A in Prefixes, (1) when followed
by e, disappears regularly in ka, ma,
wa, pa, sometimes in a, na, ta* never
in the Neg. Pfx. ha, e. g. ake.nda (a-
ka-enda), and ^ie went, peupe {pa-
cupe), a. white place; (2) when
followed by i, coalesces with it to
form e, e.g. aketa (a-ka-ita), and
he called, wezi (wa-izi), thieves,
mengi (ma-ingi), many.

B

-A

ACHA

-a is the invariable element, which
combined with a prefix forms the
various prepositions wa, ya, za, cha,
la, pa, kwa, ??iwa. In meaning these
all correspond generally to the English
'of,' and (with the noun following)
to the Genitive Case in the classical
languages, and include all such adjec-
tival relations as ' belonging to, pro-
ceeding from, consisting of, of the
class or kind of, relating to, qualified
by,' &c.

Each of the above forms will be
found in the Dictionary, but here it
may be noted that :

(i) With a noun following, they
supply the lack of adjectives, and,
with an adverb preceding, the lack
of prepositions, in Swahili, e. g. nyic-
mba ya mawe, a stone house, sumu
ya kufisha, deadly poison, baada ya
hay a, after these things, kando la mto,
beside the river.

(2) Where the reference is general,
or the noun easily supplied, they are
sometimes used without a noun pre-
ceding, e.g. ya kwanza, in the first
place, wa vita, warriors, cha kula,
food. And by a curious idiom the
preposition is sometimes referred to
the person concerned and not to the
thing qualified, e.g. alimpigawajicho,
and he struck him a blow in the eye,
not (pigo) lajicho.

(3) After some common nouns the
preposition is often omitted, e. g.
binti Alt, the daughter of Ali,
mwana chuoni, the schoolboy, kina
bibi, ladies. And it is sometimes
slurred, if not elided, after a preced-
ing, e. g. saa a tano, or saa tano (saa
ya tano), the fifth hour.

*Aali, a. superior, excellent, ex-
alted. (Arab. Cf. taala and Ali.
Aa here represents the combination
Alif, Ain, Alif.)

*Aasi, v. See Asi. (Ar.)
*Abadan, adv. always, constantly,
ever. Mwanamke a. harithi, a
woman is never contented. (Arab.,
for common siku zote, daima.)

*Abedari, n. ( — , or ma-) and
Bedari, a large block or pulley used
in hoisting the main-yard of a native
sailing vessel. (? Ar. or Hind. Cf.
for pulley, kapi, go/ia.)

*Abiri, v. cross, cross over, pass
over, esp. of river or sea. A. kwa
(katika) chombo, cross in a vessel.
Ps. abir-iwa. Nt. -ika, -ikana. Mto
waabirika, the river can be crossed.
Ap. abir-ia, -iwa, -ika. Mtumbwi
wa kuabiria, a canoe to cross in.
Fetha ya kuabiria, fare for passage
across. Cs. abir-isha, -ishwa, -ishana,
send over, put across, ferry over.
(Ar. Cf. follg. and syn. B. vtika,
kiuka, pita.)

*Abiria, n. ( — , and ma-), person
crossing (a river, sea, &c), passenger
(in a boat, vessel, &c). (Ar. Cf.
abiri.)

*Abudu, v. worship, adore, vene-
rate, prop, of religious worship and
service, both outward and inward.
A. Muungu (sanamu), worship
God (idols). A. sala, perform a
service of prayer. Ps. abudiwa, be
(in fact) worshipped. Nt. abudika,
be an object (generally, or a proper
object) of worship. Ap. abtid-ia,
-izva, -ika, offer worship to, worship
in (for, on account of, &c). Cs.
abud-isha, -ishwa, cause to worship,
convert. ( Ar. Cf. ibada, mwabudu,
maaludu y and, of external worship,
sujudu.)

Acba, v. the main idea is, ceasing
or breaking off connexion with some-
thing, and may be rendered in many
ways, with many shades of meaning,
e. g. (1) ' leave, leave off, leave be-
hind, let go, let pass, let be, go
(part, depart) from; (2) abandon,
desert, neglect ; (3) acquit, release,
pardon ; (4) allow, permit, give
leave ; (5) separate from, divorce.'
Acha ! (imper.) Let go ! Give over !
Hands off ! Sikuachi, I will not
let you go. Akamwacha akenda
zake, and he left him and went away.
A. mlumwa hunt, let a slave go

ACHALI

ADILI

free (set him at liberty). Colloquially,
a. is used somewhat as an expletive,
e. g. Acha (or, wache, for waache)
Wazungu watawale kwa nguvu, let
alone Europeans for strong govern-
ment, i.e. trust them for it. Acha
mizinga Hie, just let the cannons
fire, i.e. the cannons did make a
noise. Ps. achwa. Many derivative
verb-stems are used, with their
characteristic meanings. Ap. ach-ia,
-iwa, -ika, -iana. Also -ilia, -iliwa,
-ilika, -iliana. Ktiachia mtoto mali,
to bequeath property to a child.
Ameachiwa, he has had money left
him. Kumwachilia makosa, to par-
don his offences. Tha7)ibi hii inaach-
ilika, this sin is venial. Watti
waachiliao nya?na, human beings
who are quite distinct from animals.
Cs. ach-isha (sometimes as/ia),
-ishwa, -ishia, -ishika. Achisha
mtoto (with or without maziwd),
wean a child. Ulimwachisha mkewe,
you caused him to desert (divorce)
his wife. Rp. ach-ana, -ania,
-anisha, leave each other, part,
diverge, be different, be inconsistent.
Wameachana, they have taken leave
of each other. A T jia zinaa., the paths
diverge. Maneno ya??iea., the state-
ments do not agree. Achana na,
part from. (Cf. saza, bakisha.)

*Ach,ali, n. pickle, sauce, relish;
jam, preserve. Usually of an acid mix-
ture, made of lemon juice, salt, pepper,
&c, but also of sweet ones. (Hind.)

*Ada, n. ( — , and ma-), (i) cus-
tom, habit, manner, and esp. (2) cus-
tomary present, commission, fee, —
as to a doctor, teacher, or workman
on beginning or ending a job, or
at a wedding. Such gifts, whether
in cash or kind, have various signifi-
cant names, e.g. ujilo, stick, kilemba,
turban, kinyosha mgongo, back-
straightener, kifungua jnlango, door-
opener, kipa mkono, handshaker, &c.
A. ya biashara, custom of trade.
Nipe a. yangu, give me my fee.
A. zilizompasiajumbe, customs proper

to be observed as to a chief. (Ar.
Cf. syn. desturi, mi/a, and for presents
generally bakshishi.)

*Adabu, n. good manners, proper
behaviour, politeness, courtesy,civility,
etiquette. A. yake Arabu nyingine
kiiliko Waswahili, Arab etiquette is
often different from Swahili. Huna
a., you do not know how to behave
(a very insulting expression). Tia
a., teach good manners. Fanya a.,
behave well, show courtesy. Often
used, like many nouns in Swahili, as
an adjectival predicate. Mtu hnyu
a. saiia, this person behaves like
a gentleman. (Ar. Cf. adibu,

taadabu, and dist. athabu, punish-
ment, sometimes written adabu.)

*Adamu, n. Adam. Mwana wa
Ad., y?iwaiia Ad., bin Adamu, are
commonly used for ' member of human
race, human being, man.' (Ar.
Cf. mtu, mlimwengii, mwana, and
wanada??iu, i. e. u-anad.)

*Adawa, n. enmity, hostility,
strife, quarrel. (Arab. Cf. more
common wadui (u-adtii), and adui.)

*Aden, n. and Adan, Aden, also
Eden. Bustani ya Aden, Garden of
Eden. (Ar.)

*Adi, v. cause to pass, let pass on,
allow a guest to depart, — esp. after
courteously accompanying him to
the door, or a short distance on
his journey. Wakatusindikiza hatta
mtoni tuakatuadi, they accompanied
us as far as the river, and took leave
of us. (Arab., — the B. sindikiza
being commonly used.)

*Adibu, v. teach manners to, edu-
cate. Ps. adibiwa. Nt. adibika.
Mtoto yale haadibiki, that child will
never learn to behave. Ap. adibia,
-iwa. Cs. adib-isha, -s/iwa, — used
in same sense as the Pr. adibu, and
more commonly. (Ar. Cf. adabu,
taadabu, and contr. adabu, right ex-
ternal behaviour, with adili, right
moral conduct. Also B. lea, bring
up, educate.)

*Adili, n. right, right conduct,

B 2

•ADILIFU

AGIZO

morals, morality. — a. right,
righteous, just. Hukumu a., a right
judgement. Mfalme a., a just king.
— v. behave rightly, act morally.
Cs. ■ adil'iska, -is/iwa, teB.ch right con-
duct to, give a moral training to. (Ar.
Cf. -adilifu, and contr. adibu, adabtt.)

*-adilifu, a. as adili, a. upright,
honourable, respectable, moral. (Ar.
Cf. adili.)

*Adui, n. ( — , and ma-), enemy,
foe, opponent. (Ar. Cf. adawa,
wadtci, andsyn. B. mtesi,mskindani.)

A-ee, int. also A-h.ee, E-h.ee, with
second syllable accented and on a
higher note, expressing assent, affirma-
tion, 'yes, just so, exactly.' (Cf. a as
int. and note.)

*Afa, n. (ma-), person or thing
causing fear, a terror, horror, bug-
bear, enemy. (Arab. Cf. hofu,
mwafa, and B. kioja, kitisho.)

*Afathali, adv. better, rather,
preferably, as the best course, more
correctly. A. uenende, you had
better proceed. Hivi a., it is best
so. (Ar. Ci.fathili, (u)tafathali.)

*Afla, n. See Afya. (Ar.)

*Aflkana, v. See Aflki. (Ar.)

*Afiki, v. agree with, correspond
to, be same as, fit. Tarihiya mwaka
iliafiki hamslashara Desember, the
date corresponded to Dec. 15. The
most used forms are the Rp. ajikana,
agree together, make an agreement
(contract, bargain), come to an under-
standing, be reconciled, and Cs.
afikanisha, bring to terms, reconcile,
pacify. (Ar. as if wafiki. Cf.

maafikauo, mzvafaka, and syn. B.
patana, lingana.)

*Afiuni, n. opium. (Ar. • Cf. syn.
kasumba?)

*Afu, v. also Afua, save, de-
liver, preserve, cure, pardon, acquit.
Muungti amemwafu, God has pre-
served him. — n. (ma-), preserva-
tion, pardon. (Arab, not common
and deriv. stems rare. Cf. afu, n.
and afya, also common B. syn.
potty a, ofcoa.)

Afu, n. blossoms of the wild jas-
mine, jnwafu, growing in Z. and
valued for the perfume. (Ci.yasmini.)

*Afua, v. See Afu, v.

*Afya, n. also Afia, good health,
sound condition, safety, preservation,
and also ' general condition, state of
health,' with qualifying adj. Sina a.,
I am not in good health. A. njema
(mbaya), good (bad) health. Bora a.
(also borafyd), good health. (Ar.
Cf. afu, v. and kali, also B. syn.
uzima.}

Afya, v. cause to swear, put on
oath. (Cs. from apa, \. = apis/ia.
See apa, and for interchange of p
and/", see under F.)

Aga, v. (1) agree (with"), promise
(to), engage; (2) say good-bye (to),
take leave (of), dismiss, let go.
Aga (agand) buriani, say a last fare-
well, take solemn final leave (of).
Fig. of sunset, jua linaaga viiti, the
sun is taking leave of the trees. Ps.
agwa. Wameagwa, they have been
told (received permission) to go.
Ap. ag-ia, ~iwa, -ilia, -iliana. Uli-
niagia kofia, you promised me a cap.
Niagie babangu, say good-bye to my
father for me. Maneno waliyoa-
giliana yeye na rafiki zake, the terms
which he and his friends agreed
upon. Cs. ag-iza, -iztva, usually

Intens., charge, commission, order,
appoint, give strict injunctions. Kua-
giza ni kuweza ? Does ordering
mean it can be done ? Rp. ag-ana,
-ania, -anika, -anisha, (1) make
a mutual agreement, come to terms,
conclude a bargain ; (2) exchange
farewells, say good-bye to each other.
Cs. aganisha, bring to terms, recon-
cile. (Cf. agizo, agano, and syn.
wasia, ahidi.)

Agano, n. (ma-), (1) agreement,
promise, contract, mutual under-
standing ; (2) leave-taking, farewell.
(Usu. in plur. Cf. aga, and syn. ma-
pat ano, i?iaafikano, ahadi, mkaiaba.)

Agizo, n. (ma-), charge, injunc-
tion, commission, order, appoint-

AGUA

AITHA

ment ; (2) commission for executing
orders, fee. (Cf. aga, agano.)

Agua, v. predict, foretell, pro-
phesy, divine, presage. Ps. agu-
iiwa. Nt. agtdika. Ap. agu-lia,
•liwa, -lika. Cs. agu-za, -zwa,
and Intens. Bao la kuagulia,
a divining board. (Cf. mwaguzi,
maaguzi, and for various kinds of
divination, bao, ramli,feli.)

Agua, v. treat medically, supply
medicine, operate (on). Killa au-
guaye, kumwagua, every one who
was sick he treated with medicine.
Atuague uganga wa vita, let him
supply us with war-medicine. Chukua
ndimu aagulie mgongo wake, take a
lime, and let him apply it ..o his
back. (Derivs., &c. as prec. Cf.
ugua.)

Ahaa, int. yes, just so (see A, as
interject, sound, and cf. A-ee, int. note) .

*Ahadi, n. ( — ), also Wahadi,
promise, engagement, agreement.
Toa (ftmga, -pa) a., make a promise.
Vunja a., break a promise. Timiza
{fikisha, shikd) a., keep (fulfil, &c.)
a promise. Ahadi yetu, tupeleke
mzigo Tabora, our engagement is,
to convey a load to Tabora. (Ar.
Cf. ahidi.)

*Ahali, n. ( — ), relations, kindred,
kinsman. Used comprehensively,
and often in contrast with near rela-
tives. Wazee na ndugu na a., parents,
brothers, and relations. Ndugu na a.,
■ brothers and (other) kinsmen. Mtu
katika a. zake, one of his relations.
( Ar. Cf. akraba,jamaa, utani, ukoo.)

* Ahera, n. and Aknera, Aheri,

(1) that which is last (or behind,
or beyond), the end, the last stage;

(2) esp. the next world, future life,
last day, grave (as end of present
life). Toka awali hdtta aheri, from
first to last, from beginning to end.
(Syn. B. toka mwanzo hatta mwisho.)
Huko ahera ni kuzuri, it is nice
over yonder. Hatta Sultani ata-
kwenda ahera (or, aherani), even a
king must die (will come to his end).

(Ar. Cf. ahiri, and syn. B. mzvisho,
kikomo, end, and kuzimzi, spirit
world.)

*Ahi, n. See Akhi.

*Ahiri, v. and Akhiri, stand over,
be behindhand, be put off (deferred,
adjourned), remain behind. Ps.
ahiriwa (as ahiri). Ap. -ahir-ia,
-iwa, -ika. Cs. ahir-isha, -ishwa,
postpone, delay, adjourn, defer, cause
to wait. Maneno hay a yanaahirika,
this business can be adjourned (taken
afterwards). (Arab. Cf. ahera,

and syn. usiri, B. ngoja.)

*Ahsante, and Ahasanta, Asdnt,
used as an expression of thanks and
gratitude, ' thank you, you are very
kind.' (Ar. = ' you have done well,'
cf. hisani. Usually a kindness or
gift is acknowledged, if at all, by
vema, or nge?na, it is well, good.)

Aibu, n. (that which is a) dis-
grace, shame, scandal, reproach ; in-
famy, dishonour, shame. — v. (Pr.
not used). Ap. aib-ia, -iwa, -ika,

be put to shame, be dishonoured,
be disgraced, &c. Cs. aib-isha,

-ishwa, disgrace, bring dishonour,
&c. on. (Ar. Cf. syn. fetheha,

haya, and contr. heshima.)

*Aili, v. take on oneself, make
oneself responsible for, incur a debt.
A. dent, charge oneself with another
person's debt. Ap. ail-ia, -iwa,

-ika. Cs. ail-isha, -ishwa, put

responsibility on, declare guilty,
hold culpable, condemn. — a.
responsible, guilty. Huyu si a. ni
yeye, this one is not responsible, it is
that one. (Arab, not common. Cf.
syn. diriki.)

*Aina, n. kind, class, sort, species.
(Ar. Cf. syn. ginsi, namna, and follg.)

*Aini, v. specify, define, point out,
distinguish, show, classify. Ps.
ainiwa. Nt. , Sinika. Ap. ain-ia,
-hva, -ika. Cs. ain-isha, -ishwa.
(Ar. Cf. aina.)

*Aitha, conj. further, moreover,
next, then. (Arab. Cf. kathalika,
thama, and common tena.)

AJABU

6

AKILI

*Ajabu, v. also Taaj. and Staaj.,
wonder, be astonished, feel surprise.
Ap. ajab-ia, ~iwa, -ika, wonder at.
Cs. ajab-isha, -ishwa, surprise, as-
tonish, &c. — n. ( — , and ma-),
(i) wonder, amazement, admiration,
astonishment ; (2) a marvel, surprise,
-a wonder, &c. Ona a., feel wonder.
— adv. wonderfully, extraordinarily.
Kubtva a., marvellously great. Often
used to strengthen mno, and sana.
Nyingi mno a., exceedingly many.
(Ar. Cf. shangaa v., toshewa v., and
syn. mwnjiza, &c.)

*Ajali, n. fate, doom, destiny, ap-
pointed end, death. Leo imetimia
a. yako, to-day your hour is come.
Kasalimika ajali, to be finally de-
livered up, to meet one's fate, to
come to the appointed end. (Ar.)

*Ajara, n. and Ijara, Ujira, hire,
wages. (Ar. Cf. ajiri, and ujira,
mshahara.)

*Ajazi, v. be weak, be slack,
be remiss. (Arab. Cf. ajizi, and

syn. B. legea, choka.)

*Ajili, n. cause, reason, com-
monly in the phrase kwa ajili ya,
because of, on account of, for the
sake of, by reason of. Also conj.
and kzva ajili, because, in order to.
(Ar. and cf. syn. sababn, maana, hoja.)

*Ajiri, v. hire, engage to work
for wages. Ps. ajirhva. Nt. ajirika,
-kana. Wanaajirika, men can be
hired, they are procurable for wages.
Ap. ajir-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs. ajir-
isha, -ishwa, cause to work for
wages, get for hire. (Ar. Cf.
ajara, ujira, and syn. mshahara^)

*Ajizi, n. weakness, slackness,
remissness. (Arab. Cf. ajazi, and
common B. legea, choka.)

*Ajjem, n. Persia. Also Uajj.,
Persia. Mivajj. (wa-), a Persian.
Kiajj., the Persian language, in Per-
sian style. (Ar. ; the word meaning
not Arab, barbarian, then Persian.)

Aka, v. sometimes also Waka,
especially if a vowel precedes, ' build,
construct with stones and mortar,

work as a mason.' Aka nyumba,
build a stone house (jenga being
commonly used of native construc-
tion, i.e. with poles, sticks, and earth).
Ps. akwa. Ap. ak-ia, -iwa, -ika.
vitu vya kuakia, mason's tools
(materials, &c). Akisha (asha),
cause to build, have mason's work
done, order to be built. (Cf.

mwashi, uashi, and contr. jenga
and tmda. In other dialects aka
means t build,' without reference to
masonry.)

*Akali, n. and a., a few (of), some.
A. ya vitu, vitu a., a few things.
(Arab. Cf. common haba, and B.
-chache.) — also a verb-form,

'and he is, he being' — (a, Pfx. 3
Pers. S., ka connective, li = is, being,
which see).

-ake, a. of pron. 3 Pers. S., his,
hers, her, its, of him (her, it).
Additional emphasis and precision is
given by adding yeye, mwenyewe, or
both, e. g. kiti chake, his chair, kiti
chake yeye, his chair, kiti chake
mwenyewe, his own chair, kiti chake
yeye 7?iwenyewe, his very own chair.
The various prefixes, connecting -ake
with different classes of nouns are

*Akhi, n. brother. (Arab, for
common B. ndugu.)

*Akiba, n. store, reserve, stock,
what is laid by for future use.
Weka a., put by, store up. (Ar.)

*Akida, n. (ma-), leader, com-
mander, esp. of soldiers, ak. wa
asikari, captain. (Ar. with article
prefixed ?)

*Akidi, v. suffice (for), be enough
(for). Chakula hiki chaakidi watu
waliopo, this food is enough for those
present. (Arab, for common B.
tosha. Cf. kifii.)

*Akika, n. an Arab domestic
feast, e. g. on first hair-cutting of a
child. (Ar.)

*Akiki, n. a red stone, red coral,
cornelian. (Ar.)

*Akili, n. (1) intellect, intelligence,

AKINA

ALIKA

consciousness, understanding, reason,
sense; (2) ability, cleverness, judge-
ment, discretion ; (3) a trick, ruse,
clever plan, happy thought ; (4) also
used of what is abstract and im-
material, ' pure thought.' Hana a.,
he is a fool (simpleton, madman).
A. zake chache, he is dull-witted.
deficient. A. nyingi, great intelli-
gence, plenty of sense. Fanya a.,
use the brains, exercise intelligence.
A. yako haikuongoka, your device
did not succeed. Katika a. yangu,
according to my view, so far as I
understand. Jambo la a. inpu, si
la kiwiliivili, something wholly im-
material, not of the body. Fnata a.
yako, follow your own judgement.
(Ar. Cf. busara, ufahamu, uta-
mbuzi, ujuzi, moyo, zvelekevu.)

Akina. See Kina.

-ako, a. of pron. 2 Pers. S., your,
yours, of you. (Cf. -ake for pre-
fixes, and use of wewe, mwenycwe,
for emphasis.)

*Akraba, n. kinsman, relation, con-
nexion, family. A. za kmimeni
(kukeni), relatives on the father's
(mother's) side. (Ar. Cf. ahali,
jamaa, utani, B. ukoo.)

*Akram, a. also il akram,
honoured, respected. (Ar. occurs
only in letters opening in the Arabic
style, with other a. Cf. dibaji.)

*A1 (and El), the Arab, article, is
not used independently, but is in-
corporated with various Arabic words
in common use among Swahilis, e.g.
alhamisi, Thursday, assubnhi, morn-
ing, liwali, governor, and sometimes
as possessive, ras il mali, capital sum
of money.

*Ala, n. ( — , ma-, and ny-), sheath,
scabbard, case of knife (sword, &c).
(Cf. syn. no.)

*Alafu, n. and a., thousand. See
Elfu. (Ar., plur. of Alf.)

*Alama, n. sign, mark, token,
trace, indication, vestige, signal. Tia
a., put a mark on, mark. (Ar. Cf.
elimu, &c, and syn. ishara, dalili.)

*Alasiri, n. afternoon, and esp. of
one of the regular Mahommedan
hours of prayer, about 3.30 p.m.
(Ar. al asr. Cf. alfajiri, athiuiri,
&c, and note on Al.)

*Alfu, n. and a., thousand. See
Elfu. (Ar.)

* Alfajiri, n. dawn, daybreak, and
esp. of one of the Mahommedan
hours of prayer, about 4 a.m. (Ar.
alfajr. Cf. alasiri and note.)

*Alhamdu lillahi, a common
reply to a salute among some Swa-
hilis, ' praised be God.' (Arab. Cf.
al, and himidi.)

* Alhamisi, n. Thursday. (Ar.
Al hams, i.e. ' the fifth' day of the
week, according to the old oriental
reckoning preserved by the Arabs,
which regards the Sabbath as the
last and Sunday as the first day of
the week, making Thursday thus the
fifth day. The name has been taken
over by the Swahilis, though jnma a
tano, also meaning ' the fifth day of
the week,' is also regularly used, and
this denotes the day before Alhamisi,
i.e. Wednesday, because the fifth day
from (but not including) Ijumaa,
Friday, the Mahommedan Sunday.

Ali, (1) a verb-form, he (she) is,
he (she) being (a, Pfx. of 3 Pers. S.
agreeing with D 1 (S), and li, which
see, and cf. relative forms, ali-ye, ali-o,
&c.) ; (2) a common name, ' Ali.'

Ali-, sign of 3 Pers. S. of Past
Tense of the Affirm. Conjug., e.g.
alipenda (a-li-penda), he (she) loved.

-ali- ;also -li-), sign of Past Tense
of the Affirm. Conjug., following or
coalescing with Pers. Pfx., e. g. nali-
penda (ni-ali-penda) , I loved, twali-
penda {tu-ali-pendd) , we loved.

*Alia, v. make a mark on, e.g. by
a blow. Bakora imemwalia mtoto,
the stick has^made a mark on the
boy. (Ar.)

Alika, v. (1) invite, summon, call,
give injunctions to, and in particular
of a doctor's orders, i.e. 'treat (a
patient) ' ; (2) make a short sharp

ALIKI

8

AMBA

sound, click, snap, crack. Ps.
alikwa, e.g. be treated medically.
Ap. alik-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs. alik-
isha, alisha, -shwa. (i) A. mbele
ya wali (kazini, kuche'za ngo?na),
summon before the governor (to
work, to a dance). Humtvalika
kwenda kwake kula, he used to in-
vite him to dinner. A. vita vikubwa,
summon (for) a great war. Mwa-
likwa, an invited guest. (2) A. is
used of the crackling of roasted grains
of Indian corn (mbisi). Alisha vi-
dole, crack the finger-joints. Alisha
mtambo wa bunduki, make the trigger
of a gun click, cock the trigger.

*Aliki, v. hang, hang up, suspend.
(Arab, for common B. tundika, tu-
ngika, angika.)

*Allah, n. God, seldom used ex-
cept (1) in Arab, formulas; (2) as a
common expletive, with or without
other words. (1) La ilahi ilia
Allah, the first clause of the Mahom-
medan creed, 'there is no God but
God' — sung as a monotonous chant
at funerals. Allah bilkheri, a com-
mon salutation, ' God prosper you.'
Alhamdu billahi, a common rejoinder,
' praised be God.' Allah dlam, God
knows, i. e. I do not know. (2)
Allah, expressing wonder, disgust,
&c. Allah allah, in letters, to call
special attention, ■ remember, be care-
ful to note.' And cf. Inshallah, bis-
milla, ee walla, wallai. (Arab.
Cf. Rabbi, Mola, and common B.
Muungu.)

*Almaria,n. embroidery. (?Hind.)

*Almasi, n. diamond. (Ar., used
also as a proper name.)

*Ama, conj. (1) either, or. Ama
— ama, either — or. (2) (or is it not ?
and so), surely, moreover, however.
Wa ama, and further, yet. Ama
sizo? Or is it not so? Do yoii not
admit it ? (Ar. Cf. ao, and negat.
wala.)

-ama, Stative termination of some
verbs in Swahili, often denoting a
(relatively) permanent condition or

state, e. g. simama, be standing,
tuama, settle down, kingama, lie
across, and sometimes combined with
Rp. termination, -na, i.e. -?nana, e.g.
fungai7iana.

*Amali, n. (1) action, act, thing
done; (2) practice, occupation, busi-
ness. Mtu wa a., a man of action,
an energetic practical man. A.yake
kutega mitego, his business was trap-
ping. (Ar., plur. of ami. Cf. B.
tendo, mtendaji.)

*Amana, n. pledge, deposit, thing
entrusted. Weka a., make a deposit,
pledge. (Ar. Cf. amini, amani,
? imani.)

*Amani, n. peace, safety, security,
confidence, trust. Amani? Is it
peace? Is all quiet? — a common
inquiry on meeting in a journey.
(Ar. Cf. amini.)

Amba, v. speak against, denounce,
slander, abuse. Ps. ambwa. Only
the Pr. form in this sense. Ap.
ambia, -iwa, the common word for
' say to, speak to.' See Ambia.
Amba is used, but not commonly in
Z., (1) with Rel. Pfx. added, in the
sense of a simple Rel. Pron. ' who,
which', being followed by a finite
verb, sometimes with a kwamba in-
serted between, sometimes with the
verb itself in the Relative form, e.g.
Vyakula ambavyo havimo katika
tilimwengu, (such) food as does not
exist in the world. Watoto ambao
kwamba wataka kwenda, children
who wish to go. Killa mtu na mzigo
wake ambao timtoshao, every man with
a load which is sufficient for him.
(2) as a conjunction = kama, that,
saying that, e. g. wakamsema amba
amefanya mabaya, and they accused
him, saying that he committed crimes.
Also in the Infinitive form kwamba,
(saying) that, that is to say {ya
kwamba, that, is also used), and
kwamba also means ' if, though.' See
Kwamba, (Cf. syn. lukana, suta,
sema, mwambi, and kama, conj. Amba
is used for ' say, speak ' in poetical

AMBA

9

AMBUA

Swahili, and in other B. dialects. Cf.
jambo, i.e.ji-ambo.)

Amba, v. for Wamba, which see.

Ambaa, v. means passing near to,
but without actual contact, and has
various shades of meaning, according
as such contact is or is not desirable,
(i) pass by, pass along, pass with-
out touching (without affecting) ; (2)
avoid contact with, escape, not to
salute (recognize, hurt, &c.) ; (3)
miss contact with, fail to see (salute,
recognize). A.pzvani{ox, napwani),
coast along,' hug the shore. A. na
maovu, escape evil. Maovit yaku-
ambae, may evil not touch you. Nali-
mwambaa, I avoided seeing him (cut
him), or, I failed to see him. Leriva-
tives seem rare. Cs. ambaza, cause to
pass near. Ambaza chombo na pwani,
coast along the shore. (Cf. mwa-
mbao, and perh. for close juxtaposition
and contact, ambo, ambiska, ambika,
wambiso, ambuka, ambata, &c.)

*Ambari, n. ambergris, found at
times off the east coast of Africa.
(Ar.)

Ambata, v. be close to, come in
contact with, stick (to), adhere (to),
be attached (to), cling, clasp. Ps.
ambatwa. Nt. ambatika. A.inchi
{na inchi, katika inchi), come close
to (strike on, cohere with) the ground.
Mayayi yameambata kikangoni, the
eggs have stuck to the frying-pan.
Jua linaambata katika inchi, the sun
beats fiercely on the ground. Moto
uliniambata, the heat scorched me.
Fimbo zimemwambata, the blows of
the stick made him feel. Ap.
ambat-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs. ambat-
isha, -ishwa. Rp. ambat-ana, -an-
isha, &c. Mbau mbili hizi zimea-
mbatana, haziambuliki, these two
boards have stuck together, they can-
not be pulled apart. (Cf. ambaa,
ambua, amba, ambika, wamba, wa-
mbiso, and for the termination, fu-
mbata, kamata, vtcata, kumbatia.
Also syn. nata.)

Ambia, v. Ap. of amba, but mean-

ing 'say to, report to, tell to, in-
form by word of mouth, speak to'
— always with an objective prefix,
and the words of the communication
expressed or implied. Not used for
'talk to, converse with.' Often fol-
lowed by kama, ya kuwa, ya kwa-
mba, that, with Oblique or Direct
narration. Akamwambia, njoo ukale,
and he said to him, Come and eat.
Ps. ambiwa, e.g. asiyejua maana,
Ziaambiwi maana, he who does not
know the meaning, will not be told
it. Ap. amb-ilia, -iliwa, -ilika.
Mtu wa kua?nbilika, an affable,
courteous, meek person. Mtoto huyu
haambiliki, this child cannot bear
being spoken to. Cs. amb-iana.
Nyote a??ibianeni, all of you tell each
other. (Strictly the Ap. form of
Amba, which see. Cf. sema,nena.)

Ambika, v. be brought into con-
tact, hold together, be firm (tight,
coherent). (Cf. ambaa, and follg.)

Ambisha, v. and Ambisa, cause
to be in contact, bring (force) to-
gether, make cohere. Rp. ambz-
shana, e. g. Intens. of things cohering
or cemented together. (Cf. ambaa,
and follg. Also wambiso.)

Ambo, n. {ma-), (1) any glutinous
substance, gum, glue, i. e. something
which causes coherence. Ambo la
mkuytc wa kufungia nyaraka, gum
made from the sycamore to fasten up
letters with. (Cf. ambaa, and
chambo, i. e. ki-ambo ?) (2) the cord-
ing of a native bedstead (also uam-
bo, wambo, which see, and cf. wainba).

Ambua, v. break contact, remove,
separate, take off (something adher-
ing), often of removinghusk, peel, skin,
i. e. peel, husk, clean, flay. Ps. am-
buliwa. Nt. ambuka. Ngozi imeam-
buka, the skin has peeled off, after an
illness, or cast "fey a snake. Ngozi y a
simba ikaanikwa hatta ikaambtdiwa,
the skin of the lion was dried in the
sun, and finally cleaned. Cs. ambu-
kiza, -izwa, see follg. Ap. amb-
ulia, 'Uliwa, -tdika. (Cf. ambaa,

AMBTTKIZA

10

AMU

ambo, &c, and chambua, menya,
paa, &c.)

Ambukiza, v. (i) cause to be
peeled off (removed, cast), and so
(2) 'give a disease to, infect, carry
contagion to, be contagious,' peeling
of the skin being an obvious effect of
some diseases. (Cf. follg. and

ambaa, ambtia, &c.)

Ambukizo, n. (ma-), infection, that
which causes infection. (Cf. prec.)

*Amdelhan, n. a particular fabric
of fine silky texture. (? Hind, see
nguo.)

*Amerikani, n. (ma-, wa-) and
a., (i) America, (2) American. Ma-
fata Am., common petroleum for
lamps, stoves, &c. Nguo Am., calico,
esp. (3) stout, unbleached cotton
cloth or calico, as largely introduced
from America.

*Ami, n. See Amu. (Ar.)

*Amili, v. manage, effect, bring
about, work at. (Arab. Cf. amali,
mwamale, and B.syn.tenda,fanyiza.)

*Amin, and Amina, Be it so,
Amen. (Arab. Cf. amini, amani.)

*Amini, v. believe, trust, have
faith (in), put confidence in. Ps. ami-
nhva. Nt. aminika. A. Mziungu,
believe God, trust God. A. kwa
Mttungu, believe in God, have faith
towards God. Sultani akamwa-
mini sana, the Sultan had great con-
fidence in him. Amini miu na kitu,
entrust a person with a thing. Ap.
amhi'ia, -iwa, -ika. Aminiwa, have
a thing entrusted to. Haaminiki, he
is not deserving of confidence, he is
untrustworthy. Cs. amin-isha, -isk-
wa, -is/iia, &c, (1) cause to believe,
inspire faith (confidence, trust); (2)
entrust to, commit to care of, entrust
with. Aminisha miu mali, entrust a
man with money. (3) Intens., have
trust (about), feel confidence. Hakti-
aminisha kwenda kulala, he did not
venture to go to sleep. — n. fide-
lity, trustworthiness, honesty, in-
tegrity, faithfulness. (Cf. uamini,
uaminifu.) — a. and -amini,

faithful, honest, trustworthy, &c.
Cf. -aminifu. (Ar. Cf. amana,
imam.)

*-aminifu, a. same as Amini, a.
(Ar. Cf. uaminifu.)

*Amiri, n. (ma-), commander,
leader, officer, esp. of soldiers.
(Arab. Cf. amri, amuru, and syn.
akida.)

Am'ka, v. also Amuka, awake,
rouse oneself, rise up from sleep,
regain life (consciousness, strength,
&c). Ap. amk-ia, -hva, (1) wake
up at (in, for, &c), (2) in particular,
pay a morning visit to, make an early
call, visit formally, — the customary
duty of dependents to patrons and
superiors, and of children to parents,
(3) m general, greet, accost, salute,
address, pay respects to, also (4)
fig. of the dawn, jumaa mosi kwa
tisiku kuamkia ju?naa pili, on Satur-
day late in the night as it dawned on
Sunday. Cs. am-sha, -shwa,

awaken, rouse up (from sleep, leth-
argy* &c). Amsha kanwa, take
breakfast. Cf. chamsha kanwa.
(Cf. 7ika, muka, v. rise up, &c,
in other dialects. Amkua, Ps.
amkuwa, is found in Swa. poetry =
amkia, rouse, accost, visit. Cf.
maamkizi, and umka, also, for
evening visit tuesha.)

*Amri, n. (1) a command, order,
rule, regulation, direction, (2) author-
ity, supreme power, rule, government,
law. Mwenyi a., ruler, chief, respon-
sible head. A.ya Muungu, the will
of God, providence, chance. Sina a.
nayo, I have no power (responsibility)
in the matter, it is not my affair.
Toa a. , issue an order. S/iika (fuata)
a., obey (execute, carry out) an order.
A. nyingi, strict discipline. (Ar.
Cf. amuru, amiri.)

*Amru, Amria, Amrisha, &c, v.
See Amuru.

*Amu, n. also Ami, father's
brother, paternal uncle. (Arab.

Cf. B. baba mdogo, baba mkubwa, and
dist. mjomba.)

AMUA

11

ANDAMA

Amua, v. judge, be umpire, arbi-
trate, settle dispute (between). Ps.
amuliwa. Nt. atmdika. Ap.

amu-lia, -liwa, e.g. act as judge for,
arbitrate between, and amuliwa, have
a case settled, be judged (decided).
Cs. (rare) amusha, -s/iwa. (Cf.
mwamuzi, maamtizi, and Ar. syn.
hukuf/iu.)

*Amuru, v. also Amru (and so
commonly the derivatives), order,
command, direct, exercise authority,
be the supreme power. Ps. amu-
riwa. Alimivamurukwenda upesi (or,
aende upesi), he ordered him to go
quickly. Ap. amr-ia, -iwa, give
orders about (for, at, &c). Ameamr-
iwa kazi, he has had orders as to
work. Cs. amr-isha, -ishwa, usu.
intens., give strict orders, have orders
issued. (Ar. Cf. B. syn. agiza,
from aga.)

Ana, verb-form, he (she) has (a,
Fix. of 3 Pers. S. agreeing with D i
(S), and na, which see).

Ana-, at the beginning of verbs, is
the sign of 3 Pers. S.- of the Present
Definite, agreeing with D 1 (S), e.g.
anakwenda (a-na-kwenda), he is
going.

-ana, as a verbal termination, is
the sign of the Reciprocal Conjuga-
tion, which includes a wide and
subtle variety of meanings noted
under different words, e.g. (1)
reciprocity of act or feeling, action
and reaction, e. g. pendana, love each
other, pigana, beat each other, fight.
(2) community, collective action, in-
teraction, e. g. liana, weep together,
as well as lizana, excite each other
to weep, lana, eat together, (as well
as) eat each other. Tokana na mtu,
part with a person. Tokana na
damn, lose blood. (3) practica-
bility, conditionality. This may be
noted esp. in the combination of -ana
with the Nt. Pfx. ka, e. g. tendekana,
be possible, be able (under conditions)
to be done, patikana, be procurable,
be to be had. (4) coherence, com-

bination, perhaps underlies such uses
as kaza?ia, be hard (tight, close),
pindamana,fu7igamana, &c. (Cf.
uses of Prep. na. -ana is also a
widespread root in Bantu dialects.
Cf. Mwana.)

-anana, a. (anana with D 5 (S)
and D 6 (S), anana or ny anana with
D 6 (P) ), soft, thin, gentle (in action
or effect). Upepo mwan., gentle
breeze. Maji maan., quiet, still,
slowly moving water. Nguo an., soft
clothes (fabric). (Not common,
restricted in meaning, of things rather
than persons. Cf. syn. A. laini, B.
-ororo.)

*Anasa, n. (1) pleasure, enjoy-
ment, luxury, convenience, often (2)
in bad sense, over-luxuriousness, self-
indulgence, sensuality. Killa a. imo,
it contains every luxury. Kaa a.,
live in comfort (or, self-indulgently).
(Ar. Cf. anisi, and syn. raha, fu-
raha.)

Andaa, v. (1) prepare, provide,
get ready, put in order, arrange ; (2)
esp. of cooking, prepare food. Ap.
anda-lia, -liwa, -lika. Andalia
vita, prepare for war. (Cf. maanda-
si, maandalio, and for the root
perh. andika, andama.)

Andama, v. follow, accompany, go
along with (or, after), follow up,
come next to, succeed. Mwezi

umeandama, the moon has followed
on, i. e. the new month has begun.
(Cf. mwezi mwanda?no.) Ap.

andam-ia, -iwa, -ika. Andaniia
tembo, follow up (pursue) an ele-
phant. Cs. andam-iza, -izwa,
cause to follow, &c. Mvua hii
itattandamiza mwezi, this rain will
bring in the new moon, i. e. will last
till next month begins. Kp. an-
damana, follow one another, go all
together, form«. procession. Anda-
mana na, associate with, take the
side of, be companion to. Siye mtu
wa ktiandamana naye, he is not a
proper person to associate with.
(Cf. follg. and mwandani.)

ANDAMANO

12

ANGAIKA

Andaman o, n. {ma-), a following
(of people), train, procession, retinue.
(Cf. prec. and mwandamano.)

Andamizi, n. (ma-),; following.
(See Mwandamizi, and cf. andama.)

-andamo, a. following, succeed-
ing. Mwezi mwa., moon (month)
following, new moon. (Cf. prec. and
andama, mwandamo.)

Andao, n. and Mwandao, prepara-
tion, arrangement. A. la ??iaiti,
preparation of corpse for burial,
funeral arrangements. (Cf. anda,
and mazishi.)

Andasi, n. usu. in plur. maandasi,
confectionery, pastry, &c. (Cf. andaa,
maandasi.)

Andika, v. (i) set in order, lay
out, set straight, give definite arrange-
ment to; (2) write (i.e. make arr
• orderly arrangement of letters) ; (3)
register, enrol, make an entry, put on
paper ; (4) (of a ship), steer, keep on
a course, set the course; (5) (andikia,
andika hum), register as free, give
freedom (to). A, meza, arrange
(lay, set) a table, prepare a meal.
A. barua (waraka), write a letter.
A. asikari (jeshi), enlist soldiers
(a force). A. chombo, keep a vessel
on a course. A. tanga, arrange a
formal mourning. Ps. andikwa.
Limeandikwa (na Muungu), it is
written (by God, and therefore finally
settled, destined). Liandikwalo hali-
futiki, what is written cannot be
wiped out. Ap. andik-ia, -iwa,
-ika, -iana, write for (to, at, &c).
Tafathali uniandikie barua, please
write a letter for me. Andikia
mtu?nwa, set a slave free. Andikiana,
correspond (by letter). Cs. andik-
isha, -ishwa, -ishia, &c, e.g. cause
to write, dictate a letter to, inspire
writing, have set in order, have a
meal laid. Nali??iwandikishia cha-
kula, I had a meal laid for him.
Rp. andik-ana, -anya. Waliandik-
ana wapagazi wote, they all entered as
porters together (by common con-
sent). Andikanya sahani, set plates

in rows (piles, one on the other),
make a row (pile) of plates. Cf.
panganya, (Cf. andiko, mwa-

ndiko, mwandiki, mwandikaji, mwa-
ndishi, uandishi, &c. Cf . also andaa,
and derivs. and syn. in some senses
tandika and tengeneza.)

Andiko, n. (ma-), something
written, a writing, letter, book. Sio
andiko lake, it is not his writing
(written by him). (Cf. andika,
mwandiko.)

Anga,n.(i)light,brightness,lustre;
(2) upper air, sky, bright expanse of
the atmosphere ; (3) fig. enlighten-
ment, illumination, inspiration. Nde-
ge za a., birds of the air. A. la
j'ua, sunshine. Mwezi waleta a., the
moon brings light. (Chiefly of
sun and moon. Otherwise mwanga
and wangafu, which see. A root
ang- or nga seems traceable in
many words relating to light, sight,
and sky, cf. angaza, angalia, -angafu,
mwanga, mwango, mwangaza, maa-
ngazi, wangafu. Also cf. ng'aa,
ngariza, and possibly angaika, anga-
ma, angamia. Also anga, mwanga,
of witchcraft.)

Anga, v. use sorcery, bewitch,
perform incantations, &c. Watu wa
Donge humwangia uehawiwao waka-
mua, the people of Donge practised
their enchantments upon him, and
killed him. (Not often in Z.,
where uganga, uehawi, and loga are
usual. Cf. mwanga, wanga.)

Angaa, v. See Ng'aa. (Cf. ang-
alia.)

-angafu, a. (angafu with D 5 (S),
D 6), (1) bright, shining, luminous,
radiant, polished, emitting (trans-
mitting, reflecting) light; (2) enlight-
ened, intellectual, clever, quick-witted.
Maji maangafu, gleaming (glassy,
clear) water. (Cf. anga and

derivs.)

Angaika,v.bein suspense (anxious,
confused, distressed, excited, &c).
Cs. angaisjia, -shwa, make anxious,
«&c. (Cf. angana, and perh.

ANGALIA

13

ANGUKA

angaa, anga, and syn. fathaika, sn-
mbuka, taharuki.)

Angalia, v. (i) have the eyes open
(to), pay attention (to), observe,
notice; (2) be careful, beware (of),
take care. Angalia! (Imperat.),
see ! observe ! take care ! Haangalii,
he does not attend (is careless, is
unobservant). Ps. angaliwa. Nt.
% angalika. Ap. anga-lilia, -liliwa,
■lilika. Cs. (seldom) angaliza,-izwa.
(Specialized from same root as anga,
and its derivatives. Cf. -angaltfu,
uangalizi.)

-angalifu, a. careful, observant,
attentive. (Cf. angalia, uangalifu.)

Angama, v. be in mid-air, be sus-
pended, hang. A. mnazimi, I? left
hanging in a cocoanut tree. A.junya
mti, be caught in the boughs of a
tree, when falling. (A St. form,
cf. Nt. angika, and Rv. angtia, and
poss. anga. Also follg.)

Angamia, v. be ruined, be lost,
be utterly undone, perish. Watu
wengi wameangamia vitani, many
perished in war. A. mwituni, be
lost (perish) in the forest. Nt. (sel-
dom) angamika, e.g. Mali yangu
imeangamika, my property is ruined.
Cs. angamiza, -izwa, ruin, spoil,
destroy. (Apparently Ap. of an-
gama, which see, with generalized
meaning ; cf. uanga?nizi.)

Angaza, v. (1) be light, give light,
be bright, shine, e. g. macho ya kua-
ngaza, bright (sharp, observant) eyes.
Mivanga wa taa unaangaza nyumba
yote, the light of the lamp gives light
to the whole house ; (2) look intently
(at), fix attention (on), sometimes
with macho, e.g. angaza macho, keep
the eyes open (lit. make the eyes
bright). Angaza malt yako,keep a
sharp eye on your property; (3) re-
main awake, keep watch at night.
Ni??ieangaza tisiku kucha • nisilale,
I have kept awake the whole night
without sleeping; (4) fig. open the
eyes of, enlighten, instruct. Ps. ang-
azwa. Ap. ang-azia, -aziwa,

-azika, e. g. kwani kuniangazia ma-
cho ? Why look so intently at me ?
Cs. ang-azisha, ishwa. Rp. anga-
zana. (Cs. of (angaa) vgaa,

also Intens., cf. anga, angalia, ng'aa,
7/iwangaza, -angafu, &c. And cf.
syn. common in Z., (1) kaza macho,
kodoa, gaze, stare ; (2) mulika, give
light ; (3) kesha, keep awake, and
kaa macho.)

Angika, v. hang up, hang, sus-
pend, esp. against a wall on a peg or
hook or on a branch. Ps. angikwa.
Ap. ang-ikia, -ikiwa, -ikika. Cs.

ang-ikisha, -ikishwa. (Cf. anga-
ma, angua, chango, i.e. ki-ango,
mwango, ? anga. Also syn. tungika,
tundika, both Nt. forms with act.
meaning, as anika,fu7iika, &c.)

-angu, a. of pron. 1 Pers. S., my,
mine, of me. (Cf. -ake for Pfx., and
use oimimi, 7nwenyewe for emphasis.)

Angua, v. (1) let fall, drop, take
down, throw down, e. g. fruit from
trees; (2) let out suddenly, utter,
vent, e.g. a. embe (nazi, &c), throw
down mangoes (cocoanuts, &c).
Sultani akaangua kilia, the Sultan
gave vent to a cry. Also (3) hatch,
e.g. a. mayai, hatch eggs, a. waana,
hatch out young birds (not ' lay/ which
is zaa, taga). Ps. anguliwa. Nt.
anguka, which see. Ap. angti-lia,
-liwa, -lika. Cs. angu-sha, -shwa,
-shia, -shiwa, often intens., e.g. (1)
make fall, throw down violently;
(2) fig. bring to ruin, send as a blow
(curse, disaster). Muungu ame-
mwangushia mabaya, God has sent
down evil upon him. (Rv. of root
found in angika, angama, which see,
also anguka, and syn. shua, shusha.
Dist. kwangua.)

Anguka, v. (1) fall, fall down,
drop, have a downward movement
(direction, tendency) ; (2) fig. meet
with disaster, be ruined ; (3) happen,
befall, fall out. Ap. angitk-ia, -iwa,
(1) fall down into (on, before, &c);
(a) come upon, fall in with. IVaka-
mwangickia miguu, and they fell down

ANGUKO

14

APA

before his feet, they submitted to him.
Kuangukiwa na msiba, to be the
victim of a calamity. Akaangukia
tnji mgeni, and he lighted upon a
strange city. Ukaangnka msiba
mkubwa mno, and a veiy great
mourning took place. (Nt. of angua,
cf. anguko, also angika, angama, and
notes.)

Anguko, n. (ma-), (i) a fall, drop
(downward), a downward movement,
&c. ; (2) ruin, fall; (3) something
fallen, a ruin. Maanguko ya maji
(ya mto), waterfall (also maporo-
mokd). (Cf. anguka, maangamizi,
&c.)

*Ania, v. intend, resolve, set the
mind on, desire. No deriv. common.
(Arab. Cf. syn. Kusiidia, azimu, and
B. taka. AUa seems a different
word.)

Anika, v. set out to dry, expose
to sun (or air), air, dry. A. ngao
(mchele, &c), dry clothes (rice, &c).
Ps. anikwa. Ap. anikia, -iwa,
dry for (at, with, &c). Kamba
ya kuanikia ngno, a clothes-line.
Cs. anik-isha, -ishwa. (Cf. anua,
and syn. kausha.)

*Anisi, v. please, give pleasure to,
gratify the desires of. Wanapiga
ngoma kwa ajili kutuanisi, they
are drumming in order to please
us. (Arab. Cf. anasa, and syn.
rith ish a. B . pendeza. )

*Ankra, n. invoice, account, bill
of sale, reckoning. (Hind, used in
commerce. Cf. Arab, orotha.)

*Anna, n. one-sixteenth of a rupee,
value 12 pies, or 4 pice, i. e. one
penny. (Hind.)

Anua, v. take out of the sun (or
air, or rain), put under cover (in
shade, in the house). Ps. anuliwa.
Nt. anuka, (1) be taken out of the
sun, be dry, have done airing; (2)
(of weather) be dry, have done rain-
ing, clear up. A'umeanuka, it has
cleared up, it is fine again. Ap.
anu-lia, -/iwa, &c. Sina mtu wa
kunianulia nguo, I have no one to

go and bring in the clothes for me.
(Rv. of same root as anika.)

*Anwani, n. heading, title, ad-
dress (of a letter), direction, general
description. Andika a. ya barua,
write the address of a letter. Tti-
naingia katika anwani ya vyakula,
we are entering on the subject of
dietetics. (Arab.)

Anza, v. begin, commence, start,
be the beginning, be the first. Anza
kazi, begin work. Kazi yaanza y
work begins. Anza kusema, begin
to speak. Kwanza, Infin., and ya
kwanza, used as adv., 'first, firstly,
in the first place, to begin with.' -a
kwanza, first (ordinal of mosi, one).
Ps. anzwa. Nyumba imeanzwa ku-
jenga, or imeanza kujengwa, the house
has begun to be built. Nt. anzika.
Ap. anz-ia, -iwa. Also anz-ilia,
-ilixva, -ilika, make a beginning of,
make an attempt at. Cs. anz-isha,
-ishwa, -ishia, &c, set on foot, insti-
tute, found, see put in hand, start.
Also anz-ilisha, and -iliza, which can
be used of special earnestness, effort,
or occasion. (Cf. mwanzo, kwanza?)

*Anzwani, n. Johanna (island).

*Ao, conj. also au, or ; ao — ao,
either — or. (A. Cf. ama, and dis-
junct, wala.)

-ao, a. of pron. 3 Pers. P., their,
theirs, of them. (Cf. -ake for prefixes,
and use of wao, wenyewe, for em-
phasis.)

Apa, v. swear, take an oath, utter
an oath. A. Korani, swear by the
Coran. Sisadiki, apa ya?nini, I do
not believe, swear by your right hand.
Ps. apwa. Ap. apia, swear to
(about, with, in, &c). Akaniapia
na kiapo, and he swore to me with
a formal oath. Cs. (1) apisha (also
afya), -ishwa, cause to swear, put on
oath, administer an oath to, adjure,
conjure; (2) ap-iza, -izwa, usually
Intens. with special sense, swear at,
imprecate against, denounce, curse,
abjure. Apizana, curse each other.
Rp. apiana } take an oath together,

API

15

ASHERATI

join in swearing. (Cf. uapo, wapo,
kiapo, apizo.)

Api, or (attached to a word ending
with -a) -pi, same as wapi, where ?
(which see).

Apizo, n. (ma-), curse, impreca-
tion. (Cf. apa, and syn. laana.)

*Arabuni, n. (i) earnest-money,
deposit, advance, payment to secure
future service ; (2) with -ni locative,
in Arabia. (Ar. For Uarabuni,
see Mwarabti.)

*Ari, n. scandal, shame, disgrace,
dishonour. Nikiona ari, ulimwengu
wanichukiza, if I feel dishonoured,
everything is hateful to me. (Ar.
Cf. aibu, fetheha, hay a.)

*Aria, n. part, section, part^ , fol-
lowing. (? Hind.)

*Arifu, v. inform, report, let know,
give instructions about, esp. in writing,
by letter, e.g. baada ya salaam, na-
kuarifu haya, after good wishes, I
proceed to inform you as follows.
Ps. arifiwa. A-p.arif-ia, -iwa, &c.
— a. well-informed, ingenious, know-
ing. (Ar. Cf. maarifa, taarifu, and
syn. htibiri.)

*Aroba, n. and a., also Ar'ba,
Arbaa, four. (Arab., used mainly
in conjunction with some other Ar.
numeral, as droba mia, 400, droba
ashirini, 24 ; otherwise usually the
B. syn. nne, -nne.)

*Arobaini, n. and a., forty. Used
also in technical senses, irrespective
of number, e.g. (1) of a chief's body-
guard, 15 young men armed; (2)
of a ceremonial interval, sometimes
of a week, each of the four weeks after
a birth. Alipotoka katika arobaini,
when he was four weeks old. -a aro-
baini, fortieth. (Ar. See Aroba.
B. makumi manne.)

*Arobatashara, n. and a., four-
teen, -a arobatashara, fourteenth.
(Ar. Cf. asharini, and droba. B.
kumi na 'nne. )

*Arthi, n. (1) soil, ground, earth;
(2) land, as contr. with sea ; (3) land,
region, country. (Arab. Qi.udongo,

' soil ' as a substance, barra, as opp.
to bahari, sea ; ulaya and ivilaya, of
territorial divisions ; inchi, the com-
mon B. syn.)

*Arusi, n. also Harusi, (1) the
marriage ceremony, a wedding, nup-
tials ; (2) the marriage feast; (3)
bride, bridegroom. {A. ni mavibo
yatendzvayo, mutne akipelekwa kwa
tnke, Arusi is all that is done when
a man is conducted to his wife. Ytcle
ni arusi, leo ataingia nyumbani,
yonder is the bridegroom, to-day he
will enter the bride's house. Tu-
memleta arusi kwa mumewe, we
have brought the bride to* her hus-
band. (Ar. — the- initial Ain being
often heard as a faint h in Swah. CL
nikaha, and syn. B. ndoa, maozi.)

*Asali, n. sweet syrup of several
kinds, (1) a. ya nyuki, from bees,
'honey' ; (2) a. ya mua, from sugar-
cane, 'treacle, molasses'; (3) a. ya
tembo, made by boiling palm-wine.
(Ar.)

Asha, v. (1) for akisha, Cs. oiaka,
build, which see; (2) for achisha,
Cs. of acha, which see. (Also in
Ar. a woman's name. Dist. was ha,
Cs. of zvaka, burn.)

*Ashara, n. and a. , ten. (Arab, for
the common B. kumi, ten. Appears
in edashara, thenashara, ushuru,
&c. and follg.)

*Asharini,n. and a., and Ishirini,
twenty. -a asharini, twentieth.
(Ar. Cf. dshara, and B. makztmi
mazaili.)

*Ashekali, a. better (after sick-
ness), improved in condition, fit, in
form. Fanya a., get better. Mimi
leo a., I am better to-day, I am feel-
ing well. (Ar. for common B.
sijambo, hujawbo, Sec.)

*Asherati, n. also Hash., TJash.,
dissipation, profligacy, debauchery,
fornication, adultery.- — a. also
-ash.., dissipated, immoral. Mtu
hiiyu asherati sana, this person leads
a very immoral life. (Ar. Cf.

iifisiki, ufisada, and B. uzini.)

ASHIKI

16

ATHIMTT

*Ashiki, v. have a passion for, be
enamoured of, be in love with.
(Arab. Cf. shauko.)

*Ashiria, v. Ap. make signs to
(with, for, &c.), signal (to), indicate
by signs (to). Ps. ashiriwa. (Ar.
Cf. ishara, and B. syn. onya, onyesha.)

*Asi, v. rebel (against), disobey,
mutiny, neglect duty (towards), quar-
rel (with). Asi Muungu (mfa/me,
mke), fail in duty towards God
(king, wife). Ps. asiwa. Ap.
asi-a, -wa, -ka, rebel against (at, on
account of, &c). Cs. asisha, -shwa,
cause to rebel, abet in disobedience,
&c. Asifha mume na mke, make a
man quarrel with his wife. — a.

(also -asi), rebellious, quarrelsome,
undutiful. (Ar. Cf. tiasi, maasi,
halifti.)

*Asikari, n. (— , wa-, and ma-) and
Askari, soldier, policeman, guard,
armed attendant. Andika {tia,
changd) asikari, enlist soldiers.
Cheza a., be drilled. (Ar.)

*Asili, n. (i) origin, source, root,
stock; (2) inborn temperament, na-
ture ; (3) essence, fundamental prin-
ciple, ground; (4) ancestry, family.
Watu wa a., original inhabitants,
aborigines. A. yafullani mtumwa,
such and such a man is by origin a
(born) slave. A. yake, atoka wapi?
Where is his original home ? A. ya
mali } capital (of money). Huyu a.
yake ni mjinga, this man is a born
fool. Hana a. wala fasili, he has
neither root nor branches, i. e. ancestry
or connexions, standing or prospects.
Hakufanya kwa a., he did not act
rightly (according to principle, pro-
perly) . — adv. originally, by na-
ture, in old times. (Ar. Cf. syn.
B. mwanzo, chanzo.)

Assubuhi, n. also Subuhi, Ussu-
bui, morning (in general), time of
morning, earlier part of the day.
As adv., ' in the morning,' and often
emphasized by na mapema. Njoo
assubuhi na mapema, .come in the
morning early. (Ar. with Article

prefixed. Cf. sabalkheri, and ala-
siri, alfajiri, athuuri and B. kuc/ia.)

*Asusa, n. something sweet or
pleasant, used to correct an un-
pleasant taste or effect, e.g. something
taken and chewed after a drinking
bout, a corrective, comfort, relief.
(Ar. Qi.faraja.)

-ata, a verbal formative termina-
tion, seeming to convey an idea of
close contact, holding firmly ,clasping,
compressing. Cf. ambata, kamata.

Atamia, v. sometimes tamia,
? otamia, sit on eggs, brood (of a hen).
Cs. atamisha ?nayai, put eggs under
a hen, get a hen to sit on eggs.
(An Ap. verb-form, ?a variant of
otama, sit on the heels, squat on the
ground.)

*Athabu, n. punishment, torture,
chastisement, correction. Tia a.
kali, punish severely. (Ar. Cf.
athibu, and dist. adabu, good be-
haviour.)

*Athama, n. (1) greatness, gran-
deur, glory, exaltation ; (2) (also
azamd), nose-ring. (Arab. Cf. a-
thimu, and B. utuktifu, ukuu.)

*Athana, n. the cry of the muez-
zin, the Mahommedan call to prayers.
(Arab. Cf. athini, mwathini.')

*Athibu, v. punish, torment,
chastise, physically and otherwise.
Usijiathibu bilashi, do not worry
yourself for nothing (be a self-tor-
mentor). Ps. athibiwa. Nt. athi-
bika. Ap. athib-ia, -iwa, -ika.
Cs. athib-isha, ishwa. Also intens.
Ath. vikali, punish severely, inflict
condign punishment. (Ar.)

*Athima, ri. a charm, spell, in-
cantation, e.g. against evil spirits, to
bring back runaway slaves, &c.
(Arab. Cf. follg. and talasvnu,
hirizi, dazva^)

Athimia, v. Ap. make a charm
(spell, incantation) against (for, with,
&c). (Arab. Cf. prec. and dist.
Athimia, Ap. of Athimu, exalt.)

*Athimu, v. honour, exalt, make
much of, celebrate, glorify. Ps. at hi-

ATHINI

17

AYARI

miwa. Nt. athimika. Ap. athim-
ia,-iwa, -ika. Siku yakuathimika,
a day to be kept (celebrated), a me-
morable day. Cs. athimisha,
cause to honour (be honoured), and
intens., honour highly. (Arab.
Cf. athama, and B. syn. tukuza.)

*Athini, v. call to public prayers,
of the muezzin, according to Ma-
hommedan universal custom. Uki-
sikia mwathini akiathini, njoo,
when you hear the muezzin calling to
prayers, come. (Arab. Cf. mwa-
thini, athana. In Z. the call is usu.
from the steps at the door of the
Mosque, or from the roof, as only
one mosque has a minaret, and
many are only thatched houses.;

*Athuuri, n. noon, midday, one
of the regular Mahommedan hours of
prayer. (Ar., with Article pre-
fixed. Cf. alasiri, assubuhi, &c, and
B. syn. jua kichwani, jua kati, saa
sita mchana.)

*Ati, a common int. or expletive,
expressing surprise, or calling atten-
tion, ' I say, come now, look here,
you see.' Unaniumiza ati, you are
hurting me, I tell you. Ati weive
uliopo, u mtti gani ? I say, you there,
what is your tribe ?

*Atia, n. also Hatia, present,
free gift, and as adv. gratis, as a gift,
for nothing. Vitu hivi atnempa
mtoto wake alia, these things he has
given to his child as a free gift.
(Arab., one of the less common
words for ' present.' Cf. bakskishi,
zawadi, and notes. In the form ha-
tia, h represents A in.)

Atua, v. split, crack, e.g. of split-
ting logs for firewood. Nt. atttka.
Inchi imeatuka kwa jua, the ground
is cracked by the heat of the sun.
(Cf. chanja, pasua, tema.)

*Au, conj., also Ao, or. Au — au,
either — or. (Ar. Cf. ama, and

the disjunct, wala.)

Aua, v. survey, view, examine,
trace, track out. A. shamba, survey
an estate. A. nyayo, follow up

tracks of men or animals. Ps. auli-
wa. Nt.auka. Shamba lotelimeauka,
the whole plantation has been in-
spected. Ap. au-lia, -liuia, -lika,
survey for (with, by, &c). Vipande
vya kuaulia, surveying instruments.
Cs. au-sha, e. g. cause (employ, send)
to survey, show about, show the
sights of. (Cf. kagua, angalia,

tazamia. Aua is sometimes used for
Eua, which see.)

*Auni, v. also Awini, assist,
help. — n. assistance, help. (Ar.
Cf. more usual msaada, saidia.)

*Aushi, n. endurance, permanence,
durability, wear, quality of lasting.
Kitu cha a., a tough lasting material
or substance. Ynna a., he has lived
long, he lasts well. (Ar. Cf.

ishi, maisha, and syn. udumu.)

*Awala, n. See Hawala. (Ar.)

*Awali, n. beginning, start, first
place. Also a. first, and adv. (i)
firstly, at first; (2) just, nearly, al-
most. A. wa inchi, border, boundary
of a country. Await ni awali,
awali mbovu hapana, first is first,
there is no bad first. Toka awali
hatta aheri, from first to last, from
start to finish. -Awali Muungu,
Here goes ! Here's for luck ! — a work-
man's rejoinder to the overseer's call
Kazil Work hard, or Jembe I Dig
away. (Ar. for common B. mwa-
nzo, kwanza.)

*Awaza, v. distribute, allot, ar-
range, dispose. (Arab, for com-
mon B.gawa, tengeneza. Cf. Mwa-
wazi.)

*Awesia, n. one kind of native
sailing vessel, — having perpendicular
stem, high rudder head, and sharp
stern. (?Ar. or Hind. Ql.chombo,
and note.)

*Aya, n. a short section or division
of a book, e^p. of the Coran.
(Arab. Ci.juzu.)

*Ayari, n. (1) impostor, impudent
cheat, knave, rogue (Ar.) ; (2)
naut., shroud, rope supporting the
mast of a ship. (? Ar. or Hind.)

ATIKA

18

BAB

*Ayika, v. for yeyuka, which see.

Aza, v. for waza, which see.

*Azama, n. See Athama (2).

*Azima, v. also Azima, and
Azimu, resolve, purpose, propose,
intend, decide on. Akaazima safari
kwenda barra, and he determined on
a journey up country. Ps. azimwa.
Nt. azimika. Ap. azim-ia, -iwa,
-ika, decide about (for, against, &c).
Cs. azim-iska, -iskwa. Also Intens.

— n. resolve, purpose, plan, design,
proposal. (Ar., and for n. cf.
mradi, and shauri. Dist. azima for
athima, and azima, as follg.)

*Azima, v. lend, borrow, in mo-
ney or kind. Ps. azimwa. Ap.
azim-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs. azim-
isha, -ishwa. Rp. azimana.

— n. loan, debt, advance, money or
credit. (?Hind. Dist. azima prec,
and athima. Cf. deni, kopa.")

*Aziri, v. slander, bring into dis-
repute, disparage. (Arab, for com-
mon B. singizia, chongea, and cf.
izara.)

*Azizi, n. a rarity, wonder, curi-
osity, treasure. Azizi ni kitu kisi-
choenea watu, azizi means something
uncommon, not widely known. Also
a., precious, rare, valuable. Pame-
ingia mjini kitu azizi, a great curio-
sity has arrived in the town. (Arab.
Cf. tunu, afabu.)

*Azur, n. perjury. See Zuri.
(Arab.)

B.

B represents the same sound as
in English.

B in some words is not distin-
guished from p in common talk, e.g.
bofu and pofu, babua and papua,
bogoa and pogoa, boromoka and poro-
moka.

Words not found under B may
therefore be looked for under P, and
vice versa.

B in some words appears as v in
kindred words (cf. interchange of
p and /), e.g. gomba and ugomvi,

iba and uivi, omba and maomvi or
maombi, jambia and jamvia, kumbi
and kumvi.

B as initial sound of a root, when
preceded by an n prefix, causes a
euphonic change of n into m, e. g.
ubavu, plur. mbavu for nbavu, and
mbele for nbele from ubele. Also
when an n prefix precedes initial w of
a root, mb takes the place of nw,
e. g. uwingu, plur. mbingu for
nwingu. (n, b and w appear to be
alternative sounds in some words.
Cf. uwiitda and ubinda.)

*Baa, n. (1) evil, trouble, disaster,
plague, nuisance ; (2) a reprobate,
villain, bore. Baa pia hutokana na
vijana na watumwa, all troubles
proceed from children and slaves.
Baa la kujitakia, a self-caused evil.
(Ar. Cf. short, msiba, ukorqfi.)

*Baada,adv. or Bada, Badu, after,
afterwards, — of time, and only of
space l behind,' so far as it is some-
times involved in the idea of suc-
cession, following after, coming next
to or behind. Contr. nytcma.

Seldom used alone, but commonly
(1) with ya, forming a preposition,
after, in succession to, next to.
Baada ya salaam nakuarifu, after
good wishes, I beg to inform you, — a
phrase introducing the substance of
a letter after the formal complimen-
tary opening ; (2) -wWhyake, often in
combination, baadaye, and general
reference, • after it, thereafter, after-
wards, then, next/ (Ar. Cf. bado,
wabadahu.)

Baamwezi. See Mbalamwezi.

*Baathi, a. some, a portion of,
generally with ya, e.g. baathi ya
watu, some of the people, — like
watu wangine, nussya watu. (Ar.)

*Bab, n. kind, sort, class, — used
sometimes in commerce of goods,
e.g. bob ulaya, European goods,
i. e. for or from Europe. Panga
bab-bab (or babu-babu), arrange in
classes, according to kind. (Arab.
Cf. aina, namna, ginsi.)

BABA

19

BADO

*Baba, n. (i) father; (2) uncle on
father's side; (3) ancestor; (4) pa-
tron, protector, guardian. Baba
hasWa is used to denote and em-
phasize actual paternity. Huyu ni
baba yanga haswa, this is my real
father. Paternal uncles are distin-
guished as mkubwa, if older, and
mdogo, if younger, than the father.
Nina baba wakubwa wawili na
mmoja mdogo, I have two uncles
older than my father and one younger.
Baba wa kambo, step -father. Baba
is treated grammatically as D 1 , in
respect of the agreement of verbs
and of all adjectives except the Pro-
nominal. These latter are used in
the forms agreeing with D 6, com-
monly in the sing., almost always in
the . plur. for the sake of distinct-
ness, and these forms often coalesce
with baba. Baba mwema, a kind
father. Baba hataki kwenda, my
father refuses to go. Baba wake (or
babake), baba yake (or babaye), his
father. But baba zao (or babazo),
rather than the ambiguous baba wao,
their fathers. Baba ya watoto, a
kind of owl. (Cf. babu, and syn.
amu, and dist. mjomba.)

Babaika, v. stutter, stammer, hesi-
tate in speaking, talk as in sleep.
(Cf. gugumiza, payuka.)

Babata, v. tap, strike lightly, — as
a blacksmith on thin metal.

Babu, n. (1) grandfather; (2) an-
cestor, ancient. (For grammatical
treatment cf. baba. Also cf. bibi,
grandmother, and mzee, ancestor.)

*Badala, n. and Badili, (1) thing
given in exchange, or for barter,
a substitute, an equivalent, a swop;
(2) a person filling the place or
office of another, substitute, repre-
sentative, successor. Badala ya, in
place of, instead of. (Cf. badili,
and mahali pa, in place of.)

*Badani, n. the front or back
piece together forming the body of
a native dress, kanzu, — also called
kimo. (? Ar. or Hind. Cf. kanzu.)

*Badili, v. change, become
changed, exchange (whether by
giving or taking), interchange, alter-
nate, act reciprocally, exhibit suc-
cessive changes. Esp. of exchange
of goods, i. e. barter. Used both
act. and neut. B. mali, barter
goods. B. fetha, change money,
whether for other coin or its equiva-
lent. B. zamu, relieve guard, take
an appointed turn or spell of work,
&c. B. nguo, change clothes, put
on another suit. Ps. badiliwa. Nt.
badilika, change, be changed, be
capable of change, be fit for ex-
change, be liable to change, &c.
Ap. badil-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs.

badil-isha, -ishwa, -ishana, e. g.
badilishana, of several persons,
cause each other to exchange, agree
upon terms of barter, wrangle over
a sale. Rp. badi liana, e. g. of

several persons engaged in a matter
of exchange or barter. Sometimes
Redupl. badili-badili, of frequent,
rapid, or vexatious change. (Ar.
As contr. with B. geuka, geuza, Sec,
both imply change, alteration, and
so far can often be used convertibly,
but change in badili properly im-
plies only another thing or state,
in geuka, another and a different
thing or state, i.e. a change of
quality, condition or form, — altera-
tion as well as substitution, succes-
sion, &c Thus badili nguo would
properly mean, put on another suit
of clothes, geuza ngtio, put on a suit
of a different kind (in a different con-
dition). Badili mali, exchange
goods, geuza mali, make goods
better or worse.) — n. {ma-),

change, exchange, alternation, suc-
cessive change, repetition. Usu. in
plur. (Ar. Cf. badala, -badilifu, B.
geuka, -geuzi, die.)

♦-badilifu, a. (1) changing,
changeable, liable to change ; (2) of
character, whimsical, shifty, un-
trustworthy. (Ar. See Badili, v.)

*Bado, adv. (1) of time, succes-

C 2

BAFE

20

BAINI

sion, subsequence, ' yet, as yet, (not)
yet'; (2) of accession, addition, 'still,
still more, further, moreover, as well,
to boot.' Very common after a
negat. verb, and esp. in the deferred
tense, e. g. amekuja ? Has he come ?
Ans. Hajaja b., he has not yet come,
or merely dado, i. e. (not) yet. Yuko ?
Is he there? Ans. Yuko b., He is
still there, or hayuko b., he is not
there as yet. Often too with an
infin. loosely, with negative force,
b. kujua, there is no knowing as yet.
Vita b. kwiska, the war is not yet
over. Bzvana b. kuam'ka, my master
is not yet awake. B. analala, he is
still asleep. B. -ngine, still (yet)
another. B. kidogo, yet (still) a little,
i. e. soon, presently, wait a bit.
Utapata b., you will get it presently.
Mtu jamaa yao na b. mtu wa serkali,
a kinsman of theirs and moreover
a government official. (Ar. Cf.

baada. Bado implies succession,
futurity, and so, expectation, and by
implication, negation, i. e. the not-
present.)

Bafe, n. a venomous kind of snake.
(Cf. nyoka.)

*Bafuta, n. also B&futa, a thin
kind of bleached calico, used esp.
for lining a katvzu (which see). Dif-
ferent qualities are distinguished as
B. ingereza (fine), B.fransa (thicker),
B. dondo (dressed), B. maradufu
(heavy), &c. (Hind. See Nguo.)

*Bagala, n. also Bagala, a kind
of native sailing vessel, — large,
square stern, high poop, and long
prow, used esp. in trade with India.
Sometimes double - masted. See
Chombo. (? Hind.)

*Baghala, n. also Baghla, a
mule. (Ar. Cf. B. nyumbu, used
as syn. in Z.)

Bagua, v. separate, put apart,
divide off. B. yaliyo yako, pick out
what is yours. Nt. baguka, be sepa-
rated, be at variance, quarrel. Ba-
gukana, be in hostile parties, quarrel
together. (Cf. the common tenga.)

*Bahari, n. (1) sea; (2) fig. of
what is of vast extent. B. kuu, the
high seas, ocean. B. ya Sham, Red
Sea. B. il ali, Persian Gulf. B.
Rum, Mediterranean, i. e. Sea of
Constantinople. Watu wanaozama
katika bahari ya maneno, people who
plunge into the ocean of words, i. e.
embark on etymological studies.
(Ar. Cf. baharia. Also opp. barra,
B. inchi kavu.)

*Bah.aria, n. ( — , and ma-), sailor,
one of ship's company. (Ar. Cf.

bahari, and B. mwana maji.)

*Bahasha, n. ( — , and ma-), case,
satchel, bag, packet, paper box (or,
cover). Bahasha ya nguo, a bundle
of clothes. Sometimes used to de-
scribe an ' envelope.' ■(? Hind.)

*Bahati, n. (1) fortune, chance,
luck ; (2) esp. good fortune, good
luck. Kwa b., by chance, by good
luck. B. 7ijema (mbaya), good ( bad)
fortune. Ndio b. yake, that is his
good luck. Ttimia b., do a thing at
random, take the chance, risk every-
thing, make a plunge, speculate, trust
to luck. (Ar. See follg. Cf. syn.
nasibu.)

*Bahatisha, v. guess, make a ven-
ture, speculate, trust to luck. Ps.
bahatishwa. (Ar. Cf. bahati, and
syn. kisi.)

*Bahili, n. and a., also Bakhili,
and -bahlli, a miser, miserly, cove-
tous, grasping, parsimonious, i. e.
mwenyi kuweka mali, one who hoards
his money. Mali ya bahili huliwa
na dudu, a miser's wealth gets
worm-eaten. (Ar. Cf. ubahili,

•kabithi, and for the idea, roho, choyo,
tamaa.)

*Baina, n. clearness, clear know-
ledge, certainty. Hapana b., there
is no certainty (clear evidence). (Ar.
Cf. baini, follg. and uthahiri, ha-
kika.)

*Baini, v. and Bayini, (1) see
clearly, know, distinguish, recognize ;
(2) make clear, prove, show; (3) be
clear, be manifest, be plainly shown, —

BAJIA

21

BALOZI

this sense more usual with the Nt.
bainika. Ps. bainiwa. Mwivi
amebainiwa, the thief has been de-
tected. Nt. bainika, be shown, be
made clear. A p. bain-ia, -izva,
•ika, -ikia, -ikana. Cs. bain-isha,
-ishwa, &c, intens. make very
plain, clearly distinguish, demonstrate.
— a. and -bainifu, clear, plain, de-
monstrable, evident, well-known,
notorious. — n. also Baina, which
see. — adv. See Beina. (Ar.
Cf. bayini, ubaini, bayana, mbayana,
ubayana, and syn. thihiri, ivazi.)

*Bajia, n. a small cake of ground
beans and pepper (Str.). (? Hind.)

Bajuni, n. {ma-), native from coast
north of Mombasa. See Mgu^ya.

*Baki, v. remain over, be left, stay
behind. Ap. baki-a, -iwa, remain
over to (for, in, &c). Walibakiwa
mali, they had property remaining,
over to them. Cs. baki-sha, -shiva,
-shia, or bakiza, leave behind, cause
to remain. Rp. bakiana, of several
persons or things, remain behind all
together (by consent). — n. ( — ,
and ma-, also bakia (ma-) and -o),
(i) that which remains over, re-
mainder, residue ; (2) in Arithm.,
subtraction. Baki ya vitwana, the
remainder of the men-servants. (Ar.
Cf. B. syn. saa {ma-), salio, &c.)

Bakora, n. a walking-stick, — usu-
ally of a white wood (the best being
mtobwe, which see) with top bent at
an angle, and rather larger at the
lower end. Alipigwa b. kumi, he got
ten strokes with a stick. (Various
kinds of sticks are jimbo, iifito, (ki)-
gongo, (ki)barango, rungu, mkongojo,
mpiko, mpweke, kipigi, mtobwe.)

*Bakshishi, n. gratuity, gift, pre-
sent, beggar's dole, fee. (A great
variety of words and expressions de-
noting ' gift ' from different points of
view will be found in this Dictionary.
Some are of a general kind, e. g. ada,
atia, karama, bakshishi, majazi, tha-
wabu, zawadi, kipaji, kipawa, he-
day a, tuzo (tnza, iwizo), others of

special character, for various occa-
sions of charity, congratulation , affec-
tion, bribery, &c, e.g. hiba, kumbu-
faimbii, kisalama, kipukusa, sadaka,
hongo, mlungula, rtcshwa, kijiri,
mpenyezo, or taken from a common
form of present, e.g. ufito, kilemba,
pesa, or from the service rewarded,
uongozi, uchukuzi, makombozi, mao-
kozi (and many words of similar
formation), or from the immediate
effect in view, e.g. kipa mkono, ki-
nyosha mgongo, kifimgua mlango,
and many others.)

*Bakuli, n. ( — , and ma-), a large,
deep basin, dish, or pan of earthen-
ware. Dim. kibakuli. (Ar.)

*Balaa, n. sorrow. (Arab, for
common kuzuni, &c.)

Balamwezi, n. also Baamwezi,
moonshine. See Mbalamwezi.

Balanga, n. a disease producing
light-coloured patches on a dark skin,
? a form of leprosy.

*Balari, n. a kind of chisel.
(? Hind.)

*Balasi, n. (ma-), a very large
kind of jar (of stone or earthenware,
with narrow mouth), used esp. for
storing water. Said to come from
the Persian Gulf. (? Pers. Cf. ka-
siki, which is smaller. Balasi also
means 'leprosy' in Arab., and is
used so in Z. Cf. ukoma.)

*Balehi, v. grow up, come to
(sexual) maturity, become marriage-
able. Amebalehi sasa, apewe mke,
he is now grown up. he should be
given a wife. — n. also Mbalehe
(wa-), boy or girl growing up, enter-
ing on manhood or womanhood,
developed, marriageable. (Ar. Cf.
syn. komaa, pevuka and ubale/ie,
-pevu, -zima.)

*Bali, conj. but, nay, rather, on
the contrary. * (Arab. Cf. more
common Iakini.)

*Balozi, n. (ma-), also Barozi,
which see, and Balyozi, consul,
political agent. (? Turkish. Cf.
iibarozi.)

BALTJNGI

22

BANTYA

♦Balungi, n. (ma-), citron — the
fruit of mbalungi. (Hind.)

Bamba, n. (ma-), a flat thin piece
(esp. of metal), a sheet, plate, or
strip of metal. Mabamba ya chuma,
hoop-iron. Also of card-board, mill-
board. Dim. kiba?nba. (Cf. mbamba,
-embamba, and follg.)

Bambo, n. (i) an iron instrument
grooved and pointed, used for draw-
ing a sample from a sack of grain ;
(2) (ma-), long cord-like strip of
plaited grass, used for making coarse
mats and baskets, and for cording a
native bedstead. (Cf. skupatti, also
ubambo, mbamba, bamba.)

*Bamia, n. same as Binda, n.
(which see).

Bamvua, n. (ma-), spring tide.
(Cf. syn. maji mahni.)

Bana, v. hold as in a vice, press,
squeeze, pinch. Also in neut. sense,
stick fast, jam. Ps. baniwa. Nt.
banika, be fixed, e.g. between two
sticks, for roasting by a fire. Also
used act., set to roast at fire. Ap.
bati-ia, -iwa, -ika, press to (with, in,
&c). Jibania nguo, gird oneself
tightly, fasten one's clothes tight, as
for work, a journey, &c. Cs. ban-
iza, ban-za. Jibanza ukutani, squeeze
oneself up against a wall, to allow
something to pass. Rp. banana.
(Cf. banua, bano, mbano, banzi,
kibanzi, and syn. kaza, songa, &c.)

*Banada, n. also Banaderi, the
ports on the Somali coast north of
Zanzibar, esp. Barawa, Marka, Mag-
desh, Warsheikh, &c, now in the
Italian Protectorate (1902). (Ar.
CL bandari.)

*Banagiri, n. ( — , and ma-), also
Banajili, armlet, bracelet, in Z.
usually of silver — a broad band orna-
mented with blunt projecting points.
(Hind. Cf. kikuku, and for such
ornaments generally, urembo.)

Banda, n. (;//#-), large shed, work-
shop, factory — covered, open at the
sides. B. la frasi, stable. Dim.
kibanda.

*Bandari, n. harbour, anchorage,
roadstead, port. B. ni mahali pa
pwani watu washukapo, a bandari is
a place on the shore where people
disembark. (Ar. Cf. banada.)

*Bandera, n. See Bendera.

Bandi, n. (ma-), stitching, a row
of stitches, a stitch, esp. of the coarser
kinds of sewing. Fanya (piga, shond)
bandi, baste, tack, run (in sewing).
(Cf. ponta, shuhu, and see Shona.)

Bandia, n. puppet, toy-figure, doll.
Mtoto tva bandia, a doll, often made
of plaited grass, stuffed with rice.

Bandika, v. put on, stick on,
fasten on, apply, attach, esp. of caus-
ing something to adhere to a surface,
also ' add, place in addition to.' Some-
times fig. and neut., e.g. Amewa-
bandika, he has attached himself to
them, he sticks to them, of an un-
pleasant companion. B. dawa, apply
a plaster (in medicine). Ps. ba-
ndikwa. Ap. bandik-ia, -iwa. Cs.
bandik-isha, -ishwa, -iza, -izwa. Ba-
ndikisha vyombo,put on an extra load,
add to a load. (Cf. kandika, and
follg., and n. pandika, pandikiza^)

Bandua, v. take off, detach, re-
move, strip off, peel off, relieve of.
Nt. banduka. Hawambanduki M-
znngu, they never leave (part com-
pany with) the European. Unisugue
hatta nibanduke maganda, rub me,
till my shell comes off — of a tortoise.
(In form and sense a Rv. form of
Bandika, but no deriv. or cogn. forms
common. Cf. mbandztko.)

*Banduru, n. bilge, place in ship's
hold from which water is baled out,
ship's well.

*Bangi, n. bhang, leaf of mbangi
or Indian hemp, often chewed and
smoked, and used in various sweet
preparations. A strong intoxicant.
(Hind. Cf. mbangi, pant j boza, ma-
juni, afyuni.)

*Baniani, n. (ma-), a Banyan.
See Bartyani.

*Baniya, n. the Caaba at Mecca.
(Arab, a building.)

BANJA

23

BARIKI

Banja, v. crack, break, e. g. a nut.

Bano, n. (wa-), a carpenter's tool
for holding work in position, cramp,
holdfast. (Cf. bana, mbano.)

Ban.ua, v. loosen, unfasten, slacken
pressure, e. g. open the jaws of a vice.
Nt. banuka. Ban-ulia, -uliwa. (Rv.
of bana.)

*Banyani, n. {ma-), Banyan, hea-
then Indian, usually trader from
Cutch.

Banzi, n. ( — , and ma-), thin strip
of wood, or split stick, used for
holding fish, meat, &c., to toast by
a fire. (Cf. bana, and dim. ki-
banzi.)

Bao, n. {ma-). See Bau.

Bapa, n. also TJbapa, usee of a
broad flat, or slightly rounded, sur-
face, e.g. b. la upanga, the fiat blade
of a sword, the flat side as opp. to
the sharp edge (makali). B. la tiso,
broad forehead or broad cheek (face).
B. la kisu, knife blade. (Cf. ke-
ngee.)

*Bara, n. See Barra.

*Bara-bara, a. also Baraba, just
as it should be, quite right, exact,
proper, without a flaw. Ndipo mambo
yawe baraba, so all may be well.
Fetha hii ni baraba, this is the exact
sum. Athuuri baraba, just noon.
(Hind.)

*Barafu, n. ice. Tukakuta barafu
juu ya meza imeganda, and we found
ice formed on the table. (Ar.)

Baragurmi,n. ( — ,and wa-),'horn'
used as a musical instrument, 'trumpet,
war-horn,' blown through a hole near
the small end. (Cf. panda, pembe,
siwa, for similar instruments.)

*Baraji, n. rope attached to the
after end of the yard-arm in a native
vessel, halyard. (Cf. hamarawi, and
foromali.)

*Baraka, n. ( — , and ma-), also
Mbaraka {ml-), (i) a blessing, gener-
ally ; (2) (special forms of blessing,
such as) prosperity, progress, ad-
vantage, plenty of food, abundant
harvest, &c. ; (3) a favour, gift.

Tuna b. leo, we are getting on well
to-day. (Ar. Cf. bariki, mbaraka.)

*Barakoa, n. a mask, covering the
face down to the mouth, all but the
eyes, worn in public by Arab and
Mahommedan women generally of
the upper class. (Ar.)

*Barathuli, n. See Barazuli.

*Barawai, n. a swallow.

*Baraza, n. (1) place of public
audience or reception. In Z. a stone
seat in the entrance hall, or against
the wall outside a house, or a raised
platform with stone seats and some-
times roofed over in front of the
house, for receiving strangers, hold-
ing audiences, and transacting busi-
ness. Hence also (2) a meeting,
reception, public audience, council ;
(3) members of a council, cabinet,
committee. (Ar. Cf. barlzi.)

*Barazuli, n. a dull-witted heavy
man, simpleton, dupe, — one who is
made a butt of by his companions.
(Ar. Cf. mjinga, mzuzu.)

*Baridi, n.. (1) cold, coldness,
chill, dampness ; (2) wind, air, draft ;
(3) coolness, refreshment, relief (from
heat and exhaustion), comfort; (4)
fig. coldness of manner, dullness, lack
of interest, repelling aspect or tone.
(Thus baridi may imply both pleasant
and unpleasant sensations, but the
verb burudisha, &c, is always used
of *what has a pleasant effect.) B.
nyingi, high winds, or great cold.
Maji ya b.,{\) cold water, opp. to
majlya moto, hot water; or (2) fresh
water, as opp. to maji ya chtimvi (jra
bahari), salt (sea) water. (Cf. maji
ya mvua, viaji matamu, &c.) B.
yabis, rheumatism. Maneno ya b.,
platitudes, or chilling remarks. (Ar.
Cf. burudisha, buruda, tibaridi.)

*Bariki, v. (1) bless, consecrate;
(2) grant wealth (favour, prosperity,
&c.) to; (3) knock down to (a
bidder), accept the bid of at an auc-
tion. Ps. barikiwa. Ap. bank-ia,
-iwa, give a blessing to (for, with,
&c). Cs. barik-isha, Intens. load

BABIZI

24

BATI

with favours. (Ar. Cf. baraka,
mbaraka, taburuku, and the common
name Mabruki.)

*Barizi, v. (i) hold a reception,
give an audience, summon a council,
receive guests, sit in state ; (2) attend
an audience, go to a council (meeting,
reception, &c.) ; (3) sit out of doors,
sit together in a garden, &c. See
Baraza. Sultani anabarizi ho, the
Sultan is holding a court to-day.
Twabarizi kwa Mzungu, we attend
meetings at a European's house.
(Ar. Cf. baraza.)

*Barra, n. or Bara, (1) 'land' in
general, as opp. to sea, b. na bahari,
land and sea ; (2) land as most known
to Swahili, i. e. wild, uncultivated
country, b. tupu, b. nyeupe, bare, un-
occupied land ; (3) the region of the
coast, b. ya Waswahili, the Swahili
coastland; and also (4) the hinter-
land as contr. with coast, tangu
fwani hatta b. , from the coast to the
interior. B. il asili, mainland, con-
tinent. B. al Hindi, India. Bara-
bara is used descriptively of a bare
open locality, of a broad road or
clearing. Barabarani, out in the
open, on the high road. (Ar. Cf.
Zanzibar, i. e. Zanji-bara, negro
coast.)

*Barua, n. written form, note, bill,
ticket, letter, esp. of formal official
communications, but also generally of
ordinary correspondence, like waraka.
(Ar. Cf. waraka, cheti, hati, and
kibarua. )

*Baruti, n. gunpowder. (Ar.

barud.)

*Basbasi, n. mace, the inner husk
of nutmeg (kungu manga). (Ar.
for fennel ?)

*Bashiri, v. (1) bring tidings, re-
port news, announce (esp. of first
tidings, and so) (2) tell in advance,
announce beforehand, predict, fore-
tell. Ps. bashiriwa. Ap. bashiria,
•iwa. Common in the expression
Bashiri he?'i! May it be good
news ! Umbashirie heri, predict

good luck for him. (Ar. Cf.

mbashiri.)

*Bassi, Bass, (1) conj. very com-
monly used as a connective in narra-
tives, often heading each succeeding
pa/agraph in a story, ' Well, and so,
accordingly, and then'; (2) interj.
generally expressing contentment or
resignation, ' It is enough, very well,
that will do ' ; but also often an order
or decision, ' Stop that ! That's all !
Have done with it.' (Hind. Bassi
is one of the commonest and most
characteristic interjections in Swahili,
and capable of conveying very dif-
ferent shades of meaning according
to the tone of voice and expression,
from the highest gratification to the
extreme of mortification and disgust.
In fact, a whole series of distinct
ideas may be conveyed by the same
word, e.g. at the close of a bargain
a dialogue may be heard carried on
with it alone. Bassi? (interroga-
tively and doubtfully), Is that really
all that you can give me, your lowest
terms? Bassi (with decision),
Those are my final terms. Bassi
(with reluctant resignation), Well, I
suppose I must accept it. Bassi (with
an air of satisfaction), Very well ; that
settles the matter. Bassi (final con-
sent), Be it so ! Done ! Agreed !

*Bastola, n. pistol (? same word,
through Arab.).

*Bata, n. (ma-), a duck. B. la
Bukini, a goose, lit. Madagascar
duck. B. la mzinga, a turkey, perh.
from its note. Kwenda batabata,
walk like a duck, waddle. (Ar.)

*Batela, n. also Betela, a kind of
sailing vessel common at Z., smaller
than bdgala, cut-water slightly curved
like a boat, square stern and usually
a small quarterdeck. See Chombo.
(Ar.)

*-bathiri, -bathirifu, a. extrava-
gant, prodigal. (Ar. Cf. ubathirifu,
and bat Hi, ubatili.)

*Bati, n. (1) tin, block tin, sheet
tin. Also used .of (2) corrugated

BATILI

25

BEBA

iron sheeting {ma-'). Tia bati, tin,
v., i.e. cover a copper vessel with tin.

♦Batili, v. make worthless, reduce
to nothing, cancel, annul, abolish,
treat as of no use, defy, transgress.
Ps. batiliwa. Nt. batilika. Ap.batil-
ia, -iwa. Cs. batil-isha, -ishwa, &c.

-batili, a. and -batilifu, worth-
less, invalid, of no use (force, or effect).
Hoja batili, a futile argument. Nikaha
He batili, that marriage is null and
void. (Ar. Cf. ubatili, and B. syn.
tanguka, v.)

*Batli, n. log, in naut. sense, i; e. a
ship's record or journal. (? Hind.)

Batobato, n. (i) open place
where dancing takes place, dancing-
i yard (more commonly kiwanja cha
ngoma in Z.) ; (2) markings, coloured
; spots or stripes, of animal or insect.
Also adv. (as if batabata) of waddling,
flat-footed gait. Yule ana batobato,
he walks flat-footed. Also kibato-
bato, with various spots (markings).
(Cf. kipaku, and madoadoa.)

Bau, n. ( — , and. ma-), also Bao,
a board, and as contr. with tibau
(nibau), a large board ; usually of a
board of special kind or for special
purpose, e.g. a bench or table; and
also (1) a playing-board, for chess,
cards, but most commonly (2) for a
favourite game called Bao simply, or
Bao la mtaji, like a chess-board with
64 (sometimes 32) holes for squares,
and seeds or pebbles for counters.
Cheza bao, play the Bao game. Hence
bau is also used of (3) a game, gener-
ally, or victory in a game. Twaliwa-
funga (or twaliwatid) mabau sita,
we won six games. Tia bau, mark
a game, win ; (4) a diviner's board,
esp. bait la mchanga, a board covered
with sand, called also ramli (Ar.
for sand) and (locally) kibunzi. Piga
bau, use a divining board, take the
omens. (Cf. ubau.)

*Baura, n. anchor of European
pattern and make, with two flukes
(makombe). Also called nanga ya
baura. (Cf. syn. nanga.)

Bavuni, adv. loc, alongside, at
the side. t See Ubavu.

Bawa, n. {ma-), wing of bird or
insect. Dim. kibawa. (Cf. ubawa,
wing-feather.)

*Bawaba, n. ( — , and ma-), hinge.
(Hind. Cf.patta.)

*Bawabu, n. (ma-), door-keeper,
house-porter, chamberlain, turnkey.
B. wa kifungo, gaoler. (Ar. Cf.
mngoje mlango.)

*Bawasiri, n. piles, haemorrhoids.
(Ar.)

-baya, a. (mbaya, with D 4 (P), D 6,
baya with D 5 (S)), bad, in the widest
sense, i. e. possessing the quality of not
approving itself or being acceptable,
whether materially, morally, intel-
lectually, or aesthetically, i. e. a
quality which is offensive (in what-
ever degree or way) to feelings,
conscience, reason, or taste. It may
therefore be rendered in a great num-
ber of ways in English, e.g. painful,
unpleasant, inconvenient, defective,
ugly, erroneous, wrong, wicked.
(Cf. ubaya, -ovu, -bovu, and the opp.
-etna, -zuri, -zima.) These and other
words in Swahili express qualities,
the degrees and kinds of which are
not differentiated or clearly recog-
nized. It is impossible, therefore,
to enumerate the rich variety of Eng-
lish words, which find their readiest
and sometimes their only mode of
rendering in them.

*Bayana, a. and Beyana. See
Baini. (Ar.)

*Bayini,v. and a. See Baini. (Ar.)

*Bazazi, n. (ma-) and Mbazazi
(wa-), trader, tradesman, shopkeeper.
(Ar. Cf. ubazazi,tajiri,mchuruzi.)

Beba, v. carry on the back, — as
native women do their children in
a cloth. Ps. bebwa. Ap. beb-ea,
-ewa, carry for ^in, to, &c). Cs.
beb-esha, -eshwa, place (a child) on
the back (of the mother). Asiye
na ??itoto na abebe jiwe, if any one
has no child, let her even bring a
stone on her back.

BEBEKA

26

BI

Bebera, n. (ma-), also Beberu,
(i) he-goat; (2) a strongman. (Cf.
mbuzi. Beberu, or beru, also means
an extemporized sail, made of loin-
cloth, handkerchiefs, &c.)

*Bedari, n. See Abedari.

*Bedawi, n. (ma-), a Bedouin,
wanderer, outcast. Mfano wao kama
Mabedawi, they looked like Bedouins.
(Ar.)

*Bedeni, n. a kind of sailing ves-
sel from Arabia — cut-water and mast
perpendicular, sharp stern, and high
rudder-head. See Chombo. (? Ar.)

*Bee, int. also Ebbe, for Lebeka,
which see. — n. See Bei.

*Beek, int. for Lebeka, which see.

Bega, n. (ma-), shoulder — of man
or animal. Chukua mzigo begani
(kwa bega, juu ya bega) , carry a load
on the shoulder.

*Behewa, n. inner court — sur-
rounded by buildings and open to the
air, as in all large stone houses in Z.
(Ar.)

*Bei,n. also Bee, trade, commerce,
bargain, sale, business transaction.
Piga (pigana) bei, drive a bargain.
Bei hiyari, mortgage with option of
realizing by sale. Beirehani, mort-
gage with right to amount of debt only.
(Ar. Cf. biashara, ubazazi.)

*Beina, adv. also Baina, in the
midst, between. Beinaya, amongst,
between. (Ar. for more usual

kati.)

Bekua, v. keep off, ward off,
parry, strike aside, divert, receive
and return a ball (blow, &c), defend
oneself, counteract. B. mainzi, keep
off flies. B. mchele katika pishi,
knock off the overflowing rice in a
full measure. Ps. bekuliwa. Nt.
bekulika. Ap. beku-lia, -liwa.
Cs. beku-lisha, -lishwa. Rp. be-
kuana. (Cf. kinga, epa, Hilda.)

*Belghamu, n. phlegm. (Arab,
for B. kohozi, or kipande cha kohozi,
i. e. expectorated matter.)

Bemba, v. wheedle, cajole, fawn
on, coax, caress, solicit, try to in-

fluence, win the favour (consent) of.
Ps. bembwa. Nt. bembeka. Ap.
bemb-ea, -ewa, -elea, -elewa, -eleza,
&c, usu. with Intens. force. Cha-
kula cha kubembelezea njaa, food
cooked to take the edge off the appe-
tite. Amenibembeleza nimfanyizie
kazi, he has coaxed me into making
a job for him. Bembeleza macho,
put on a coaxing expression. Hence
bembelezana. Cs. bemb-eza, -ezwa.
(Cf. bembe, -bembe, ubembe, ube-
mbelezi, &c.)

Bembe, n. pastry, confectionery,
sweetmeats, esp. of a lover's presents,
dainty dishes sent during Ramathan,
&c. (Cf. bemba.)

-bembe, a. enticing, coaxing,
wheedling, coquettish. (Cf. bemba,
bembe, ubembe.)

*Bendera, n. and Bandera, (1)
flag ; (2) (the Arabian flag being red),
red cotton cloth, Turkey red calico.
B. maradufu, red cotton drill or
twill. Tweka b., hoist a flag.
Shusha (tua) b., lower a flag. Be-
ndera hufuatapepo, the flag goes with
the wind. (Ar.)

Benua, v. cause to project, stick
out, bulge, protrude, put forward,
expose to view. Ps. benuliwa. Nt.
benuka, bulge, stick out, be convex.
(Cf. mbinu, and syn. toa nje, tokeza.)

*Bereu, n. a sticky black stuff,
black paint. (? Hind.)

*Beti, n. ( — , and ma-), (1) small
pouch, pocket bag, case. B. ya
kiasi, cartridge pouch. Mabeti kiu-
noni, cartridge belt round the waist
(possibly from Eng. 'belt') ; (2) verse
or couplet of a poem. Uimbo
huu una beti tat 11, this song has
three verses. (Ar.)

*Betili, n. and Batili, a kind of
sailing vessel from the Persian gulf-
long projecting prow, sharp stern,
high rudder-head. (See Chombo,
and dist. batela.)

*Bi, prep, by, with, in, &c.
(Arab., used in a few phrases, e.g.
bi nafsiyake, by himself, and appears

BIA

27

BILATTRI

in a few words such as bilashi, bi-
smilla.)

Bia, n. used, with various verbs, of
joint action, co-operation, partnership,
association, in business or pleasure.
Fanya bia, do in common, act as a
company, go shares in. Changa b.,
make a joint contribution. Gawa b.,
divide into shares. Safiri b., travel
together, each paying his own ex-
penses. Kula b., dine together at
the expense of all. Numia b., pur-
chase jointly. (Cf. shariki, and
contr. kikoa.)

Bia, n. {ma-), a large cooking
pot. (Cf. kibia.)

*Biashara, n. buying and selling,
trade, commerce. Fanya b., engage
in trade. B. tele, trade is brisk.
Mfanyi b., trader, merchant. (Ar.
bay wa shira, sale and purchase.
Cf. bet.)

*Bibi, n. ( — , and ?na-), term of
respectful reference and address to
women (i) in general, 'lady, my
lady, Madam, Miss '; (2) used of the'
' Mistress ' of a household, by or in
reference to its members, slaves and
others, ' the mistress, my mistress ' ;
(3) also grandmother, and (4) used
of the ' wife,' by or in reference to the
husband, more courteous than mke,
mke wangn. When there are several
ladies in a household, they are dis-
tinguished as bibi mkubwa, the mis-
tress, and bibi mdogo of other ladies.
Sometimes the phrase kina bibi, the
lady folk, the ladies, is used with
courteous vagueness of one or more
ladies. (Hind. Cf. Arab, sitti,
rarely heard.)

Bibo, n. {ma-), cashew apple, fruit
of the mbibo. (Cf. mbibo, korosho,
cashew nut.)

-bichi, a. {mbichi with D 6, D 4
(P) ), (1) not full-grown, unripe, im-
mature ; (2) raw, fresh, newly gath-
ered, e. g. of eggs, grass, meat, vege-
tables, &c. Chokaa mbichi, un-
slaked lime, fresh plaster. Nyama
mbichi, raw flesh, underdone meat.

Majani mabichi, fresh, green grass.
(Contr. -bivu, and cf. ubichi.)

*Bidi, v. put pressure on, make
obligatory on, compel, oblige, esp.
of moral pressure, duty, honour, privi-
lege. Akanibidi kuleta washahidi,
and he bound me to produce wit-
nesses. Frequent as an impersonal
verb. Ikabidi, it was necessary, there
was an obligation. Ikambidi kukatwa
mkono, he was compelled (sentenced)
to have his hands cut off. Imeni-
bidi, I feel bound to. Ps. bidiwa,
be under obligation to. Ap. bidia,
-iwa. Cs. bidisha, and Intens.
jibidisha, take special pains. (Ar.
Cf. follg. and pasa, lazima, shunt-,
tisha.)

*Bidii, n. effort, energy, exertion,
exercise (of strength or will), moral
force, willingness to work. Fa-

nya b., work hard, take pains, show
energy (interest, earnestness). Mtu
wa b., a man of energy, willing
worker. (Ar. Cf. bidi, and B.
syn. titendaji.)

*Bikari, n. pair of compasses,
compass for drawing. (Arab.)

*Bikira, n. {ma-), a virgin. (Ar.
Cf. B. mwanamwali, and follg.)

*Bikiri, v. deprive of virginity,
deflower. Ps. bikiriwa. (Ar. Cf.
bikira, ttbikira.)

*Bila, prep, and Billa, without,
except by, apart from, — with a noun,
or Infin. or ya. Siwezi kukaa billa
mke, I cannot remain without a wife.
Billa yeye ktitoa fikira, without his
disclosing his idea. Billa uthuru,
without excuse. Also with ya,
b. ya amri, except by order. B. ya
kujua maana, without knowing the
meaning. (Ar. Cf. B. syn. pa-
sipo.)

*Bilashi, adv. without (getting)
anything, for nothing, in vain, gratis,
gratuitously. Utarudi bilashi, it will
be no use your returning. (Ar.
bila shai, for the commoner burre.)

*Bilauri, n. (1) crystal, glass ; (2)
any small drinking vessel of glass, a

BILDI

28

■BISHI

glass, tumbler, wine-glass. Jiwe la
b., rock crystal. Kikombe cha b., a
glass cup, tumbler. Lete b., bring
a glass. (Ar.)

*Bildi, n. plummet, sounding-lead,
i. e. lisasi ya kupimia ?naji, lead for
measuring (the depth of) water. Tia
b., plumb, sound. (Ar. Cf. chubwi,
timazi.)

*Bilingani, n. (ma-), and Bili-
nganya (ma-), a dark purple vege-
table of the tomato kind, fruit of the
Mbilingani (which see), sometimes
called ' mad apple.'

*Bilisi, n. (ma-), devil, the devil,
Satan. (Arab, for common shetani.
Cf. ubilisi.)

*Bilula, n. a tap, turncock.

*Bima, n. insurance against loss,
accidents, &c. Lipa b., toa b., pay
(effect) insurance of goods in com-
merce. Fanya masharti ya b., draw
up a deed of insurance. Also
as v., insure, effect insurance on.
(Hind.)

*Bin, n. son (of). (Arab, for
common B. mwana.)

*Binadamu, n. member of human
race, human being, man. Hence
kibinadamu, of a human kind, human,
natural to man, and ubinadamu,
human nature, humanity. (Ar.

bin Adamu. Cf. B. mtu.)

Binda, n. an Indian vegetable,
a kind of hibiscus — also known as
bamia.

Bindo, n. (ma-), fold of the loin-
cloth, used as a pocket, bag, recep-
tacle for carrying things, pocket,
purse. Pesa largu nimelipiga b., I
have fastened my farthing in my loin-
cloth. Kinga b., hold out a fold of
the loin-cloth to receive something.
Iliyo bindoni, what is in the pocket,
safe, secure. (Cf. pinda, tipindo,
&c, which is pern, the same word, —
also uwinda, ubinda, and for ' bag,
bundle ' si.fiirushi, bakasha.)

Bingwa, a. and -bingwa, clever,
knowing, shrewd, capable. Fundi
huyn vibingwa, he is a good work-

man. (Cf. ubingwa, and syn.

-stadi, waria.)

*Bini, v. =Buni, which see. ( Ar.)

*Binti, n. daughter, young lady.
When followed by the father's name,
without preposition, forms the usual
designation of all women in Zanzibar
except of the lowest class — slaves,
beggars, and freed slaves, e. g. binti
Aii, binti Abdallah, binti Sulemani.
Not used by itself in address, except
in a familiar, way to young persons,
' my daughter.' (Ar. Cf. bin, and
B. syn. mwana.)

*Birika, n. ( — , and ma-, according
to size), (i) large metal vessel for
holding water, large kettle; (2) cis-
tern, tank, bath — of masonry, such as
are found in all the better houses of
Zanzibar, either for holding rain-
water or for bathing purposes. Some-
times (3) of ordinary European bath.
(Ar.)

*Birinzi, n. a particular dish of
cooked food — meat, rice, pepper, &c.
(Cf. pilau.)

*Bisbis, n. ( — ), and Bisibisi,
screwdriver. (Hind. Dist. bisi.)

Bisha, v. (1) strike, knock, beat,
hit against. B. mlango, knock at a
door. B. hodi, knock and ask leave
to enter by saying ' hodi,' — the rule of
courtesy universal in Z. (2) .Oppose,
resist, strive against, argue with,
quarrel with ; (3) joke, jest (cf.
ubishi) ; (4) (of a ship), beat, tack.
B. chombo, work a ship to windward.
(Cf. bisho.) Ps. bishwa. Ap.
bish-ia, -iwa, -iana. Mtu huyu
amenibishia hatta tumeteta, this man
opposed me, till at last we quarrelled.
Rp. bisk-ana, -ania, -anya. Bishana
maneno (or kwa manend), joke to-
gether, argue together, wrangle.
Bishanya, shake together, mix by
shaking. (Cf. bisho, -bishi, ubishi,
mabishano.)

-bishi, a. of one who is always
opposing, whether (1) goodhumour-
edly, 'joking, jesting,' or more com-
monly (2) captious, argumentative,

BISHO

29

BOMOA

combative, contradictory, obstinate —
one who killa umwai7ibialo hakubali,
finds fault with everything you say.
(Cf. bisha, ubishi, bishop

Bisho, n. also Mbisho, working
to windward, beating, tacking. Upepo
wa b., head wind. Piga b., beat to
windward. (Cf. bisha, mbisho, &c.)

*Bisi, n. also Mbisi, parched
grains of Indian corn, described as
mahindi yaliyokaangwa, a favourite
preparation, cried in the streets of Z.
as bisi moio, hot bisi. There is also
bisi la mtama, made of millet.

, *Bitana,n. lining. Nguo ya bitana,
clothes made with two thicknesses of
material. (Ar. Cf. bafta, used as
lining, and tabaka, maradufu.)

*Bithaa, n. goods (for trading),
merchandise. Fetha na bithaa, cash
and goods, -money and kind.

-bivu, a. (mbivu, with D 6, D 4
(P)), matured, ripe, well cooked, opp.
to -bichi. E?nbe mbivu, ripe man-
goes. Nyama mbivu, well-done meat.
(Cf. iva, tibivu, and the less common
forms -wivu, or -ivu, uivu, but dist.
-wivu, jealous.)

Biwi, n. (ma-), heap of plantation
or garden rubbish, sweepings,, refuse,
leaves.

*Bizari, n. small seed such as
pepper, caraway, and other condi-
ments used in making curries. Hence
sometimes ' curry powder.' B. nene,
anise. (Ar.)

*Bizimu, n. a buckle, brooch,
clasp, fastening. (Ar.)

*Bobari, n. carpenter's rounded
chisel, gouge, also known as ngabu.

Bofu, n. (ma-), a large bladder.
(Also heard as variant of pofti, froth,
and -bovu, rotten. Cf. kibofu.)

Boga, n. (ma-), pumpkin, gourd,
the plant being mboga. (Dist. mboga,
vegetables in general.)

*Boh,ari, n. ( — , and ma-), store-
house, warehouse, large shop, maga-
zine, go-down, described as nyumba
ya mali (ya kuwekea vitii) , house for
goods (for storing things). Mabohari

ya makuti, thatched store-houses.
(Cf. ghala.)

*Bohora, n. (ma-), also Bohra, a
member of one of the two chief sects
or divisions of Mahommedan Hindoos
in Z., the other being Khoja. Each
sect has its own mosques, club, bury-
ing ground, &c.

*Boi, n. (ma-), house servant,
personal attendant, domestic. So
fanya boi, be servant. Taka boi,
apply for service. (From Eng. boy.
Cf. ??itumishi i mwandishi, and see
Manowari.)

*Boko, n. (??ia-), hippopotamus,
esp. of a large size, the dim. kiboko
being the common name in Z.

Bokoboko, n. a particular dish of
cooked food (Str.) r and hence to de-
scribe other things of a soft, jelly-like
consistency.

Boma, n. (ma-), any kind of raised
structure for defensive purposes, (1)
earthwork, outer wall, rampart,
mound, palisade, stockade, fence, and
hence (2) fort, redoubt, castle. (Cf.
bomoa, and syn. ngome, fort, and dist.
ua, fence of yard or garden, ukuta,
wall of house, partition wall.)

*Bomba, n. (1) pump. Bombaya
kuvuta maj'i, a pump for drawing
water. Also used of (2) chimney of
a steamer, or any large pipe. (? Por-
tug.)

Bombwe, n. (ma-), cut figure,
carved pattern, carving, sculpture.
Kata mabombwe, carve figures (pat-
terns). (Also kibombwe (vi-). Cf.
more usual choro, nakshi.)

Bomoa, v. break down, break
through, make a breach in, cause to
fall down, esp. of a wall or fence, or
other artificial structure. Ps. bomo-
lewa. Nt. bomoka, fall down, be
broken through, collapse. Ap.
bomo-lea, -lewa. m Mtambo wa kubo-
molea, a crowbar to break down a
wall with. Cs. bomo-sha, -shwa.
(Cf. boma, and poromoka, poromosha,
sometimes heard as pomoshd or bo-
mosha, bomoka?)

BOMU

30

BTJA

Bomu, n. (ma-), boom, sound of
a drum, esp. of the larger, deep-
sounding kind, or of a cannon. Bo-
mu la gogo, a long drum with low
note.

Bonde, n. ( — , and ma-), valley,
hollow between hills, low - lying
country. (Cf. Bondei, the country
between the Usambara hills and the
coast near Tanga and Pangani, Ger-
man East Africa.)

Bonge, n. (ma-). See Donge.

Bongo, n. (ma-), brains, marrow.
(Cf. ubongo.)

*Bonth, n. bridge, — rarely heard.
(Cf. Fr. pont, and syn. daraja, ulalo.)

Bonyea, v. yield to pressure, give
way, sink in, be crushed, e.g. of soft
ground, ripe fruit, &c, and other
inanimate objects. Nt. bonyeka.

Cs. bony-esha, -eza, press in, t make
impression on, examine by feeling
and pressing. (Cf. syn. tomasa, of
animate objects, and bopa.)

Bopa, v. (i) be soft to the touch,
soften, feel soft, as of ripe fruit, an
abscess, &c. ; (2) sink in, become
hollow (concave). . Ap. bopea.
Mashavu yake yamebopea, his cheeks
are sunken (hollow). Cs. bop-esha,
-eshwa (and possibly bobya, bofya, cf.
apa,afya ioxapisha) , press with finger,
make impression on, feel. (Cf.
bonyea, bonyesha (which implies
greater force and effect), tomasa, and
follg.)

Bopo, n. (ma-), soft place, mud-
hole, pit. (Kr.)

*Bora, a. of special quality (im-
portance, or value), fine, high class,
first-rate, excellent, good, noble, &c,
often with implied comparison,' better,
the better, best.' Tumbako bora,
there is nothing like tobacco. Asi-
kari ndume bora, magnificent fighting
men. (Ar. Cf. afathali, better,

superior, and -ema, -zuri.)

*Bori, n. (1) clay bowl of a tobacco
pipe. See Kiko, Tosa. (2) Tusk of
ivory. See Buri.

*Boriti, n. also Borti, pole of

the kind used for rafters in East
Africa. (These poles are still an
important article of trade on the
African and Arabian coasts. They
are a kind of mangrove, straight,
hard, and (if kept dry) very durable,
and carry the heavy concrete ceilings
and roofs of all stone houses, inci-
dentally limiting the dimensions of
rooms and arrangement of the whole.)

*Borohoa, n. a native dish, beans,
&c, pounded into a paste or thick
broth and flavoured.

Boromoka, Boromoko. See Po-
romoka, &c.

Boronga, v. make a mess, muddle,
fuss, bungle, mix. B.kazi, do a job
badly (in a muddling, unworkman-
like way). Sometimes Redupl. boro-
nga-boronga. Ps. borongwa. (Cf.
follg., also buruga, vuruga.)

Borongo, n. muddle, mess, bungle.
Kazi ya b., a badly done job.

Borotangi, n. See Buratangi.

Boruga, v. See Buruga.

-bovu, a. (mbovu with D 6, D 4
(P)), bad, chiefly of physical con-
dition, i. e. rotten, unsound, unhealthy,
spoilt, decomposed, putrid. Matunda
mabovu, rotten, unsound fruit. Sa-
maki mbovu, stale fish. Hence also
(2) worthless, unfit for use or service.
Mtu mbovu, an ill-conditioned, un-
sound, worthless man. (Cf. the
more comprehensive word -baya, and
note, and the apparently cognate
word -ovu, which indicates usually
bad moral condition. Mtu mwovu,
an evilly disposed, unprincipled, bad-
natured man. Contr. -zima, -zuri,
-ema.)

Boza, n. an. intoxicating prepara-
tion of bhang. (See Bangi.) Hence
perh. bozibozi, idle, dull, incapable of
work. (St.)

Bu, int. descriptive of the thud of
a heavy blow or fall. Anguka bu,
fall heavily. Piga bu, give a heavy
blow.

Bua, n. (ma-), stalk, stem, of the
larger grasses, e.g. oimtama, millet,

BTJBA

SI

BUNDUKI

or v\uhindi, Indian corn. Used for
house walls, fencing, and firing.
(Cf. ubua, of smaller kinds.)

Buba, n. a bad skin disease, of
a persistent and contagious kind.

Bubu, n. {ma-), a dumb person,
mute, dumb. Sema kwa bibubu,
speak in dumb language, i. e. by signs.

Bubujika, v. bubble out, burst
forth in a flood. B. machozi, burst
into a flood of tears. B. ??ianeno,
come out with a torrent of words.

*Buddi, n. escape, way out, alter-
native, means of avoiding. Seldom
used except with negative parts of
kuwa na, to have, in such phrases as
hakuna b., necessarily, undoubtedly,
it must be so ; sina b., I must, I can-
not avoid it. Haina b. kuniambia
habariyako, there is no escape from
telling me about yourself. Billa
b., inevitably, surely. Bassi mimi
nina b.ya ktilia ? What ! Can I help
crying? (Ar. Cf. labuda. Buddi

I" is sometimes heard as bundi.)
Buhuri, n. incense. (Arab. Cf.
\ubani, uvumba, uudi, and vukiza.)
Bugu, n. {ma-), a thick kind of
■ withy, used as cord for binding. (Cf.
mbugu, nbugu.)

. Buibui,n. ( — ,zndma-), (i) spider.
Tando la {utando wd) b., spider's
web ; (2) a kind of large veil, cover-
ing the whole figure entirely, worn
by some women (Arab, Comoro, and
others) in Z. when out of doors.
Buki, n. Madagascar. Often in
Iloc. form, Bukini. Also -buki, a., of
Madagascar, cf. Mbuki, a Malagasy.
Bata la Bukini, a goose. A dis-
trict of Ng'ambo in Z. is called Kwa
Wabuki.

Buku, n. (ma-), the very large,
long-tailed rat common in town and
country, Z. {Buku is also some-
times used of 'a book,' — from the
English. But cf. kitabu, chuo, msa-
hafu.)

Buku a, v. hunt out a secret, dis-
cover, reveal. (Cf. mbukulia.)
*Bulangeni, a. used of coloured,

striped, variegated objects, e. g. a
vessel painted in two or more colours,
a coloured wall, &c. (?Ar.)

*Bulangeti, n. also Burangiti,
blanket, rug. B. magongoni, blan-
kets at their backs,— of a soldier's kit.
(From the Eng.)

*Buli, n. ( — , and ma-), teapot.
Also b. ya kahawa, coffee-pot, —
which is commonly mdila or deli.

Bumba, n. ( — , and ma-), also
Ptimba, lump. B. la Himbako,
plug, or packet, of tobacco. B. la
tidongo, clod of earth. B. la nyuki t
cluster of bees, when swarming.
Dim. kibumba. (Cf. bumbwi, and
ptimba.)

Bumbuazi, n. utter perplexity,
helpless amazement, confusion of
senses. Kupigwa {kushikwd) na b.,
to be dumbfounded, to lose one's
senses.

Bumbwi, n. grain (rice, millet,
&c.) pounded and mixed up with
grated cocoanut.

*Bumia, n. beam forming stern-
post of native vessel, fastened to the
keel {mkuku), and carrying the rud-
der-post {fashini).

Bumunda, n. ( — , and ma-), a
kind of dumpling or soft cake. (Str.)

Bundi, n. ( — , or ma-, according
to size), an owl. (Dist. bundi, as
a variant of btiddi.)

Bundika, v. plait the hair, — used
of a simple kind of plaiting in three
parts. (Cf. suka, of more elaborate
plaiting.)

*Bunduki, n. gun, rifle, musket.
Piga b., fire a gun. Elekeza b.,
point (aim) a gun. Piga bunduki~
bunduki, keep up a fusillade. Guns
are described as b. ya jiwe, or ya
gumegume, a flint gun ; b. ya mrao,
a matchlock gun ; b.ya kushindiliwa,
or yafataki, a mizzle-loading gun ;
b. ya kuvutija, or ya kukunja, a
sporting (hinged) gun (rifle). B.ya
viasi, a breech-loading rifle. B. ya
midomo miwili, or ya kasiba mbili, a
double - barrelled gun. Common

BUNGALA

32

BTJKUGA

trade guns are sometimes called
bundtiki ya kindoro, or ya makoa.
(Ar.)

*Bungala, n. Bengal. Used of
a species of rice, and of banana.
(Cf. mchele, ndizi.)

Bungo, n. (ma-), fruit of mbungo,
a kind of medlar. (Cf. mbungo.)

Bungu, n. (ma-), (i) fruit of
mbungtt, an india-rubber producing
plant (cf. mbungu) ; (2) a large
earthenware dish. B. la knpozea uji,
a dish to cool rice-gruel in. Dim.
kibungu. (3) A kind of caterpillar.

*Buni, v. sometimes Bini, (1)
construct, contrive, compose, invent,
make fo,r the first time ; (2) fabri-
cate, make up (what is false), imagine,
write fiction, &c. Ps. buniwa.

Nt. bunika. Ap. bun-ia, -iwa,
-ika, -ikana. Cs. bun-isha, -ishwa,
&c. B. mji, found a town. B.
kitabu, be the author of a book.
B, kitu kisichotambulikana, invent
an unheard-of contrivance. Maneno
haya ya kubuniwa, these are purely
imaginary statements. Alibuni neno
asilotumwa, he invented a message
he was not charged with. (Ar.
Cf. zua, tunga, vumbua.)

*Buni, n #> (1) fruit of mbuni
(which see), coffee berry, raw coffee.
B: ya kahawa, coffee beans. B.
iliyotwangwa, pounded (ground)
coffee berries. (2) An ostrich. (Ar.)

Bunju, n. a poisonous fish of the
Diodon (Globe-fish) kind.

Bunzi, n. (ma-), a large stinging
fly, building a clay nest.

Bupu, n. (ma-). Bupu la dafu,
used of the cocoanut, when full of
milk, and just forming a soft layer of
nutty substance in the shell. (Cf.
dafu.)

Bupuru, n. (ma-), an empty shell
(external case). B. la kichwa, skull.
(Ci.fuvu.)

*Bura, n. a kind of Muscat cloth.
See Nguo.

*Burai, v. make a peaceful settle-
ment (with, about), give up claim to,

resign, let off payment. B. mahari,
not to claim a dowry. Ps. btcraiwa.
Ap. bura-ia, -zwa. Cs. fyuraisha.
(Ar., not common. Cf. syn. samehe,
rithi.)

*Buratangi, n. also Borotangi,
Portangi, Burutangi, a toy kite of
paper, Indian make, causing a whirr-
ing sound. (Cf. shada.)

*Buri, n. (ma-), and Bori, ele-
phant's tusk, tusk of ivory, larger
than kalasha. (Cf. pembe, kalasha. )

*Buriani, n. used of final arrange-
ments, esp. on parting company, last
words, farewells, &c. Kuivapa ra-
fiki yao b., to give' their friends a
farewell (send-off). Takana (agana)
&., 'exchange final farewells. (?Cf.
Ar. burai.)

*Burre, adv. (1) gratis, gratui-
tously, for nothing, without payment ;
(2) uselessly, vainly, in vain, for no
good cause or result, idly, fruitlessly.
Kazi burre, labour for nothing, i. e.
wasted, or unpaid. Tukana watu
burre, abuse people without cause.
Also as n. maneno ya burre, idle
(frivolous, foolish) words. (Ar.

of Oman?)

*Buruda, n. prayers for sick and
dying, Mahommedan ' Visitation of the
Sick.' Chtto cha buruda, service for
the sick. (Arab. Cf. baridi, buru-
disha, &c, and for other services
fatiha, hitima, soma.)

*Burudi, v. be (get) cool, be cold,
but usu. in the neut. form burudika,
be cooled, refreshed, relieved, com-
forted. Ps. bwrudiwa. Ap.burztdia.
Cs. burud-isha, -ishwa, cool, refresh,
&c. (Ar. Cf. baridi, buruda, and
B. syn. poa, get cool.)

Buruga, v. (1) stir up, mix to-
gether, beat up together, e. g. in pre-
paring food ; (2) put into confusion,
disorder, muddle ; (3) stir the soil,
prepare a bed for planting, by hoe-
ing, removing weeds, &c. Ps.
burugiwa. Nt. burugika. Ap. bu-
rug-ia, -iwa. Cs. burug-isha,
-ishwa. Rp. buruganya, stir up

BTJRTTJI

33

CH

together, mix together. (Cf. bo-
rortga, mburugo, and koroga, vuruga.)

*Buruji, n. fortress, fort, castle.
(Arab. Cf. ngome, boma.)

Burura, v. pull, haul, drag along
on the ground. Ps. bururiwa. Nt.
bururika. Ap. burur-ia, -iwa. Cs.
burur-isha, -ishtva, e. g. burta-isha
ndoo kisimani, haul a bucket up from
a well. (Cf. mbururo, and syn.
kokota, vuta.)

*Busara, n. (i) good sense, prac-
tical wisdom, prudence, sagacity,
skill, &c. ; (2) plan, device, strata-
gem. Leta b., employ a device.
(Ar. Cf. akili.)

*Busati, n. a kind of matting,
made at Muscat. (Str.)

*Busha, n. gun-wad, tow (for
cleaning gun or cannon).

*Bushashi, n. a kind of muslin.
(Str.).

*Bushuti, n. thick woollen stuff,
blanket. (Ar. Prop, of Arab burn-
ous, black cloaks of woollen cloth or
camel's hair.)

*Bustani, n. a garden. (Ar. or
Pers.)

*Busu, v. kiss.' Ps. busiwa. Nt.
busika. Ap. bus-ia, -iwa, -tana.
Busiana mikono, kiss each other's
hands. Cs. bus-isha, -ishwa. Rp.
busana. — n. {ma-), a kiss. (Ar.)

*Buthara, n. prodigality, lavish
outlay. (Arab. Cf. -bathirifu,
gharama, and B. syn. upotevu wa
malt.)

Buu, n. {ma-), maggot, grub,
larva. B. la nyuki, bee grub. B.
likamea mbawa, the grub grew wings.
{Cf.jana.)

Buyu, n. {ma-) , fruit of the baobab
tree (mbuyu, which see), calabash.
The pith is edible, and the husk is
used to draw water with. Hence
buyu often means • a native bucket,
pail.'

Buzi, n. {ma-), very large goat,
for usual mbuzi. Dim. kibuzi.

Bwaga, v. throw off, throw down,
relieve oneself of (as to, with). B.

mzigo, tip a load off one's shoulders,
throw it on the ground. B. nasi,
throw down cocoanuts (from a tree).
B. moyo, rest the mind, be cheered.
B. uimbo, give a lead in singing.
B. matukano, let off a volley of
abuse. Ps. bwagwa. Nt. bwagika.
Ap. bwag-ia, -iwa. Jibwagia moyo,
relieve one's mind. Cs. bwag-iza,
-aza. Jibwagaza, throw oneself down,
sprawl on the ground.

Bwana, n*( — , and ma-), used (1)
in reference,' master,owner, possessor '
of slaves, house, plantation or other
property, and generally 'great man,
dignitary, worthy, personage ' ; (2) in
address, 'Master, Mr., Sir.' Often
bwana mkubzva, to show special
respect, and contr. bwana mdogo of
the next in rank, or inferior. Bwana
is also used by women of and to their
husbands, and in Z. is a common
designation of the Sultan as supreme.
(For the root -ana, cf. mwana,
dubwana.)

Bweta, n. small box, such as a
desk, work-box, cash-box, jewel-case,
&c. (?Portug. or French, or Ar.
dim. of bet. Cf. syn. kasha, sa-
nduku.)

CH.

C is used only in combination with
H, to represent the sound of ch in
Fnglish or ty, i. e. a sound between
t and ch, as in nature.

CH (1) represents the pfx. ki-
(which see) {a) regularly before ad-
jectives (including the Pronominal)
and tense-signs beginning with a
vowel, e. g. kitu changu (for ki-angu),
my thing ; kisu chakata (for ki-a-kata),
the knife cuts ; kikao chema cho chote
(for ki-ema ki-o ki-ote), any good
dwelling whatever ; {b) sometimes
before other than adjectival roots
beginning with a vowel, e. g. chango
(for ki-ango), chuo (for ki-uo),& book ;
chombo {ioxki'Ombo), a vessel ; chumba
(for ki-umba), room in a house.

CH-

34

CHA

In all these cases the correspond-
ing plural pfx. is vy-.

(2) Is a vulgar pronunciation of
ki often heard among the poorer
class and slave population of Zan-
zibar, e. g. chitu for kitu, thing ; chende
for tende, dates.

(3) In the Zanzibar dialect often
represents a t or ty at Mombasa, as
chupa for tupa, bottle ; chungwa for
tungwa, orange; inchiioxnti, country.

(4) Is practically often not dis-
tinguished from s/i or /, except in
words where the distinction is neces-
sary to make the meaning clear.

Hence words not found under Ch
may be looked for under ki,j, t, or sh.

Words beginning with ch are with
very few exceptions of Bantu origin.

Ch-, (1) =*ki. (See prec. and Ki-);
(2) is the pfx. corresponding to D 3 (S)
in all adjectives and tense-prefixes in
verbs, when they begin with a vowel.
(See prec.)

Cha, prep, form of -a (which
see), agreeing with D 3 (S), meaning
' of.' &c, e. g. kisu cha chuma, a
knife of iron ; chumba cha bwana, the
master's room ; and with kitu under-
stood, cha kula, food ; cha kuogea, a
bath.

Cha, v. (also kucha in some forms.
For use of ku before monosyllabic
verb-roots, see Ku-, 1 (d).) (1) fear,
be apprehensive of, reverence. Not
often heard in Z. except in reference
to God. Kumcha Muungu, to fear
God. Ps. chewa. Jina lako lichewe,
may your name be feared. (Cheka
is usually quite a different word,
which see.) Ap. chea, chelea, chele-
wa, &c. Mchea mwana kulia, hulia
yeye, he who fears for his child's cry-
ing, will cry himself. Mchelea bahari
si msafiri, he who is nervous about
the sea is no traveller. See also
Chelewa. Cs. chesha. Rp. chana.
(These derived forms must be dis-
tinguished from identical forms with
different meaning, see (2) follg.
Cf. -cha, uchaji, and syn. hofu, oga,

ogopd). (2) Dawn, change to dawn,
be morning. Kunakticha, it is dawn-
ing. Kumekucha, dawn has come.
Hajacha, it is not yet dawn. Killa
kukicha, also killa uehao,i.e. ussu-
buhi, every morning at dawn. Ku-
kacha mwanga, and the light (of
morning) dawned. Usiku na uche
hima, I hope the night will soon be
over (turn to dawn). The Infin.
form kucha is regularly used as an.,
dawn, morning. Kucha kucha, just
dawn, early morning. Also com-
monly, with or without zisiku, of the
whole period of darkness ending with
dawn. Usiku kucha, all night long,
till dawn of day. Hakulala kucha,
he had no sleep all night. Cf. Ps.
form kuchwa follg., wjth which it is
also combined, kuchwa kucha, all
day and all night. Kucha hatta
kuchwa, from morning till evening.
(Cf. mchana,jicho, macho, i.e. yajua,
and for ' morning ' alfajiri, assubuhi,
mapampazuko, weupe, and for 'rising'
of sxmpanda, chomoza.) Ps. -chwa,
set (of the sun), end (of daylight). (The
root idea connecting the Act. and
Ps. is not yet clear.) Kumekuchwa,
it is past sunset. Mchana ulakuchwa,
the day will come to an end. Jua
limekuchwa, the sun is setting.
Kwachwa, evening is coming on.
Like kucha (see above) kuchwa is
used as a n. for whole preceding
period of the day. Ktichwa, a whole
day. Nimeshinda leo k., I have
stopped all day to-day. Robo k., a
shilling a day. Pesa ya k., a day's
wages (for which k. alone can be
used, e.g. k. yake ?-upia mo/a, his
wages for the one day are one rupee).
Kuchwa kucha, all day and all night.
Mchana kuchwa, all day long. Ap.
Act. chea, chewa, chelea, chelewa,
chelesha, chelewesha, &c. Jua lime-
nichea, the sun rose while I was still
indoors, I was surprised (overtaken)
by sunrise, I was caught in bed
(asleep), also expressed by the Ps.
form alone ni?nechewa, i.e. na jua.

CHA

35

CHAFUA

Hence a form of respectful morn-
ing greeting, not often heard in Z.
itself, Kuchewa, i. e. habari ya ku-
chewa ? How does the morning find
you? Are you well to-day? to which
the reply is simply Kuchewa, I am
well to-day. Hence also the common
use of chelewa, be late, prop, of
being belated, taken by surprise,
shown to be late in getting up, and
chwelewa in similar sense. See
Chelewa. Ap. Ps. chwea, chwe-
wa, chwelea, chwelewa, &c. Jua
limekuchwea njiani, lala, the sun has
set before your journey is over (while
you are still on the road), so lie
down. Tulichwelewa, we were be-
lated. Cs. chana, e. g. usiku c.na-
chana, the night is turning to day. (Cf.
machwa, machweo, i.e. ya jua, and
for ' evening, 'jioni, tisiku, tnagaribi,
and for 'setting' of sun, shuka, lua.)

-cha, a. fearing, having fear (awe,
reverence), esp. of religious feeling.
Mcha Muungu, a God-fearing, reli-
gious, devout person. Muungu
htcmkirimu mcha wake, God is al-
ways bounteous to him who fears
him. (Cf. cha, v. (i), -chaji, uchaji,
and syn. -oga, -hofu.)

Cha, n. See Chai.

Chacha, v. (i) ferment, as dough,
native beer, &c.'; (2) froth, foam,
form a scum; (3) turn sour, go bad,
spoil, as stale food, &c. ; (4) fig. be
sour in temper, cross, irritated. Ps.
chachwa. Nt. chachika. Ap.

chach-ia, -iwa, -iana. Wamechachi-
ana, they are cross with each other.
Cs, chach-isha,-ishzva, (1) make sour
(sharp, acid) ; (2) provoke, exas-
perate. (Cf. chachti, chachuka. Dist.
Chachia below.)

Chachaga, v. wash — used only of
washing clothes by rubbing in the
hands and dabbing on a board or
stone. Ps. chachagwa. Nt. chagika.
Ap. chachag-ia, -iwa. Cs. chachag-
isha, -ishzva. (Ci.fua, osha.)

-chache, n. (chache with D 4 (P),
D 6), (1) few in number, small (little)

in quantity, not much, not many,
slight, deficient; (2) (few, and so)
rare, not easily got, scarce, (and so)
of value. Siku chache, a few days.
Watti wachache, not many people.
Akili zake chache, or mchache wa
akili, he is deficient in sense. (Cf.
syn. haba, and kidogo.)

Chachia, v. press on, hamper,
perplex, involve in difficulties. Ps.
chachiwa. (Perh. same as tatia, which
see, and cf. syn. songa,fimga, leme.a.)

Chachu, n. substance producing
fermentation, yeast, leaven, such as
pombe, unga wa mtai7ia. (Cf.

chacha, tichachti.)

Chachuka, v. (1) turn sour, fer-
ment; (2) foam, froth. Wall time-
chachuka leo, the rice has gone sour
to-day. Bahari inachachuka, the sea
is frothy (yeasty, churning). (Cf.
chacha, chachu')

Chari, n. a kind of fish.

Chafu, n. ( — , and ma-), also
heard as Chavu, and commonly
Shavu, which see.

-chafu, a. (chafu with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), dirty, filthy, unclean,
impure, obscene. Nguo chafu chafu,
very dirty clothes. Maneno machafu,
obscene language. (Cf. uchafu,
and with milder meaning chafua,
uchafuko. Also syn. taka, -najisi,
and contr. safi, -eufie, -nathifu.)

Chafua, v. (1) make dirty, soil,
spoil ; (2) make in a mess, disorder,
disarrange, disturb ; (3) of the sea,
make rough. Samaki amechafua
maji, the fish has made the water
muddy. Nyumba imechafuka, ya-
taka kufagiwa, the house is in a
mess, it wants to be swept. Ps.
chaftdiwa, Nt. chafuka. Bahari
ilichafuka sana, the sea was very
rough. Mambo yamechafuka-chafzika,
affairs are in uttertonfusion. Alicha-
fuka 7?ioyo {tumbo), his stomach was
upset, he was sick. Ap. chafu-h'a,
-iiwa. Avienichafulia nguo, he has
dirtied my clothes for me. (Cf.
uchafu, -chafu, uchafuho.)

D 2

CHAFUO

36

CHALI

Chafuo, n. a poisonous kind of fly.

Chafya, v. sneeze. Also n. (ma-),

e. g.piga ch., cnda ch., sneeze (the v.).

Paa akaenda chafya, che-e-e, the

gazelle had a fit of sneezing.

Chago, n. (i) part of bedstead on
which the head rests. See Kitanda.
(2) A kind of crab. (Cf. kaa, n.)

Chagua, v. (1) choose, select, pick
out, make a choice ; (2) of biassed or
partial selection, garble, give a false
colour to, be unfair. Mchagua
jembe si mkulima, a man who is par-
ticular about his spade is not the
man to use it. Ps. chaguliwa. Ap.
chagu-lia, -Uwa, -lika. Cs. chagu-
za, -zxva, offer choice to, give an order
(leave, right) to choose. Rp. cha-
guana. Rd. chagua-chagua, of

dainty, critical selection. (Cf. -cha-
guzi, nichaguo, and syn. tezia.)

-chaguzi, a. given to choosing,
dainty, critical, &c. (Cf. prec.

and syn. -tenzi, also uchaguzi.)

*Chai, n. also Cha, and Chayi,
tea, — plant leaf and beverage. (Hind,
and Ar.)

-chaji,a. having fear, apprehensive,
reverential, — of a more fixed habit and
characteristic than -cha. (Cf. cha,
v., uchaji, and -cha, -oga, -kofu.)

Chaka,n. (ma-), (1) clump of trees,
dense part of a forest,described asgongo
la mwitu. Dim. kichaka. (2) Sum-
mer, the hot season, i. e. Dec. to Feb.,
but musimn, kaskazi are usual in Z.
Chakaa, v. get old, get worn,
wear out, be used up (worn, faded),
be past work, — of things and persons.
Nguo zimechakaa, the clothes are
worn out. Ap. chaka-lia, -Uwa.
Cs. chaka-za, -zwa, use up, wear out.
(Cf. -chakafu, -kuknu, and syn. Jif a.)
Chakacha, v. pound, break small,
as seeds in a mortar. Ch. menoni,
crunch with teeth. Ps. chakachwa.
Nt. chakachika, be pounded, be fit
for pounding. Ap. chakach-ia,

-itva, -ika. Cs. chakach-isha, -ishzua.
Chakacha-chakacha is also used as
adv. of a rustling crackling sound, as

(Cf.
1, &c.)

U 1^ .

of a silk dress, cf. utakaso.
syn. twanga, ponda, seta, vunja,

-chakafu, a. (chakafu with D 4
(P), D 5 (S), D.6), worn-out, old.
Nguo ch., worn-out clothes. (Cf.
chakaa, and syn. -ktikuzi.)

Chake, a. pron. of 3 Pers. S. agree-
ing with D 3 (S), his, hers, her, its, of
him (her, it). See -ake.

*Chaki, n. chalk, whiting, putty
powder.

Chako, a. pron. of 2 Pers. S.
agreeing with D 3 (S), your, yours,
of you. See -ako.

Chakogea, n. (vy-), a chamber
bath, for kitu {chombo) cha kuogea,
something (a vessel) to bathe in.
(Cf. oga, v., and chakula, chamsha-
kinzva.)

Chakula, n. (vy-, sometimes
zakula), something to eat, food, vic-
tuals, provender, a meal, i. e. kitu
cha kula. Ch. cha assubuhi, break-
fast, i. e. chamshakinwa. Ch. cha
mchana (cha athuuri), midday meal,
lunch, tiffin. Ch. cha jioni, evening
meal, dinner, supper. Htina chakula
cha kulisha mimi wala cha kula
wezae, you have no food to give me
to eat or to eat yourself. (Cf. -la,
v., and makuli. s )

Chakura, v. scratch, e. g. the
ground like a fowl. Mwana wa
kuku hafunzwi kachakura, a
chicken is not taught scratching.
(Cf. mchakuro and choker a, and syn.
flapura.)

Chale, n. falso pi. of uchale), (1)
cut, gash, incision, — made on purpose,
whether as tribal mark, for ornamen-
tal tattooing, or for medical purposes,
&c. Ch. zetu za kuchanjiana hazi-
j'apona, our gashes for making blood-
friendship have not yet healed.
Mganga akamchanja chale thelathini
11a zvembe, the doctor made thirty
cuts on him with a razor, e. g. to
reduce inflammation. (2) A kind of
fish. (Cf. syn. tojo, and chanja,
toj'a, kata, tema.)

Chali, adv. on the back, i.e. of

CHAMA

37

CHANGA

the recumbent, supine position. Lala
chali, lie on the back. Also chali-
chali. (Cf. syn. kitani, kwa tani,
kwa chani, kingalingali, mgongoni,
and opp. kifulifuli, on the face.)

Chama, n. club, guild, society,
association. Waana chama, mem-
bers of a club. (Many such exist in
Z., esp. among artisans of the same
trade, a kind of trades union.)

Chamba, v. wash oneself (after
calls of nature), — of ordinary and also
ceremonial washing before Mahom-
medan prayers. (Cf. nawa, prop,
of hands and face ; tawaza, of feet,
and dist Jamba, &c.) — n. (vy-),
that which adheres, esp. a film over
the eye. Jicho Una chamba, the eye
has a film over it, — also described as
kiini cheape, white pupil of the eye.
{Chamba for ki-amba. Cf. ambaa,
ambika, &c. and follg.)

Chambo,n. {vy-), bait for catching

animals, fish, &c. Ch. cha kuvulia

\samaki, fish bait. Ch. cha kutegea

i ndege, bait for luring birds. Tia

' chambo katika ndoana, bait a hook.

Cf. shimbika. (Cf. ambaa, chamba,

n., ambika, &c.)

Chambua, v. sometimes heard as
jambna, shambua, (i) clean, dress,
, pick over, prepare, esp. of appro-
priate preparation of various pro-
ducts for use, cooking, market, e.g.
ch. pamba, clean cotton, by removing
I the seeds, dirt, leaves ; ch. mbaazi,
beans by shelling; ch.garafuu, cloves
[ by picking off the stalks. Also used

(2) more generally, clean up, give a
finish to, improve appearance of;

(3) hg- criticize, cross-examine, ex-
pose the faults of. Ps. chamlniliwa.
Nt. chambidika. Ap. chambu-lia,
-Ihva, &c. Cs. chambu-lisha,
-lishwa. (Cf. ambua, ambaa, chamba,
n., &c.)

Chamburo, n. plate used in wire-
drawing (Str.).

Chamchela, n. in phrase pepo ya
chaznchela, (1) whirlwind; (2) spirits
supposed to cause the whirlwind,

and propitiated as such with offer-
ings. {Chamchela = ki-amchela.
Cf. kinyamkela, also kimbunga,
kivttmbi.)

Chamshakinwa, n. ( = kit it cha
kuamsha kinwa), first food in the
morning, morning meal, breakfast.
(For form cf. chakula, chakuogea, and
syn. chakula cha assubuhi.)

Chana, v. also Tana, slit, separate,
part, comb. Ch. miyaa, slit leaves
for plaiting, so ch. makuti, of cocoa-
nut fronds. Ch. nyele, comb hair.
Ch. kitambaa, cut, or pull, in shreds.
Ch. kwa fimbo, of a severe flogging
with a stick. Ps. chaniwa. Nt.
chanika. Ap. chan-ia, -iwa, -ika.
Cs. chan-isha, -ishwa. Rd. chana-
chana, cut into small bits (shreds).
(Cf. kitana, chanua, chanuo, shanuo,
chanyata, and dist. chana. Rp. of
-cha,\\ dawn.) — n. also Tana, (1)
a bunchlet, fruit clustre, on the great
fruit stem (mkungze) produced by the
banana plant [mgomba), the single
fruit being dole, and the fruit generally
ndizi; (2) same as Chane which
see). (Cf. ngomba, mkungu, tana,
dole, ndizi.)

Cbanda, n. (vy-), finger, toe,
— at Mombasa. Kidole is almost
invariably used in Z. Chanda napete,
finger and ring, — proverb of close
connexion, coherence, affection. (Cf.
wanda.)

Chandalua, n. (^J-), awning,
canopy, covering, mosquito-net, — of
any material used for protection
against sun, rain, insects, &c. Used
with such verbs asftenga, fasten ; tti-
ngika, hang up ; tandaza, spread out.

Chans, n. ( — ), also Chani, and
Chana, a slip of leaf, made by slitting
it up finely or coarsely, for use in
plaiting mats, cord, &c. (Cf. chana,
and mwaa.) ~*

Changa.v. collect, gather together.

Esp. ch. asikari {watu iva vita),

muster soldiers, levy a force. Ch.

fetha, collect money by way of

voluntary contribution. Kuckanga

-CHANGA

38

CHANGO

malt kulipa deni, to collect money
for payment of a debt. Mali ya
kuchangizva, money collected for a
special (or charitable) purpose. Kula
kwa kuchanga, hold a club-, or sub-
scription-, feast, each person con-
tributing. (Cf. kula bia.) Ps.
changwa. Nt. changika. Ap.
chang-ia,-iwa, andrp. -iana, i.e. join
in making contributions. Cs. chang-
isha, -ishwa, -iza, -izana, and c hang-
any a (which see). Changizana, join
in getting contributions. Rp. chang-
ana, of volunteers mustering for war.
(Except in the above and similar
senses, the common word iskusanya,
which see. Cf. chango, mchango,
changanya, changamana, &c, and
perh. mchanga. Changa is some-
times heard for chanja, v., which see.)

-changa, a. {changa with D4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), young, immature,
undeveloped, unripe, in an early stage
of growth or experience, both of
animal and plant life. Mtoto

mchanga, a young child. Kitoto
kichanga, a baby, a very young child.
Embe changa, half-grown mangoes.
Mahindi maehanga, maize not fully
developed. Asikari mchanga, a raw
recruit. Sometimes of things in-
animate, assubuhi changachanga,
very early morning. (Cf. syn.

-bichi, -changa, denoting esp. stage
of growth, -bichi, fitness for use, and
contr. -pevu, -zima, -bivu.)

Changamana,v. also Tangamana,
be in a mixed-up condition, often
with na, (1) be mixed up with ; (2)
meddle, interfere in ; (3) be adjoining
(bordering on, next to). Shamba
limechangamana na pwani, the es-
tate is adjacent to the shore. (Cf.
changa, changanya, and -/nana.)

-changam'fu, a. agreeable, en-
livening, good-humoured, cheerful.
(Cf. follg.)

Changam'ka, v. become cheerful,
look bright and happy, be in good
spirits, be in a buoyant mood. Ame-
changam'ka, he has recovered his

spirits, he is happy. Used of the sun
coming out bright after cloud or rain.
Also of scenery, inchi inachangam ka,
the view has become bright, clear to
the eye. Cs. changam'sha, -shwa,
cheer up, revive the spirits, gladden, ,
exhilarate. (Cf. -follg., also antka,
and syn. furahi, be happy ; chekelea,
be smiling.)

Changam'ko, n. {ma-), entertain-
ment, amusement, pastime, play —
anything that raises the spirits.
[Q{. mchezo, mazungumzo.)

Changanua, v. separate what is
mixed, resolve into constituent parts,
analyse, simplify what is compound.
(Cf. changa, v., changanya, &c.)

Changanya, v. (1) collect to-
gether, mix, form into one mass ;
(2) make in a mess, muddle, con-
fuse. Ch. tembo na maji, mix palm
wine with water. Ps. changanywa.
Nt. changanyika. Ap. changany-ia,
-iwa. Cs. changany-isha, iza, (1)
mix, adulterate; (2) cause confusion
in, perplex. (Cf. changa, v., chan-
ganua, and syn. (1) kusanya, (2) j
chafica.)

Changarawe, n. grit, small stones,
fine gravel, bits of stone in sand or
rice. (Not so fine as mchanga, sand ;
finer than vikokoto, small stones.
With termination -we, cf. Jiwe-,
mbwe.)

Chango, n. {ma-), (1) contribu-
tion, subscription, esp. of money or •
food, for a common object. Ch. la
niche le, a contribution of rice. Killa
nyumba ilete ch., let every house
bring a contribution (for a sacrifice) ;
(2) levy, muster. Ch. la watu, \
wachanganao kwenda vitani, a mus-
ter of men, who muster together to
go to war. (Cf. changa, v., and
notes ; also mchango.) — n. plur. of
uchango, which see, (1) smaller in-
testines ; also (2) (sing, and plur.)
chango za tumbo, round intestinal
worms. Also chango {ma-) in simi-
lar sense ; ch. la uzazi, the umbilical
cord. — n . ivy-) = ki-ango, i.e.kidude

CHANGU

30

CHAPA

:;;:■

:

c/ita kuangikia vitu, something to hang
things on (from), i.e. peg, rail, hook,
&c. Akaenda changoni akauangua
upanga, and he went to the peg, and
took down the sword. (Cf. angika,
angua, and note, — also mwango.)

Changu, n. a small kind of fish,
common in Z. market. — a. pron.
of i Pers. S., agreeing with D 3 (S),
my, mine, of me. (Cf. angu, -ake.)

Changua, v. take to pieces, dis-
connect, — used of dismembering and
cutting up animals for food. (Rv.
form of changa, which see.)

Chani, adv. also Tani, on the back
(in a recumbent position). Lala chani,
lie on the back. Also chanichani.
(Cf. chali, and dist. chane, chan.:.)

Chanikiwiti, a. green, grass green.
(Perh. from ki-(j)ani kiwiti, for
kibichi, i.e. fresh grass (leaves), and
so of colour. Cf. syn. rangi ya
majani, grass-colour.)

Chanja, v. also sometimes changa,
and shanga, ?chenja, (1) cut into,
make a cut (incision, gash) in. Ch.
uchale, make an incision (with knife,
razor, lancet). Ch. mti, make cuts
in a tree (whether to obtain sap or
remove bark). Mzichanje tuzikatishe
hizi nya?na, slice up this flesh, so that
we may dry it. (2) Cut up, split in
pieces, make by cutting up. Ch. kuni,
split logs for firewood. Ps. chanjwa.
Nt. chanjika. Ap. chanj-ia, -iwa.
Ktichanjiiva ndui, be vaccinated.
Chanjiana, make incisions together,
i. e. in making blood-friendship. Cs.
chanj-isha, -ishwa, &c. Rp. chanj-
ana, -anisha, &c. (Cf. chenga, and
syn. pasua, tema, kata, toja, and follg.
chanjo. mchanjo.) — n. used (not
often in Z.) of many objects made of
wicker-work, interwoven twigs, osiers,
wattles, r e. g. a screen, a kind of hurdle,
a crib for holding an animal's food, a
kind of sieve or strainer, a wicker
stand for storing grain safely in a
house, an arbour or shelter made of
interlacing branches, summer-house,
a frame for smoking meat on over

a fire, &c. Ch.ya chuma, a grid-
iron. Ch. ya kuanikia nyama mo-
shim, a frame for drying meat on in
the smoke. Ingia nyumbani hatta
mvungtmi hatta juu ya ch., go inside
the house, and look even under the
bed and even on the store-shelf.

*Chanjari, adv. See Sanjari, and
Vinjari. (? Ar.)

Chanjo, n. {ma-), gash, cut, in-
cision. Piga chanjo la mti, make a
cut in a tree. (Cf. chanja, mchanjo,
also syn. chale, tojo.)

Chano, n. (vy-), flat round wooden
platter, with a low rim. Sometimes
with a stand in one piece, forming a
low table. Used as (1) plate for food,
chano wanachotia chakula, a platter
on which they place food ; ( 2 ) a board
for carrying mortar on ; (3) a wash-
ing-table.

Chanua, v. (1) put out leaves (of
plants generally). (Cf. chiptika.) (2)
Kw.oi chana, comb (with similar mean-
ing), uncomb, comb out. (Cf. follg.)

Chanuo, n. (//w-) and Shanuo, a
large comb, often of wood, with long
coarse teeth, but neatly carved. (Cf.
kitana, comb of a smaller kind.)

Chanyata, v. slice up (of bananas,
cassavas, and various kinds of food).
(Cf. chana, v. and n., and ?nchanyato.)

Chanzo, n. (vy-), (0 the
beginning of • something, a start, a
first step ; (2) a first principle,
ground, reason ; (3) draught, outline,
sketch. Chanzo cha maii, capital.
Cf. ras il malt. (For kianzo, cf. anza,
and the more general mwanzo.)

Chao, a. pron. of 3 Pers. P. agree-
ing with D3 (S), their, theirs, of them.
(Cf. -ao, and -ake.)

Chapa, v. beat, hit, strike, — for the
more common piga). Ntaku chapa
kwa ujitOy I will strike you with a stick.
Chapa miguu, stamp on the ground,
tramp, walk heavily. (Cf. chapa,
follg., chapua, and chapu.) — n.
(1) stroke, blow, but esp. (2) of the
result of a blow, stamp, mark,
and hence used of various objects,

CHAPEO

40

CHELEZA

e. g. postage stamp, stencil, printer's
type. Akawapiga killa mtu ch.
mkononi, he branded each man on
the arm. Pipa limeandikwa ch., the
cask has a mark on it. Piga ch.
kitabu, print a book. (Cf. prec.)

Chapeo, n. hat (of a European
kind), helmet. (Cf. French chapeau,
and kofia.)

Chapua, v. give a blow (to), strike
(with). Chapua miguu, stamp, tramp,
walk quickly. Chapua (and also the
Cs. Intens. form chapuliza) ngotna,
beat hard on (get more sound out of)
a drum. (Rv. of Chapa, v., but
with similar meaning.)

Chapu-chapu, adv. and int. , Quick !
Make haste! Hurry up! Chapu-chapu
ni mwendo wa haraka, ' chap-chap '
means 'quick march.' (Cf. chapa.)

Chapuo, n. (vy-), a small kind of
drum. (Cf. chapua, chapa, and see
Ngoma.)

Charaza, v. sometimes used for (i)
c play, dance, play on an instrument';
also (2) ' go a stroll, strut or saunter
about the town,' but not usual in Z.

Chatu, n. a large snake rather com-
mon in Z., growing to over 12 feet in
length, — python, boa-constrictor.

Chavu, n. {ma-). See Shavu, n.

Chawa, n. (1) a louse.; (2) a kind
offish. Kidoh kimoja hakivunji ch.,
a single finger does not kill a louse.

*Chayi, n. tea. See Cha, Chai.

Chaza, n. an oyster.

Chazo, n. a sucker fish.

Cheche,n. (1) ( — ) a small reddish-
brown animal like a mungoos, com-
mon in Z. ; (2) {ma-), a spark. (Cf.
kimetimeti.)

Chechea, v. be lame, walk lamely.
(Cf. chechemea, and chopi.)

Chechele, n. absence of mind, an
absent-minded person. Chukuliwa
na chechele, have a fit of absence.

Chechemea, v. be lame. (Cf.
chechea, chopi.)

Chechesha, v. dandle, fondle, at-
tend to, play with a child, help an
invalid.

Chege, n. {ma-), bow-leg, bandy-
leg. Ana chege la miguu, ana
machege, he is bandy-legged. Hence
perh. chegea, walk awkwardly, in a
lame way (Str.). — a. moist, watery,
e. g. muhogo mchege, i. e. not dry and
floury. (Not often in Z. Cf. chepe-
chepe.)

Chego, n. {ma-), also Jego, molar
tooth, back tooth, grinder. {Qi.jino,
and kichego.)

Cheka, v. (1) laugh, smile, grin;
(2) laugh at, mock, ridicule. Tulim-
cheka sana, we laughed at him
heartily. Ps. chekwa. Nt. chekeka.
Ap. chek-ea, -ewa, also chek-elea,
-elewa, smile, smile at. Cs. chek-
esha, -eshwa, chesha, cause to laugh,
amuse, excite ridicule (amazement).
Rp. chekana. (Cf. cheka, -cheshi,
cheza, mchezo.)

Cheko, n. {ma-), a laugh, laughter.
Piga macheko makubwa, utter roars
of laughter. (Cf. cheka, &c.)

Chelea, v. Ap. from (1) -cha
(which see), set (of the sun). Jua
linatuchelea, we are caught by sun-
set, belated ; (2) -cha, fear. Nam-
chelea zaidi ya Sultani, he inspires
more awe in me than the Sultan does.
(Cf. follg. and chelewa, cheleza.)

Cheleo, n. {ma-), (1) delay; (2)
object of fear. See Chelea, Che-
lewa.

Chelewa, v. be late, be too late,
remain an unusual or unexpected
time. Sikukawia wala sikuchelewa,
I did not delay and I was not late.
Ukuni huu umechelewa moto sana,
this stick of wood has kept hot a
wonderful time. Maji yachelewa
kisimani, there is still water left in
the well. (See -cha and Chelea, of
sunset, of which it is apparently
the Ap. Ps. form, — the idea of over-
sleeping, and being overtaken by
dawn generalized to mean 'late-
ness' of any kind, and 'overlong re-
maining.' Cf. cheleo, cheleza, and for
delay, lateness, kawia, ukawa, tisiri.)

Cheleza, v. cause to remain till

CHELEZO

41

CHEREHANA

morning (i.e. all night), and so
cause to remain an unusual time,
keep (preserve, leave) for a purpose.
Wakamcheleza mtoto shimoni, they
let the child remain in the pit (for
safety). Ps. chelezwa. Ap. che-
lez-ea, -ewa. Nimekachclezea wali
halta alfajiri, I have left rice ready
for you in the morning, i. e. saved it
from the evening meal. Cs. che-
lez-esha, -eshtva, cause to put aside,
preserve, &c. (Cf. -cha, chelea,
chelewa, &c.)

Chelezo, n. {vy-), (i) a buoy, life-
buoy, anchor buoy, described as ki-
gogo kieleacho kuonyesha nanga, a
floating log of wood showing where
the anchor is; (2) fisherman's Loat,
to support net or line. (From

elea, and cf. ki-elezo with a different
meaning.) (3) Something causing de-
lay (cf. cheleo, chelewa, &c).

Ch.em.be, n. a grain, a single
grain, a minute separate part of a
thing, a single small thing, — e. g.
a grain of sand (mchanga), of corn
(nafaka), of incense (tibani), a seed,
a bead ( = ushanga mmojd). Chembe
chembe, in grains, grain by grain,
granular. Chembe is sometimes

heard with the meaning 'arrow-head,
spear-head,' i. e. ki-embe (cf. wetnbe
and perh. jembe for ji-embe). Also
chembe ya moyo, the place where the
throb of the heart is felt, pit of
the stomach. (Cf. syn. ptwj'e, also
kichembe.)

Chembeu, n. (vy-), a kind of
blunt chisel used for caulking.

Chemchemi,n. a spring (of water).
(Cf. chem'ka, or ?Ar. zamzam.)

Chem'ka,v. and Chemuka, bubble,
and so of hot water, boil. Maziwa
yachemka kwa kupata moto sana,
milk bubbles up when it gets very
hot. Mayai ya knchenika, boiled
e £g s - Cs. chem-sha, -shwa, cause

to boil, boil.

Chemko, n. boiling, bubbling, —
also mchemko, uchemko. (Cf. prec.)

Cheneo, n. See Kieneo.

Chenezo, n. (vy-), a measure,
measuring-rod (line), anything to
measure with (stick, strip of cloth,
string, grass, &c). Described as
kidude cha knenezca kitu, a thing
for measuring anything. (For ki-
enezo, cf. chelezo, and enea, and syn.
cheo, kipimo.)

Ch.en.ga, v. cut, esp. of the lighter
operations of cutting, e. g. brushwood
for firing or fencing, stalks of ripe
grain, ripe heads of grain, bunches of
grapes, &c. Ps. chengwa. Ap.
cheng-ea, -cwa. (Cf. chanja,pasua,
kata, &c, mchengo.)

Chenga, n. (— ), name of a large
fish, ? skate, sunfish.

Chenge, n. {vy-), for kienge, dim.
of mwenge (which see).

Chenge -chenge, n. small bits,
chips, snippings. (Cf. chenga, and
chembe-chembe.)

Chenu, a. pron. of 2 Pers. P.,
agreeing with D 3 (S), your, yours,
of you. (Cf. -ake, and -enu.)

Chenza, n. (ma-), a large kind of
Mandarin orange, fruit of the mchenza.
Some are red or blood oranges. The
best are called chenza za kiajjemi,
i. e. Persian, and a small kind kangaja.
(Cf. mchenza, mchnngwa, kangaja?)

Cheo, n. {vy-), (1) measure, mea-
surement, dimensions, size ; (2) rank,
degree, station. 7oa ch., fix the size.
Ch. cha kuanzia kitako cha kikapo,
measurement for beginning the bot-
tom of the basket, — and so settling
the size. Kupita ch., beyond mea-
sure, excessively. Hana ch., he is an
ill-bred (low-born) person. Ch.
bora (kikubwa), high rank. (Cf. syn.
chenezo, kipimo ; also daraja, rank.)

Chepe chepe, a. wet, soaked,
soppy, moist. (Cf. maji maji,
rutuba, Iowa, loweka.)

*Cherehana, *. used generally
of small foreign machines in Z.,
esp. sewing machines, which are
common. Ch. ya kztshona, a sewing
machine. Kaziyach., machine sewing.
(Cf. Pers. karhana, manufactory.)

CTT E B TiTT HI

42

CHIMBUKA

*Cherehe, Cheree, n. a grind-
stone. (Cf. kinoo, and prec)

Chetezo,n. (z^-), a vessel to burn
incense in, often of earthenware, —
described as kidude cha kuvukizia
manukato, something to burn sweet
smelling substances in, a censer,
censing-pot. (For ki-etezo, or 1 ki-
otezo,ci. ota,otesha, of crouching over
a fire or anything warm. Cf. vukiza,
kivukizo.)

*Cheti, n. ivy-), small written
note or memorandum, note, certifi-
cate, ticket, passport, &c. (? Hind.
Cf. hati, barua.)

Chetu, a. pron. of I Pers. P.,
agreeing with D 3 (S), our, ours, of
us. (Cf. -etu, and -ake.)

Cheua, v. ruminate, chew the
cud (of ruminant animals). Nt.
cheuka, have a rising in the throat.
Cs. cheusha, e. g. cause eructation.
(Cheu, and mcheu, n. seem to be
used also of rumination and eructa-
tion. Cf. kiungulia.)
' Chewa, n. a large kind of fish.

Cheza, v. (1) play, sport, take
a holiday, have a game, make a move
in a game ; (2) idle, waste time, not
be in earnest, trifle; (3) act, work,
move, — esp. of the easy motion of
machine running well, or a hinge,
bolt, wheel, watch, &c. ; (4) drill,
be drilled (as soldiers). Ps. chezwa.
Nt. chezeka. Ap. chez-ea, -etva,
play with (in, for, &c), make sport
of, mock. Kidude cha kuchezea

watoto, a child's plaything, a toy.
Cs. chez-esha, -eshwa, give a holiday
(rest) to. Chezesha unyago, cause to
take part in unyago (which see).
Chezesha frasi, make a horse curvet
(prance). Ch. mtoto, dandle a child.
Rd. cheza-cheza. Likachezacheza lile
jabali, and the rock swayed. (Cf.
mchezo, chezo, and perh. cheka. Also
of pastime, ongea, zungumza.)

Chezo, n. {ma-), sport, game,
play, pastime. (Cf. cheza, mchezo.)

Chicha, n. the white nutty sub-
stance inside a ripe cocoanut, when

it has been scraped or grated out
with an mbuzi, and the oil (Jut)
strained out by passing water through
it. It is generally considered refuse,
used for cleaning the hands with,
and thrown to the fowls. Described
as nazi iliyokunwa, iliyoka?Jiuliwa,
iliyochujiwa, i. e. cocoanut grated,
squeezed and strained. Also used
of the residuum or lees of other
oil-producing seeds. (Dist. mchi-
cha, a vegetable, and cf. tui, kasi-
mele.)

Chichiri, n. (vi-), commonly
kijiri, a bribe, i. e. mali ya kumpa
kathi, money given to a judge (to
secure his verdict). (Cf. rushzua,
hongo, mlungula.)

Chigi, n. or Chinki, a small
yellow bird.

Chikichi, n. (ma-), fruit of the
palm-oil tree (mchikichi), containing
small nuts called kichikichi.

Chimba, v. dig, make (get) by
digging, — of excavation, not els lima,
of cultivation. Ch. shimo, dig a pit,
sink a shaft (mine), make a hole.
Ch. kaburi, dig a grave. Ch. udongo,
dig out soil. Ps. chimbwa. Nt.
chimbika. Ap. <chimb-ia, -iwa.
Mto huu umechimbiwa na Wafransa t
this canal was excavated by the
French. Cs. chimb-isha, -ishwa.
(Cf. chimbua, chimbuka, chimba.
Also cf.fukua, lima.)

Chimbo, n. ( — , and ma-), digging
place, place dug out, a digging, pit,
mine. Ch. ya mawe, quarry. Ch.
ya udongo, clay-pit. (Cf. prec.)

Chimbua, v. dig out, dig up, get
by digging, as udongo, clay, soil ;
ttnga, flour (out of a barrel) ; magogo,
stumps, &c. Nt. chimbuka, which
see. (Rv. of chimba, but similar
in result. Cf. chanua, chana.)

Chimbuka, v. used esp.. of sun
or moon, ' appear, begin to shine,
rise,' whether from horizon or from
clouds. Also chimbuza, Intens. in
same sense, force its way out, make
its appearance. (Cf. chimbua^

CHIMBUKO

43

CHOKA

chimba, — if thus used, as it seems,
metaphorically. Also follg.)

Chimbuko, n. {ma-), a first start,
a beginning, standpoint, basis, source,
first principle. (Cf. syn. chanzo,

asili. )

Chimvi, n. See Timvi.

Chini, adv. (i) down, below, be-
neath, under, at the bottom, on the
ground, downstairs, underground ;
(2) in a lower place, on foot, at
a lower part ; (3) in a low (in-
ferior, subject, humble) state (rank,
condition, &c). Often kwa chini in
same senses. ~a chini forms an ad-
jective bearing any of the above
meanings. Yuko ch., he is down-
stairs. Lala ch., lie on the ground.
Wangine wanakwenda ch.,- wangine
juu ya nyama, some go on foot,
some ride on animals. Kitambi cha
kuvaa ch., a cloth to wear on the
loins. Njia ya ch., a subterranean
passage. Chumba cha ch., the lower
room, or a cellar. Ch. ya Sultani,
in the Sultan's jurisdiction. Chini
kwa chini, emphat., at the very bot-
tom, wholly below, &c. {-ni appears
to be locative, i. e. chini, on the
ground. Cf. inchi, and opp. Juu.)

Chinja, v. (1) slaughter, cut the
throat of, kill, — esp. of killing ani-
mals for food ; (2) of brutal indiscrim-
inate killing of persons, — massacre,
slaughter, murder. Alimch'inja adui ,
he slaughtered his opponent. (It
seems sometimes locally used as kata,
i. e. cut. Ktichinja kanzti, to cut
out a dress.) Ps. chinjwa. Nt.
chinjika. Ap. chinj-ia, -iwa. Cs.
chinj-isha, -ishwa. Rp. chinjana.
(Cf. chinjo. Same word appears at
Mombasa as tinda, also matindo,
and poss. in Z. in tindika, and mtindo.
For syn. cf. ua,fisha, also chanja.)

Chinjo, n. (act, place, operation
of) slaughtering, slaughter-house,
massacre, battlefield. (Cf. chinja.)

Chinusi, n. a kind of spirit, sup-
posed to drag people under water
and drown them, swimmer's cramp.

Chinyango, n. a piece of meat
forming a native butcher's perquisite.
(Perh. ki-nyango. Cf. change)

Chipuka, v. also Chupuka,
sprout, shoot, spring up, — of any
plant showing signs of life and
growth. Ap. chipuk-ia. Cs.

chipukisha, chiptiza, and Intens.
sprout vigorously. (Cf. follg., and
syn. ota, mea, chanua.)

Chipukizi, n. ( — , and ma-), also
Chipuko, shoot, young plant. Dim.
kichipukizi. (Cf. chipuka, and syn.
niche?)

Chiririka, v. also Tiririka and
Chururika, flow, trickle, run off,
glide, — as water, or a snake. (Cf.
mchilizi, and tiririka, churuzika,
syn. chuza.)

-chirizi, a., machozi machirizi,
trickling tears. (Cf. churuzika?)

Ch.o, -cho, -cho-,a. relat. agreeing
with D 3 (S), i. e. ki-o, which. (For
relat. see -o.)

Choa, n. (vy-), mark or dis-
coloration of skin — whether (1) by
disease, ringworm, &c, or (2) arti-
ficial — beauty spot. Choa cheusi,
black (beauty) spot.

Chocha, v. poke, prod, stir up,
e. g. an animal in a hole. Ap.
choch-ea, -ewa, -elea, -ekwa, elezea,
-elezewa, poke at, stir up, as a fire
or lamp. Chochea kwa kijiti tttambi
wa taa, poke at the wick of a lamp
with a bit of stick. Chtima cha
kuchochelea moto, a poker. Also
in fig. sense, stir up, excite, provoke.
Alimchochelezea maneno ya fitina, he
stirred up discord against him. Cf.
vumbilia. (Cf. mchocho, mchocheo,
kichocho.)

Chochoro, n. (ma-), alley, pas-
sage, esp. of narrow passages between
houses in a native town. (Cf. the
commoner mchodioro, kichochoro.)

Choka, v. become tired, get weary,
be fatigued (worn out, overdone).
Nimechoka, I am tired. With noun
of things, ch. njia (jtia, kazi, &c.),
be tired of travelling (weary with the

CHOKAA

44

CHOMBO

heat, worn out by work). Ch. na
mtu, be weary of a person's company.
Ap. chok-ea, -ewa, chokeana. Cs.
chosha,choke-za,choke-sha, -shwa. Rp.
chokana, e. g. all be weary together.

Chokaa, n. (i) lime; (2) white
plaster ; (3) mortar, i. e. in Z. a
mixture of lime with sand and red
earth. Lime is also used for chewing
with tobacco. See Tambuu.

Chokea, n. a sty (in the eye).

Choki-choki, n. fruit of the mchoki-
choki — with a deep-red prickly rind,
sweet white pulp, and large stone.
See Mehokiehoki.

Choko, n. vyoko, also Choeho,
oven. (See Joko, cf. oka.)

Chokora, v. and Cbokoa, pick
at, poke, esp. of working at a hard
substance with a pointed instrument,
knife, or finger, e. g. clear out a hole,
take up weeds. Ch. meno, clean
the teeth (with a toothpick). See
Msuaki. ' Ps. chokolewa. Ap.
choko-lea, -lewa, kijiti cha hucho-
kolea meno, a toothpick. ? Cs.
chokoza, which see. (Cf. chocha,
mchokoo, chokoza, and chakura.)
— n. (ina-), dependent, follower,
hanger-on.

Chokoza, v. tease, bully, annoy,
vex. Ps. chokozwa. Ap. chokoz-ea,
-ewa. (Cf. chokora, and syn. stimbua,
tesa, tit hi.)

Chole, n. a kind of bird, ? a jay.

Choma, v. (1) pierce, stab, prick,
thrust (something into) ; (2) apply
fire to, cook, set on fire, burn, brand,
cauterize; (3) hurt the feelings (of),
provoke, give pain to, excite. Ch.
mtu kisu, stab a man with a knife.
Ch. moto, apply fire. Ch. nywnba
moto (or, kzva moid), set a house on
fire. Ch. samaki, harpoon a fish.
Ch. mkuki, run a spear into. Ps.
chomwa. Nt. chomeka, i. e. be
pierced (burnt, hurt, &c), but also
Act., e. g. chomeka mkuki, stick a
spear in the ground. Chomeka kisu
kiunoni, stick a knife into the waist-
band (girdle). Ap. chom-ea, -eana,

-elea, -elewa. Chomea majani mfu-
koni, stuff grass into a bag. Chome-
lea, stick pieces into, e. g. of repairing
clothes by patches, a roof with new
thatch, and in masonry of bringing a
rough wall to a surface with mortar
and small stones. ( Cf. tomea, mtomo.)
Cs. chom-esha, -eshwa, e. g. chomesha
mbtva, set a dog on, make him angry.
(Cf. chomo, mchomo, chomeo, chomoa,
chomoza, also mtomo, tomea, &c, in
which / represents ty, ch.)

Chombo, n. (vy-), (1) implement,
instrument, utensil, tool, piece of
furniture, movable, of any kind or
description. Vyombo includes all
personal belongings, chattels, house-
hold apparatus, baggage. Chombo
cha kufanyia kazi, an instrument to
work with. Vyombo vya seramala, a
carpenter's tools. Chukua vyombo
vyangu ndani, carry my things in-
doors. (2) A cooking pot being the
most universal and necessary utensil,
Chombo, by itself, commonly refers
to a vessel for containing something,
'pot, pan, jug, jar, cup,' but still more
universally in Z. means (3) ' a native
sailing vessel, a dhow.' In this sense
it includes a number of varieties, e.g.
mtepe, betela, batili, bdgala, bedeni,
awesia, ghangi, but is distinguished
from others of a smaller size, e.g.dazi,
mtumbwi, galawa, mashua — all of
which may also carry sails, and from
those of European build, commonly
called vierikebu, jahazi, meli, mano-
wari, &c. (All coast and foreign
trade being formerly carried on in
these vessels, the dhow was at once
the most remarkable ' instrument '
and also ' containing vessel ' known
to the natives, whence prob. the use
of chombo as its name. Hence also
many of the words connected with
the dhow and its parts are of non-
Bantu origin'.) Panda (ingia) chom-
boni, go on board (embark in) a
vessel. Shuka chomboni, land, go
ashore, disembark. (Cf. jombo,

and syn. as above, also chungu.)

CHOMEO

45

CHOO

c*

Chomeo, n. (ma-), gridiron, toast-
ing-fork, or other similar instrument
for cooking, anything used for prick-
ing or piercing. (Cf. c/ioma.)

Chomo, n. (i) a burn, stab, prick,
&c. (Cf. mckomo.) (2) Burnt stuff,
dross, slag. Ch. la chuma, iron slag,
refuse of smelting furnace. (Cf.
choma.)

Chomoa, v. draw out, take out,
expose, bring to light. Ch. mkuki,
take out a spear from a wounded
animal. Ch. mwiba, extract a thorn.
Ch. kisu, unsheathe (draw, draw out)
a knife. (Rv. form of choma. Cf.
omoa, chotnoza.)

Chomoza, v. (r) make a way out,
come out, appear, stick out. A'ltca
yanachomoza, the flowers are begin-
ning to appear. Kas inachomoza,
the cape juts out (comes into sight).
Esp. of the sun, jua li??iachomoza ,
the sun bursts out. Hence (2) of the
sun, ' be hot, scorch ' (as if choma).
(Intens. form of chomoa. Cf. choma.)

Chonga. v. cut to a shape, shape
with a cutting instrument, whence a
variety of meanings according to the
instrument used and shape produced,
1 hack, chip, bevel, dress, square, point,
smooth, carve, &c.' Chonga mti )
trim (dress, square) a tree, ready for
cutting into planks. Ch. boriti, trim
(square) a pole (for a rafter). Ch.
kijiti, cut a stick to a point. Ch.
kala?na, point a pen, make a pen.
Ch. mtumbwi, cut out a canoe.
Also, ch. maneno. invent (add to,
modify) a story. Ch. sananm, cut
out figures. Ch. mawe, dress stones.
Akachonga mvinje sura kama bin
Adamzi, and he roughly carved the
log of cassiorina into a human figure.
Mti lililochongiua ncha kama mkuki,
a piece of wood which was cut to
a point, like a spear. Ps. chongwa.
Nt. chongeka. Ap. chong-ea, -ewa,
-eana, (1) cut with (for, in, &c).
Chongea panda la mnazi, cut a piece
off the flower-stem of a cocoanut
tree, to increase the flow of sap. But

also common in (2) fig. sense, tell
tales about, inform against, betray,
complain of, accuse (esp. unkindly or
falsely), slander, discredit, and still
more emphatically chongelea and In-
tens. chongclcza. Anienichongca kwa
maneno mabaya kwa wali, he dis-
credited me with a shameful story to
the governor. Mtu huchongewa na
ulimi wake, a man is betrayed by
his own tongue. Cs. chong-esha,
-eza, -ezwa. Rp. chongana. (Cf.
chongo, mchongo, chonge, chonjo,
uchongezi, chonge lezo, chongoa — also
chanja, chenga, chinja — all referring
to cutting.)

Chonge, n. also ? chongole, a canine
(pointed) tooth, cuspid. Chotige za
fneno, teeth filed to a point. (Cf.
chonga, with pass, termination -e,
and for teeth, jino.)

Chongelezo, n. (ma-), what is
told to a person's discredit or dis-
advantage, — tales, unkind gossip,
scandal, &c. (Cf. chonga, zicho-
ngezi, &c.)

Chongo, n. absence of one eye,
loss of an eye. Mwenyi chongo, a
one-eyed person. Ana chongo, he has
lost an eye. (Cf. ? chonga.)

Chongoa, v. (1) cut to a shape,
round off, cut to an angle (point),
bring to a point, sharpen, point; (2)
be of a pointed shape, be angular, be
jagged. Ch. kikango, round off a
cooking pot. Nt. chongoka, be sharp,
jagged, e. g. of craggy, precipitous
rocks. J? as imech. kama sindano, the
cape is as sharp as a needle. (Rv.
form of chonga, with similar meaning.
Cf. choma, chomoa.)

Chongoe, n. (vy-), a large kind
of fish.

Choo, n. (vy-), privy, water-closet,
cess-pit, i.e. in Z. a circular pit, lined
with stone at thg sides, and closing
gradually into a small aperture over
the centre. Usually connected with
the bath-room in large houses. Enda
chooni, go to the closet, go to stool.
Wakampeleka chooni wakamwogesha,

CHOOKO

46

CHOYO

they conducted him to a closet and
gave him a bath. Also used (i) of
the action of the bowels, &c. Fata
ch., have a motion of the bowels.
Funga ch., be constipated, have an
obstruction of the bowels. Ch. safi,
free action of the bowels. Ch. ki-
kubwa is used of solid, ch. kidogo
of liquid motions ; (2) of (solid)
excreta. Haifai kutia mkojo ao
choo katika maji, it is a mistake
to put the excreta of either kind in
water.

Chooko, n. See Choroko.

Chopa, n. {ma-), handful, of what
can be gathered and held in the
fingers, as sticks, ropes, bits of wood,
&c. (Cf. konzi, n., and chopoa. Cf.
chopa, v., trade in a small way, hawk
goods about the country, — not used
in Z. Cf. syn. churviza.)

Chopi, adv., enda chopi, be lame
on one side, walk lamely.

Chopoa, v. snatch from the hand,
take away suddenly, seize by surprise,
pluck away, filch. Ps. chopolewa.
Nt. chopoka (and a variant chupuka,
churupuka), slip from the grasp, be
filched away, escape, extricate one-
self, e.g. from a snare. Sungura
akachopoka mkononi mwa simba, the
hare slipped from under the lion's
paw. Ap. chopo-lea, -lewa. (Cf.
chopa, and syn. ponyoka.)

Choro, n. ( — , and ma-), marks
made with a tool, engraving, carving,
scratch, scrawl, bad writing, hiero-
glyphics. Also machorochoro, carved
patterns, writing. (Cf. chora, and
nakshi, bombwe.)

Choroko, n. also Chooko, a small
dark-green pea or bean, often mixed
with rice and other grain for food.
Considered inferior to kunde. Huku-
shiba mikundeni, utashiba michoro-
koni? If kunde did not satisfy you,
will choroko ? (Cf. mchoroko.)

Chosha, v. (Cs. of choka, i. e. for
chokes ha), make weary, be fatiguing.
See Choka.

-choshi, a. {choshi with D 4 (P),

D 5 (S), D 6), tiresome, tiring. (Cf.
choka, -chovu.)

Chosho, n. and* Josho, for ki-osho,

ji-osho, washing, place for washing,

bathing-place. Mahali pa choshoni,

place for washing, e. g. of corpses, or

clothes. (Cf. oga, osha, and ftia,

fuo.)

Chosi, n. and Chozi, includes two
species of birds, one very fond of
fresh cocoanut sap, tembo, — a Necta-
rinia (Sa.).

Chota, v. take up a little of, take
a pinch of, take up by bits (pieces),
pick up with the fingers. Ch. maji,
fetch a little water at a time. Ch.
kuni, fetch firewood. Ps. chotwa.
Nt. choteka. Ap. chot-ea, -ewa.
Kazi yake kumchotea maji mwalimu,
his duty was to supply his teacher
with water. Cs. chot-esha, -eshwa.
(Cf. choto, mchoto, and danga, dona,
donoa, also chopa.)

Choto, n. a small part (piece, bit,
quantity, amount, a scrap, a pinch).
(Cf. chota, mchoto?)

-chovu, a. {chovu with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), (1) weary, tired,
fatigued, worn out, bored, exhausted ;
(2) tiresome, tiring, wearying. (Cf.
choka, -choshi.)

Chovya, v. put (into), plunge
(into), dip (into), make contact with,
touch, finger. Ch. kidole motoni, put
a finger in the fire. Ch. nguo katika
maji, plunge clothes into water.
Ch. asali, dip into (touch) honey.
Mchovya asali hachovyi marra moja,
he who dips his finger in honey, does
not do it once. Alimchovya haya,
he plunged him in confusion. Nt.
chovyeka. Ap. chovy*ea, -ewa. Cs.
chovy-esha, -eshwa. (Cf. chovyo,
mchovyo.)

Chovyo, n. {ma-), a dip, touch,
what is got by a dip (touching).
(Cf. chovya?)

Choyo, n. avarice (shown either in
getting or keeping), greediness, covet-
ousness, a grasping nature, miserli-
ness, &c. Mwenyich., a grasping,

CHOZI

47

CHUKIA

niggardly person. Kuwa na ch., to
be covetous, to grudge. Lia ch.,
:ry for (disappointed) greediness.
Also as a., huyu ni ch. sana, he is
a dog in .the manger. (Cf. bahili,
oho, tamaa.)

Chozi, n. {ma-), (i) a tear, tear-
drop ; (2) anything resembling a tear,
gum. on trees, &c. Toka {lid) ma-
hozi, shed tears. Bubujika machozi,
burst into a flood of tears. Machozi
\valimchuruzika usoni, tears trickled
down his face. (Cf. chuza.) (3)
lOne or two species of bird. See
Chosi.

Chua, v. sometimes Tua, as at
Mombasa, (1) rub, rub down, and
so variously, grind, file, pound, pol'sh;
12) fig. of quarrelling, &c, jar, rub,
■make discord. Kuchtia si kwema,
■friction is not good. Chua meno,
plean the teeth. Chua mafumba ya
jinga, rub down the lumps in meal.
'Chua-chua kitwa, rub (chafe) an
aching head. Ap. chu-lia, -liwa,
•rlika. Chulika maftita, have oil
hibbed in. Jiwe la kuchulia, a grind-
stone. Rp. chtiana, e. g. of persons
Wrestling. (Cf. saga, sugua, more
common in Z.)

Chub, int. (the ch being mainly
heard), expressing contempt or im-
patience, ' sht ! nonsense ! '

Chubua, v. take the skin off,
abrade, bruise badly, flog, give a
liding to. Kiatu changu kimeni-
chubua mguu, my shoe has rubbed

the skin off my foot. Ps. chubuliwa.
"ft. chubuka. Mgongo umechtibicka,
ny back is raw. Ap. chtibu-lia,
■liwa. Alimkanyaga mtoto aka?nchu-
*>ulia ngozi, he trod on the child and
rubbed the skin off. (Cf. follg.)

Chubuko, n. {ma-), bruise, abra-
sion, raw place. (Cf. prec.)

Chubwi, n. a plummet, a sinker, —

attached to fishing line to assist the

bast and sink the bait. (Cf. bildi,

bounding lead, timazi, carpenter's

plumb line.)

Chuchu, n. ( — , and ma-), a small

hard protuberance on the skin, wart,
pimple, small tumour, a callosity.
Chuchu la ziwa, teat. (Cf. sugu.)

Chuchumia, v. Ap. reach up (to),
stretch up to, as by rising on tiptoe
or hind-legs. Mbuzi anachuchumia,
the goat is trying to get at (the
leaves).

Chui, n. leopard.

Chuja, v. (1) filter, strain; (2)
strain out, remove by filtering or
straining; (3) cleanse, purify. Ch.
maji yaliyo na taka, filter dirty water.
Ch. nazi kiva kifumbu kupata tut,
filter (grated) cocoanut in a bag to
get the milky extract. Afuungtt
achuje taka za moyo wetu, may God
take away the impurities of our heart.
Ps. chujwa. Nt. chujika. Moyo
uliochujika, a purified heart. Ap.
chuj-ia, -vwa^ Chombo cha kuchujia,
a filter {? chujio, ma-). Cs. chuj-
isha, -ishwa. ((Zi. chujo, chujua,
and perh. vuja.)

Chujo, n. ( — , and ma-), what is
got by straining or filtering. Chujo
ya asali, molasses, treacle. (Cf.
prec. )

Chujua, v. Rv. form of chuja,
implying an opposite result in, or by
use of, a liquid, i.e. spoil with water,
by washing or otherwise. Amechu-
jua uji wangu, una maji, he has
spoilt my gruel, it is too watery.
Ps. chujuliwa. Nt. chujuka, e. g.
nguo hizi zimechujuka, these clothes
are spoilt (in colour) by washing.
Rangi hii haichujuki, this colour
does not wash out, it is a fast colour.
Ap. chujulia, -iwa. (Cf. chuja.)

Chuki, n. ill humour, bad temper,
dislike, resentment. Mtu wa' chuki
(or, wa chukichuki), one who is
quick-tempered, easily put out, ready
to take offence. Yuna ch., he is
offended, he is suiky. Ona ch., be
in a bad temper. Tia ch., offend,
vex, make angry. (Cf. follg.)

Chukia, v. hate, have ill feeling
towards (e. g. anger, resentment,
disgust, loathing, aversion), dislike,

CHUKTJ

48

CHUMBA

abhor. Ps. chukiwa, be hated, &c.
Cs. chuk-iza, -izwa, e. g. cause dislike,
offend, put out. Hence chtikiz-ia,
-iwa. But note that chukia is also
used, Act. and Ps., as chukiza, i. e.
cause chuki in, as well as, feel chaki
towards. Bwana amechukiwa na
mtumwa wake, mtumwa wake alim-
chukiza, the master was provoked by
his slave, his slave provoked him.
Jichukiza, grow angry of oneself,
be angry gratuitously (without cause).
Chukizisha, cause to be annoying,
make offensive. Chtikizana, provoke
each other. Rp. chukiana, hate

each other. (Cf. chuki, ma-

chukio.)

Chuku, n. cupping-horn. Pigach.,
make a false impression, exaggerate,
tell an incredible story, draw the long-
bow. (Cf. umika, ndumiko.')

Chukua, v. (i) carry, bear (a load),
take on one's back (shoulders or
head, or in one's hands), e.g. as a
caravan porter {inpagazi) or town
porter Qiamali, mchukuzi). Ch.
mzigo begani, carry a load on the
shoulder, t — such load being usually
about 6o' lbs. weight in a mainland
journey. (2) Take, conduct, convey,
lead. Ch. mtoto huyu kzva babaye,
take this child to his father {cf. pe/eka
in this sense). (3) Take away, carry
off, remove, transport. Ch. taka,
remove a mess (cf. ondod). Also of
the feelings, carry away, transport,
overwhelm (of joy, sorrow, &c).
(4) Bear up under (passively), i. e.
endure, put up with, take peaceably,
be resigned to (cf. vumilia, stahimili,
shukuru) ; (5) bear the weight
(responsibility) of, support, maintain,
sustain. Anach. wazee wake, he is
supporting his parents (cf. ponya,
ruzukisha, saidid). (6) Take (in
capacity), contain, hold, have capacity
for (of a vessel, measure, &c), and
fig. include, involve, allow of. Chombo
hiki kitach. pishi tatu, this vessel will
hold three pishi (cf. wekd). (7) Take
up, use up, require. Safari He ilich.

siku nyingi, that journey occupied
many days. Zawadi hizi zitach.
ngico nyingi, these presents will re-
quire a lot of cloth. Chukua has
many applications, e. g. neno hili
lach. mambo mengi, this word includes
many things, i.e. has many meanings.
Ch. mimba, be pregnant. Nguo hizi
zinakuch., these clothes set off your
appearance, give you a fine air
(carriage). Ps. chukuliwa. Nt.
chukulika (rarely chukuka). Ap.
chuku-lia, -liwa, &c, e.g. carry to
(for, from, &c), feel for (towards,
about, &c). Nikuchukulie ', let me
carry it for you. Chukuliwa mashuku,
be an object of suspicion. Inachu-
kulika, it is not too heavy to be
carried, it is endurable. Hence chuku-
liana, be compatible, agree, tolerate
each other's company. Cs. chuku-
za, -zwa, employ a person to carry,
lay a burden on, &c. Rp. chuku-
ana, e. g. carry in turns, give mutual
support, endure each other, agree
together. (Cf. mchukuzi, uchu-

kttzi.)

Chuma, n. ( — , and vy-), iron, a
piece of iron. Chuma pua (or pua
alone), steel. Mabamba ya ch., iron
of a flat kind, hoop iron, iron plate,
&c. Pau (or fito) za ch., iron rods,
bar iron. (For ki-tima, so cf. perh.
uma, kiuma.)

Chuma, v. (1) pluck, gather, — of
fruit, flowers, &c. ; (2) make a profit,
esp. in trade or business, gain in
trade, prosper, be well paid. Watu
huenda chuma barra, people go to
make money up country. Ps. chu-
mwa. Nt. chumika. Ap. chum-ia,
-iwa. Cs. chum-isha, -ishwa. (Cf.
chumo, zuhumi, and syn. Ar. faidi,
faida.)

Chumba, n. {vy-), room, chamber,
apartment, i.e. part of a nyumba,
esp. of a store house. Nyumba hii
ina vyumba vingi, this house has
many rooms. Ch. cha kulala,
bed room, dormitory. Ch. cha
kulia, dining room, refectory. (Cf.

CHUMO

49

CHUNUA

nyumba, jumba, mchumba, also
vikato. )

Chumo, n. {ma-), (i) plucking,
gathering. Machumo ya zabibu,
grapes plucked, vintage. (2) Profit,
gain, source of gain, employment.
(Cf. chuma, v., and tic/nwii.)

Chumvi, n. (1) salt; (2) saltness,
pungency (of flavour or quality).
Maji ya ch., salt water, brine, sea
water (contr. maji baridi, ??iaji ya
mvua, maji maiamu, maji ya pepo,
fresh water). Ch.ya haluli, sulphate
of magnesia, Epsom salts. Maneno
yake ch., his remarks were pungent,
had a flavour.

Chuna, v. skin, flay, take the
whole skin off. Mmchune ngozi
kwa vizuri, msikate wala msitoboe,
wala msichune na nyama, 7timchtine
vema, take off the beast's hide properly,
do not cut it or make holes in it, and
do not take off flesh with it, skin it
carefully. Also of stripping bark off
a tree. Chuna kamba, get (strips of
bark for) rope. Ps. chunwa. Nt.
chunika. Ap. chun-ia, -iwa. (Cf.
chunua, chuni, mchuni, also chtibua,
ambtia. )

Chunga, v. (1) tend, take care of,
act as guardian to, but esp. of ani-
mals, i. e. act as keeper or herdman
of sheep, cattle, goats, &c, feed,
take to pasture, graze, &c. (Cf.
mchunga (jz),,machimga, and syn.
tunza, lisha.) (2) Sift, separate fine
and coarse particles, e. g. of.flour for
cooking, of lime for plaster, &c, by
shaking and tossing in a flat basket.
(Cf. pepeta, and tunga. Chunga
( — ) is sometimes n., sittings, husks,
coarse particles, &c.)

Chungu, n.(i ) ivy-) ,the commonest
kind of cooking pot, — usually a round
rather shallow vessel of baked earthen-
ware, red or black in colour, of vari-
ous sizes, and with a lid of same
material. (Cf. ungu, jungu, ki-
jungu, and for other household vessels,
bakuli, bungu, bia, chano, hero, waya,
jua, kojnbe, kibungu, mkungu, ki-

kungti, kango, kikombe, kikango, and
see Mtungi, Sufuria, and Chombo.j
(2) ( — , and of size, ma-), a heap,
a quantity, a pile, a mass. Chungu
chungu, in heaps, quantities. Fetha
zikawa nyingi, chungu zima, the
coins were numerous, a whole pile.
(Cf. syn. jungu, jamii.) (3) An
ant, of a common small kind, and so
used more generically than other
names of species (e.g. rn.ch.wa, siafu,
maji ya moto, which see). Also
used fig. of a poor, insignificant
person. (4) ( — ) sometimes for
uchungu, of some particular kind of
smart, e. g..naona chungu ya mwiba,
I feel the sharp prick of a thorn.
Cf. follg.

-chungu, a. {chungu with D 4
(P), D 5 (S), D 6), (I) bitter, acrid,
sour, sharp in taste, acid ; (2) dis-
agreeable, unpleasant. Dawa chtmgu,
bitter, unpalatable medicine. (Cf.
uchungu, n.,z\s,o often used as a., and
uiungu.)

Chungulia, v. look at (down
upon, into), esp. of furtive or critical
and thorough examination, i. e. peep
(at), pry (into), cast glance (at), in-
spect closely. Ps. chtmguliwa.
Nt. chunguli-ka, -kana. Ap.

chungulilia. Uja wa kuch., a peep-
hole. Cs. chunguza, e. g. Intens.
look carefully (anxiously, thoroughly)
into. (Cf. syn. angah'a, tazamia,
kagua.)

Chungwa, n. {ma-), the common
sweet orange, fruit of mchungwa
(which see), abundant for nine months
in the year in Z. (Cf. for other
varieties, chenza, danzi, limau, ka-
ngaja, ndimti, ba/ungi,jurungtt.)

Chuni, n. usu. in pi. machuni,
process of skinning, flaying an ani-
maL (Cf. chuna, mchuni.)

Chunjua, m a small hard pro-
tuberance on the skin, a wart. ^Cf.
chuchu.)

Chunua, v. scrape skin off, skin.
Alichunua uso wake, he took the
skin off his face. Ps. chunuliwa.

CHUNUSI

50

-DACHI

Nt. chunuka. Ap. chunu-lia,

-liwa. Cs. chunu-za, -zwa. (Cf.
chuna, chubua, and follg.)

Chunusi, n. (i) and Chunuzi, a
bit of skin taken off, abrasion, raw
place; (2) same as Chinusi, which
see.

Chunyu, n. incrustation of salt,
deposit from salt water. Nimeoga
maji ya pwani nafanya chunyu,
I have had a sea-water bath, and feel
the salt on me. (Cf. munyu,
chumvi, nyunyo.)

Chuo, n. {vy-), (1) book; (2)
school. Bum {tunga) chuo,
write a book, compose a book.
Chuo cha serkali, a government
school. Mwana-chuoni, or -vyuoni,
(1) a (boy) scholar, one who attends
school ; (2) an educated, learned
man, a scholar, a man of books.
Enda chuoni, go to school. Tiwa
chuoni, be sent to school. (For
ki-uo, from the appearance of a
bound book, cf. tw, and for ' book '
Ar. syn. msahafu, kitabu, and for
' school ' madarasa, soma, v.)

Chupa, v. 'get over' something by
leap, step, hop, jump. Chupa gogo,
step over a log. Ap. chup-ia, -iwa,
and see follg. Cs. chup-isha,

-ishwa. (Cf. syn. kia, kiuka, and

vuka.) — n. ( — , and ma-), a
bottle. Ch. la kutilia marashi,
a scent-bottle. Ch. la mvinyo, a
spirit bottle. Also used of the
' womb,' e. g. kuvunja chupa, of
first stage of childbirth. Dim. ki-
tupa (preserving the /, as at Mom-
basa).

Chupia, v. move quickly, rush,
dash, gallop. Frasi mzoefu wa ku-
chupia, a horse accustomed to going
quickly. (Conn, with chtipa, v.)

Chupuka, Chupuza, v. See Chi-
puka, and Chopoka.

Chura, n. {vy-), a frog.

Churua, n. or Churuwa, and
Shurua, measles.

Chururika, v. See Chiririka,
and Churuzika.

Churuza, v. and Chuuza, keep
a small shop, do a retail business,
hawk goods about, be a pedlar.
(Cf. mchuruzii)

Churuzika, v. and Chururika,
trickle down, run of, be drained
away, as water from roof, blood from
wound, rain from a tree, &c. Anach.
damu, he bleeds freely. Cs. churuz-
isha, -ishwa, drain off, carry off.
(Cf. chirizika, mchirizi, tiririka, and
also chuza.

Chusa, n. {vy-), a. harpoon, used
for large fish, such as papa, nguru,
chewa.

Chuza, v. or Chuuza, Churuza,
trickle, glide, run down. Chozi la
tmyonge likichuuza, as the tear of
abject misery falls. Kuvuja na
kuchuza hakulingani na wazi, ooz-
ing and trickling is not the same
as open (flood-gates). (Cf. chiri-
rika, churuzika.)

-chwa, v. Ps. from -cha, which
see.

D.

D represents the same sound as
in English.

D, as an initial in words of Arabic
origin, is used for three Arabic
letters, viz. Dal, and sometimes Tah
and Dhal. See T, Th.

D takes the place of / and r, as
the initial of a root, if a formative n
is prefixed. Thus kasha refu, a long
box ; kamba ndefu, a long rope.

D in Z. sometimes represents a j
or dy in the Mombasa dialect, and in
some words is not clearly distin-
guished from /. Thus words not
found under D may be looked for
under J or T.

Words beginning with D are
mostly of non-Bantu origin.

-dachi, a. commonly used for
• German.' Mdachi {wa-), Dachi
{ma-), a German. Kidachi, the
German language, of the German
kind. Udachi, Germany, also ulaya
Dachi. (From deutsch, cf.jamani.)

DADA

51

DALALI

Dada, n. sister, esp. elder sister,
a term of endearment among women.

*Dadisi, v. pry, be inquisitive, be
curious (about), ask unnecessary
questions (of). Nime?ndadisi sana
hatta aniambie, I plied him with
questions to get him to tell me. Ps.
dadisiwa. Nt. dadisika. (? Ar.
Cf. mdadisi, and syn. hoji, chungulia,
pekua.)

*Dadu, n. and Dado, game, toy,
esp. of dice in Z. Cheza d., play
with dice. Machezo ya d., games
with dice. (Ar.).

*Dafina, n. hidden treasure, trea-
sure-trove, godsend. (Ar.)

*Daftari, n. an account book,
catalogue, list. (Ar. Cf. wurotha,
hesabu ya mali.)

Dafu, n. (ma-), a cocoanut in the
stage when it is full of milk, further
described as (i) bupu la dafu, punje
la dafii, dafu la kukomba, dafu la
kulamba, i. e. when just beginning to
form a soft layer of nutty substance
in the shell, which can be licked or
easily scraped off, and (2) tonga la
dafu, when the nutty substance has
become thick and tough. Maji ya
dafu, cocoanut milk. Dafu is also
commonly used for the milk itself, —
little cared for by natives. (Cf.
nazi.)

Dagaa, n. (? plur. of udagad),
very small fish, fish in an early stage,
small fry, — like whitebait, a favourite
dish with natives.

*Dai, v. (1) summons, prosecute,
sue at law, accuse, charge ; (2) claim
in court, demand as a right, claim.
Nakudai, I accuse you. Nadai
kwako haki yangu, I claim from you
my lawful rights. Rupia amdaiyo
Tuna, the rupee which Tuna claims
from him. Jidai ukali, claim for
oneself martial spirit, boast of prowess.
Ps. daiwa. Ap. data, claim on
behalf of (in reference to, for, from,
&c), act as solicitor for. Rp.

daiana, of counter claims, cross-suit.
— n. {ma-) 7 legal process, suit,

claim, for the more usual ddwd).
(Ar. Cf. vtdai, ddwa, and for
'claim' haki.)

*Daima, adv. perpetually, per-
manently, constantly, continually,
always. Namwona d. akipita, I see
him constantly passing. Dumu d.,
emphat., always, for ever and ever,
never endingly, eternally, -a daima,
a. continual, permanent, lasting.
(Ar. Cf. dumu, and syn. siku zote,
marra kwa marra, and for ' lasting '
is hi, auski.)

Daka, v. catch, snatch, seize, get
hold of, — with a sudden, quick move-
ment, e. g. catch a ball thrown in
the air, pounce on a thief, appropriate
food greedily. Also daka matieno,
make a smart response (quick re-
partee, sharp reply \ Ys.dakwa. Ap.
dak-ia, -iwa. Cs. dak-iza, -izzva,
e. g. object to, rebut, contradict.
(? Cf. dakizo, dakua, udaku, dakuliza,
and ?tyaka, nyakua, and for ' seize '
katnata, shika.) — n. {ma-), recess,
receptacle, niche in wall, cupboard.
D. la mlango, a recess with a door,
cupboard. Dim. kidaka. (Cf.
dakua, and dukiza, — prob. the same
root.)

*Dakawa, n. towing line, tow-
rope, i. e. kamba ya kttfuttgasia.

*Dakika, n. the smallest division of
time, moment, minute, second. Kwa
d. moja, in a twinkling, at once. (Ar.)

Dakizo, n. (?na-), objection, con-
tradiction, demurrer. (Cf. daka.)

*Daku, n. midnight meal taken
by Mahommedans during Ramathan.
(Ar. Cf. Ramathani, futari.)

Dakua, v. let out secrets, gossip at
random, talk indiscreetly. Ps.

dakuliwa. Ap. daku-lia, -liwa,
talk foolishly to (for, about, against,
&c). Cs. dakuliza, used as ' con-
tradict, protest* against, object to, re-
but.' (Rv. of daka. Cf. dakizo,
udaku.)

*Dalali, n. salesman, auctioneer,
broker, cheap-jack. (Ar. Cf.

udalali, and syn. mnadi.)

E 2

DALASINI

52

DAWA

*Dalasini, n. cinnamon, from the
tree mdalasini. (Ar.)

Dalia, n. a yellow mixture, used
by women for personal adornment
(cosmetic, scent, &c, and colour).

*Dalili, n. sign, token, mark,
trace, indication, evidence, signal.
D.ya mvua ni mawingu, the sign of
rain is clouds. D. ya mguit, foot-
step (on the ground). With negatives,
si hatta dalili, not at all, not a ves-
tige, not in the least.

*Dama, n. a game, played on a
board like chess, a kind of draughts.

*Damu, n. blood. Nyama na d.,
flesh and blood. Anatoka d., he is
bleeding. Also of the menses, ingia
damuni, menstruate. Cf. hethi.
(Ar.)

Dandalo, n. a kind of dance. (Cf.
ngoma.)

Danga, v. (1) take up little by little,
get a little at a time, scoop up care-
fully (of water in a pit), i. e. d. maji.
(Cf. chota.) Hence (2) fig. of enforced
and tedious delay, wait, have to wait
(but perh. this is tanga, which see).

Danganya, v. elude, delude, de-
ceive, defraud, cheat, beguile, impose
on, belie. Ps. danganywa. Nt.
danganyi-ka, -kana. Ap. dangany-
-ia, -iwa. Cs. dangany-isha,

-ishwa. Rp. dangany-ana. (Cs.
form Vconn. with danga, or Hind.
dagaa. Cf. -danganyifu, mdanganyi,
and syn. punja, kalamkia, Ziadaa,
kopa, and dist. changanya.) — n.
(ma-), trick, delusion, &.c.

-danganyifu, a. (dang, with D 4
(P), D 5 (S), Dj6), deceptive, delu-
sive, cheating, &c.) (Cf. danganya.)

Danzi, n. (ma-), a bitter orange,
fruit of mdanzi, which see (and for
other varieties, chungwa.)

*Darabi, n. (ma-), rose-apple,
fruit of mdarabi.

*Daraja, n. (ma-), (1) step, set
of steps, stairs, staircase, bridge; (2)
degree, rank, dignity, social station.
Akashuka katika d., he descended the
staircase. D. kubzva (bora), high

rank. A district of Zanzibar city
near the bridge is called Darajani.
(Ar. Cf. ngazi, ulalo, and for ' rank '
cheo.)

*Daraka, n. (ma-), an arrange-
ment, appointment, obligation, duty,
undertaking. Madarakaya nyumb-
ani, household arrangements, domes-
tic economy. Chtikulia d., go bail
for, answer for, bear the punishment
of. (Ar. Cf. diriki, tadaruki.)

*Darasa, n. (ma-), class, meeting
for reading or study. Madarasa,
school, academy. (Ar. Cf. du-
rusi, also chuo, soma.)

*Dari, n. upper floor, upper story,
ceiling, roof, — roofs and upper floors
in an Arab house being alike made
of concrete laid on poles and rammed
hard. Darini, juu ya dari, upstairs,
on the roof. (Ar. Cf. sakafu,

drofa.)

*Darizi, v. See Tarizi.

*Darumeti, n. inside woodwork
of native vessel, joists carrying the
deck, cross-beams, &c.

*Dasi, n. rope sewn into the edge
of a sail for strength, and distinguished
as d. ya bara, on the upper (yard)
side, d. ya chini, on the lower, d. ya
goshini and ya demani, on the nar-
rower and broader ends.

Dasili, n. a powder made of the
dried and pounded leaves of a tree
mkunazi, used as a detergent (Str.)
for a kind of skin disease.

*Dasturi,n. bowsprit, — also called
mlingote wa maji. (Dist. desttiri.)

Dau, n. (ma-), a large native-built
boat, both ends sharp and projecting,
and usually with a square matting
sail. (Cf. chombo,mtumbwi,maslnia,
Aidau.)

*Daulati, n. the ruling power,
government, authorities. (Arab, for
the common serkali.)

*Dawa, n. ( — , and ma-), medicine,
medicament, anything supplied by a
doctor, including ' charm, talisman,
&c,' used by native doctors. D.ya
kuhara, a purgative, aperient. D. ya

DA'WA

53

DIDIMIA

httapisha, s.n emetic. D.ya kunywa,
medicine for internal use. Dawa
ya kutia (kupaka, kubandika, kujisu-
gud), medicine for external use. Mada-
wa ya uongo-uongo, quack medicines.
(Ar. Dist. follg.)

*DaVa, n. or Daawa, and some-
times Mdawa {mi-), legal process,
suit, litigation, legal claim, dispute.
( Ar. , the aa representing ain. Cf. dai,
and dist. dawa, medicine.)

*Dawati, n. writing desk, writing
case. Dim. kidawati. (Ar. for
inkstand.)

*Dayima, adv. always. See
Daima.

*Debe, n. (ma-), tin can, — com-
monly of the 4-5 gal. tin in which
American petroleum has been im-
ported, often used as a pail. Nataka
debe mafuta, I want a tin of oil.
Nataka debe la mafuta, I want an
oil-tin. (Hind.)

*Debwani, n. a turban-cloth, — an
Indian cloth, mostly of silk, with red
or brown stripes, and worn on the
head as a turban.

Dege, n. (1) infantile convulsions,
fits (cf. kifafa) ; (2) a kind of moth.

*Deheni, n. a water-proofing mix-
ture of lime and fat, used on the
bottoms of native vessels. Also as
v. of applying the mixture. (Ar.)

Deka, v. (1) give oneself airs, live
in style, play the grandee ; (2) show
conceit, be arrogant, be unpleasant.
Also jideka, e. g. of a vain woman's
gait and bearing. (Cf. syn. jivuna,
jiona, piga kiburi, jifahirisha, and
shaua. )

*Delki, adv. See Telki. (Ar.)

Dema, n. a kind of fish-trap of
open wicker-work. (Cf. mtego.)

*Demani, n. (1) sheet (rope) of
mainsail of a native sailing vessel.
Hence (2) lee side (in navigation),
also called upande wa demani (wa
demanini), iipande wa chini. Contr.
goshi, goshini. (3) Season of the year
from end of August to beginning of
November, when the south monsoon

slackens and gradually dies away, —
spring-time in Zanzibar. Also some-
times of the whole season of the
south monsoon, from April to Oc-
tober. (Contr. Musimu, and see
Mwaka.)

Denge, n. a mode of wearing the
hair, a patch on the top of the head
only. Kata denge, shave the whole
head except the crown.

*Dengu, n. a kind of pea imported
from India, and usually mixed with
grain, &c. for food. (Cf. choroko,
mbaazi, kunde.)

*Deni, n. ( — , and ma-), a debt,
loan, money obligation. Fanya {in-
gia,jipasha) d., get into debt, borrow,
lend. Lipa d., discharge a debt,
repay a loan. (Ar. Cf. azimu,
also wia, wiwa.)

*Deraya, n. armour, coat of mail,
cuirass, i.e. vao la chuma. (Cf. Arab.
adrd.)

*Desturi, n. or Dasturi, custom,
usage, regular practice, routine. The
usual word in Z. (Hind. Cf.

Ar. kawaida, ada, mila, mathehebu.
Dist. dasturi, bowsprit.)

*Deuli, n. waistband, — a silk
shawl or scarf worn round the waist.
(Cf. mshipi, mahaza7nu.)

*Devai, n. wine in general.
(Perh. Fr. du vin. Cf. mvinyo, used
mainly of spirits.)

*Dia, n. money paid for a life, fine
for murder, ransom. Killa mtu dia
ya rohoyake, every man his ransom (to
save his life). (?Ar. CLJidia,Jidi.)

*Dibaji, n. used of the string of
prefatory epithets and complimentary
titles in Arab letter writing, and more
generally ' elegant composition, good
style, fine writing.' (Arab. ' paint-
ing, embroidery,' cf. tidibaji. Such
epithets are jenab, muhebb, akram,
nasihi, azizi* hashamu, karamu,
fathili, — often in pure Arab form
with the article il prefixed to each.
Cf. anwani, waraka.)

Didimia, v. sink dowrt, go to the
bottom, penetrate. Ap. didimik-ia }

DIFU

54

DOLE

-iwa, bore into, e. g. of a tool. Cs.
didim-isha, -ishwa, cause to sink
down, force down (into, &c). Didi-
misha nguo mkobani,stuff clothes into
a wallet. (Cf. tota, zama, zizimia.)

Difu, n. See Kilifu.

*Digali, n. stem of the bowl of a
native pipe. See Kiko.

*Diki, adv. See Tiki, and Shiki.

(Ar.)

Diko, n. (ma-), landing place.

*Dimu, n. See N"dimu.

*Dini, n. religion, creed, worship.
Kushika chuo na kusali ndio dint,
to follow the Coran and perform the
prayers is (Mahommedan) religion.
(Ar.)

*Dira, n. mariner's compass, i.e.
kipande cha kusafiria chombo baha-
rini, an instrument for a ship to steer
by on the sea. (Ar.)

*Diriki, v. in general, have power
(will, time, opportunity, &c, for),
and so (i) be able, be in time (for),
reach, succeed, attain, manage, ar-
range; (2) venture, undertake, guar-
antee, incur responsibility (for).
Nalitakakwenda, sikudiriki, I wanted
to go, but I could not manage it.
Sijadiriki kuisha kusema, before I
could finish speaking. (Ar. Cf.
daraka.)

*Dirisha, n. (ma-), window. D.
la vibau, a louvre window. D. la
kuckungulilia, a window to peep
through. (Hind. Cf. mwangaza.)

*Diwani, n. (ma-), councillor,
public functionary, magnate. (Ar.)

Doa, n. (ma-), spot, blotch, mark,
stain. Doa la mafuta, a grease spot.
Madoadoa, used as a., spotted, varie-
gated, of different colours, speckled.

Doana, n. hook, fish-hook. See
Ndoana.

*Dobi, n. (ma-), one who washes
clothes, as a trade, — always a man
in Z. Usinifanye punda toa dobi, do
not treat me as a washerman's donkey.
Cf. chombo hiki ki dobi, this vessel
is heavily loaded. (Hind.)

*Dodi, n. (ma-), also Udodi,

Ndodi, (1) fine wire, whether brass or
iron ; (2) a bracelet of fine wire, hair,
or thread.

*Dodo, n. a very large kind of
mango is called embe dodo, or
dodo. The word is also used of
' a woman's breast.' Yuna dodo,
she has breasts, she is growing up.
(Cf. embe.)

*Dodoki, n. (ma-), a long slender
fruit, eaten as a vegetable, a kind of
lufah. See Mdodoki.

-dogo, a. (ndogo with D 4 (P),
D 6, dogo with D 5 (S)), little (in
condition, quality or quantity), small,
slight, unimportant, young. Mtoto
mdogo, a small child. Nditgu mdogo,
a younger brother. Baba mdogo,
father's brother, uncle. Mtu mdogo,
a poor man. Adv. kidogo, a little,
rather, not very, not much, in small
amount. Used as adj. to denote 'small
in quantity.' Watu kidogo, a few
people. But watu wadogo, poor, in-
ferior people. Maji kidogo, a little
water. With negat. '(not) at all, (not)
in the least, (none) whatever'; esp.
with hatta. Siktipi hatta kidogo, I
will not give you a single bit, I will
not think of giving you any. Some-
times redupl. for emphasis, vitanda
vidogodogo, or vidogo-vidogo, very small
bedsteads. (Cf. contr. -kubwa,

-kuu, -ingi.)

*Dob.ani, n. chimney, smoke-stack,
and in Z. esp. of (1) funnel, smoke-
stack, of a steamer. Hence vierikebu
ya d. (or ya moshi, smoke), a steamer ;
(2) a tall narrow basket of sticks and
cocoanut leaf-fronds, used for carry-
ing fruit to market. (Ar.)

Dokeza, v. give a hint of, suggest,
foreshadow, sketch. (Perh. tokeza,
cause to come out, make appear.
See Toka, Toa. But cf. kidoko.)

*Dokra, n. a cent, hundredth part
of a dollar. (Cf. reale.)

Dole, n. (ma-), single banana
fruit, i. e. one of a cluster (ckand) on
a large fruit stem (jnkungu). (Cf.
udole, kidole, and ndizi.)

DOMO

55

DTTBWANA

Domo, n. {ma-), (i) large lip,
large beak; (2) protuberance, pro-
jection, thing resembling a beak,
overhanging crag, &c. ; (3) brag,
boasting, cant. Piga domo, let the
tongue wag, brag, boast. (Cf. mdomo,
kidomo, and for ' boasting ' (fi)semea,
{ji)vuna, (ji)gamba, (ji)szfu.)

Dona, v. peck, pick at, pick up
bit by bit. Dona mckele, pick up
rice. Ap. don-ea, -ewa. Cs. don-
esha,-eza,-ezwa. Ap.donana. Kuku
wanadottana, the fowls are pecking
each other. (Cf. donoa, dondoa, and
of similar action chota, danga.)

Donda, n. ( — , and ma-), large
sore, ulcer, — so common an ailment
as to be used as typical of sickness
and disaster generally. Muungu
atakupa d., God will bring sickness
upon you. Donda juu ya donda,
blow on blow (i. e. calamity). D.
ndugu, spreading, confluent ulcers.
Dim. kidonda. (Cf. donda, v.,

dondoa, and for ' small sores ' tipele^)
— v. fall by drops, drip, fall in bits
(bit by bit). (Cf. more common
tona, also dondoa, donda, n.)

Dondo, n. {ma-), (1) large tiger-
cowry shell, used by tailors for smooth-
ing down seams to a good surface
(cf. kauri). Hence perh. (2) dress-
ing for cloth, starch, chalk, &c,
used to give a good surface and ap-
pearance to inferior material. Nguo
ya dondo, glossy calico. (3) Some-
times of ' twigs, chips, scraps ' of
wood, leaves, &c, e.g. for lighting
fires. (Cf. donda, v.)

Dondoa, v. (1) pick up bit by
bit, pick over grain by grain, &c. ;
(2) let fall bit by bit, drop, cause to
drip ; and so perh. (3) form sores,
cause illness ; (4) make selections
(from), compile knowledge (by).
Ukimlisha samaki utamdondoa
mwili, if you let him eat fish, you
will cause sores on his body. Nt.
dondoka. Mbegu zimenidondoka, the
seeds dropped one by one from my
hand. (Rv. of donda, with similar

meaning. Cf. chonga, chongoa, &c. ;
also donda, n., and follg.)

Dondoo, n. {ma-), selections,
notes, extracts, quotations, choice
bits, e.g. in an anthology. (Cf.
donda, dondoa, &c, and for similar
idea okota, mateuzi.)

Dondoro, n. a kind of antelope.

(See Paa, for the only sort seen in Z.)

Donge, n. ( — , and ma-), also

Tonge, small rounded mass, ball,

lump, e. g. of a mouthful of rice, rolled

in the fingers and put in the mouth,

— in this sense usually Tonge. Kuvi-

ringa donge za wali na kutia ki-

nwani, to make a little ball of rice

and put it in the mouth. Donge la

uzi, a ball of thread. Damtt ina-

fanya madonge, the blood is forming

clots. Dim. kidonge, e.g. a pill.

(Cf. bonge, tonge, and perh. udongo.)

Donoa, v. peck, strike at (with

beak or fangs), e. g. of fowls and

snakes. Nyoka ilimdonoa juu ya

utosi, the snake struck him on the

crown of his head. (Cf. dona,

dondoa, &c.)

*Dopa, n. {ma-), a sail-maker's
palm, for coarse sewing.

Doria, n. used of ' white muslin '
in trade. (Hind.)

*Doti, n. a piece of cloth suited
for, and worn as, a loincloth, shuka,
i. e. about 2 yards of full width, or
4 yards of narrow material. (Hind.)
Doya, v. go as spy, reconnoitre,
spy out (but in Z. peleleza is usual).

*Dua, n. a prayer, special suppli-
cation, request made in prayer, ad-
dressed to God. Omba dua, offer
a prayer, make a request, to God.
(Ar. Cf. omba, maombi, and sala,
— which suggests the outward cere-
monial aspect of prayer.)

*Duara, n. used of (1) wheel,
circle, roundest object, and (2) any
machine of which the principal fea-
ture is a wheel, e. g. crane, windlass,
capstan, &c. (Ar. Cf. mdzcara,
duru, mviringo.)

Dubwana, n. {ma-), a person of

DUDE

56

DURU

extraordinary size, a giant, a colossus.
Also used as a. -dubwana, of any-
thing gigantic, — animal, tree, or other
object. Mtu mdubwana, a giant.
(? Cf. bwana.)

Dude, n. (ma-), the vaguest and
most general term for referring to any
object, = kitu usichokijina jina lake,
1 something of which you do not know
the name, or have no word to de-
scribe, a thing, a what-do-you-call-it,
an object. Dude gani kili? What
in the world is this object? Dim.
kidude.

Dudu, n. {ma-, of size), large in-
sect. See Mdudu, which is com-
monly used. Dim. kidudu.

Duduka, v. be disfigured (by ill-
ness or disease). Duduka uso, have
face pitted, marked with small-pox.
Ps. dudukwa. Nadudukwa na pele,
I am disfigured by an eruption. (Cf.
umbua.)

Duduvule, n. a stinging insect,
which bores in wood (Str.).

-dufu, a. {dufu with D4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), dull, insipid, tasteless,
flat, uninteresting, good for nothing,
— of persons and things. Tumbako
dufu, mild, flavourless tobacco. Mtu
mdufu, a stupid, dull person ; — also
dufu la mtu, in same meaning.

*Duka, n. {ma-), shop, stall. Tem-
bea madukani, walk in the bazaar.
IVeka duka, open a place of business.
Vunja duka, close a shop, give up busi-
ness. (Cf. Ar. dakkdn.)

*Dukiza, v. and Dukisa, intrude
oneself, listen secretly, try to overhear.
Jidukiza, play the eavesdropper, in-
trude where not wanted (offensively) .
(? Ar. dakas, and follg. Perh. same as
dakiza.)

*Dukizi, n. {ma-), eavesdropping,
scandal - mongering. (Cf. dukiza,
mdukizi. )

Dumbwi, n. See Kidimbwe.

Dume, n. {ma-), a male, esp.
of animals. Frasi dume, or dume
la frasi, a stallion
drake. See -ume.

Bala dume, a

*Dumia, Dumisha. See Dumu.

*Dumu, v. remain, continue, en-
dure, last, abide. Dumu daima,
last for ever, — used also as adv.,
for ever and ever. Ap. dum-ia,
•iiva. Dumia kazi, remain at, perse-
vere in work. Also, remain with, at-
tend on, — of service. Cs. dum-iska,
-ishwa. (Ar. Cf. daima, udumu.)

*Dumu, n. {ma-), also Mdumu
{mi-), can, pot, jug, mug, esp. of
metal. Duma la maji, water-can.

Dundu, n. {ma-), large pumpkin,
gourd, calabash, the shell used as a
vessel to hold liquids.

Dunge, n. {ma-), a cashew apple
in green, unripe stage, — fruit oimbibo.
(Cf. mbibo, korosho, bibo.)

Dungu, n. {ma-), a stage or plat-
form, raised from the ground and
often roofed over, for a watchman
guarding crops on a plantation. (Cf.
kilingo.)

Dungudungu, n. used to describe
anything of unusual shape or quality,
1 a wonder, marvel, curiosity.' (Cf.
ajabu, kioja, tumc.)

Dungumaro, n. (1) a kind of evil
spirit ; (2) a drum used in expelling
such a spirit. (? Mdungumaro, a per-
son possessed by this spirit.)

*Duni, a. inferior, low, mean, ab-
ject, worthless. Mtu d., a nobody,
an insignificant person. Hali d., an
abject condition. (Ar. Cf. t/iaifu,
-nyonge, hafifu, -dogo.)

*Dunia, n. and Dunya, the world,
universe, earth (as a whole). Fariki
d., depart from the world, die. Mtu
wa d., a worldly man. Mambo ya d.,
or simply dunia, the way of the world,
worldly affairs, the spirit of the age.
(Ar. Cf. ulimwengu.)

*Durabini, n. and Darubini, tele-
scope, microscope, or similar optical
instrument, i.e. kiflande cha kuta-
zamia, an instrument for seeing with.
Piga d., use a glass. (Ar. or Pers.
Cf. miwani, spectacles.)

*Duru, v. surround, be round, go
round, put round. (Arab, for com-

DURUSI

57

EGAMA

mon B. zunguka, zungusha, &c.
(Cf. duara.)

*Durusi, v. study a book, meet in
class, attend school. (Arab, for com-
mon B. soma, enda chuoni. Cf. da-
rasa?)

*Dusumali, n. a coloured hand-
kerchief or scarf, often with green and
red stripes, and of Persian manufac-
ture, worn on the head by women.
(Ar. or Pers. Cf. titaji, shela.)

Duzi, n. (ma-), eavesdropper, tale-
bearer, gossip - monger, slanderer.
(Cf. dukizi, and the commoner ?npele-
lezi.)

E»

E represents the sound of a in
'gate,' and (esp. when unaccented)
the lighter sound of e in 'ten.' In
some words of Arabic origin (i) it is
used for a sound between a and e
(cf. Elfu, Hewa, and A) ; (2) it is
used in Zanzibar characteristically for
what is heard in other dialects as a,
e.g. merikebu, rather than marikabu,
sheriaiox sharia, shebaha for shabaha ;
(3) it is not distinguished from i, not
being so distinguished in Arab,
writing or common pronunciation.
(Cf. elimii, ilfnu, &c.)

Thus words not found under E
may be looked for under A or /.

When a in a prefix or formative
syllable precedes an e or i, the two
together are usually pronounced e,
e. g. akenda for akaenda, he went ;
kuweta for kuwaita, to call them ;
wezi for waizi, thieves ; niengi for
maingi, many (things).

For e as an interjection see Ee and
Eh.ee. The same e is used and re-
peated at the end of a word inten-
sively, esp. to express distance, e. g.
akaenda e-e-e, and he went on a very
long way ; kide-e-e, far away yonder ;
peupe-e-e, a very white, clean surface,
— in each case the intonation of
e being raised higher in proportion
to the intensity or distance indicated.

~e is (1) the characteristic sign of

the Subjunctive Mood, taking
the place of the final a of a verb
in the Indicative Mood ; (2) a pas-
sive termination' of some verbal
nouns, e.g. kiumbe, kombe, uteule,
ushinde, utiime.

-e (or -ye) (1) affixed to a noun,
represents the pronom. a. yake, e. g.
nyumbae or nyumbaye for nyumba
yake, his house ; (2) after a verb-form
or tense-sign, represents^, the form
of relative corresponding to 1, 2, 3 Pers.
S.,e. g. niliye, 1 who am ; umpendaye,
you who love him, or, he whom you
love ; (3) in combination with the
prep, na or kwa, represents the pro-
noun of 3 Pers. S. yeye, e. g. nae or
naye, for na yeye, and kwae or kwaye,
for kwaryeye ; (4) is used as the final
sound of a common contracted form
of the Personal Pronouns, except the
3 Pers. P. wao, i. e. mi(y)e for mimi,
we(y)e for wewe, yee for yeye, sz(y)e
for sisi, nyi(y)e for ninyi.

*Ebbe, int. also Bee, commonly
used by slaves or inferiors in reply to
a call, ' yes ! coming ! I hear ! '
(Ar. See Lebeka.)

Ebu, int. also Ebuu and Hebbu,
Well then ! Come then ! — often in
expostulation or reproof.

*Eda, n. time of customary cere-
monial mourning, or seclusion from
company, e. g. of a woman after
a death or divorce. Kalia eda, re-
main in mourning, or in seclusion.
Akakaa eda akavaa kaniki miezi
minne, she remained in seclusion
and wore mourning four months.
(Ar. Cf. matanga, under Tanga.)

*Edashara, n. and a., eleven.
-a edashara, eleventh. (Ar. Cf.
wahedi, and dshara, also B. syn.
kumi na moja.)

Ee, int. Oh, — in invocation or as-
sent Ee Muithgu, OGod. Eebwana,
O Sir. Ee walla, Ee waa, O yes !
All right ! Certainly, Sir ! (literally,
Yes, by God!).

Egama, v. be in a resting or re-
clining position, — not lying down,

EGEMEA

58

ELEKA

but propped on elbow or support.
Also Rf. jiegama, place oneself in a
resting position, recline, prop one-
self (in a position). K^.egam-ia,
-iwa, rest on, lean on, recline on.
Ameegamia kifuani mwake, he
leaned upon his chest. Cs. egam-
isha, -iskwa, cause to lean, prop,
support. (Cf. follg., also tegemea.)

Egemea, v. (i) lean on, rest on,
be supported by ; (2) trust to, rely
upon. Ps. egemewa, be leaned upon,
be a support (to), be trusted (by).
Cs. egem-esha, -eza, -eshtva, &c,
e.g. (1) prop up ; (2) confirm, help
to establish, give support to, find
ground for. Rp. egemeana. (Cf.
ega??ia, egesha, tegemea?)

Egemeo, n. {ma-), prop (e. g.
handrail or balustrade of" staircase),
support, ground of belief or action.
(Cf. prec. and t egemeo.)

Egesha, v. Cs. cause to rest, bring
into close contact, make secure, &c.
Egesha chombo pwani, bring a vessel
to land, moor, make fast. E. mashua
ngazini, secure a boat to the gang-
way of a ship. Sikumivegesha naye,
I did not bring him into contact
with him, introduce him to him,
make him a friend of his. Ps.
egeshwa. Ap. egesh-ea, -ewa, &c.

Rp. egeskana, e. g. moor two vessels
alongside, bring together, come into
contact.

Ehee, int. of assent (spoken with
rising intonation, and stress on last
syllable), yes, just so, I quite under-
stand. (Contr. Ee-he, ee-e, of
dissent, and cf. a-haa.)

Ekerahi, n. or Ikirahi, aversion,
disgust, horror, abhorrence,that which
provokes aversion, &c. (Ar. Cf. ki-
rihi, — the e- or i- representing Alif.)

-ekevu, a. having aptitude, having
capacity, — of persons. (Cf. wekevu,
and -elekevu, of which it is a shortened
form, -ekevu, for -eekevti, -elekevu.
See Elekea.)

Ekua, v. break, break up, break
down, cause to give way. Ekua

(fart, break through a concrete ceiling.
Nt. ekuka. Maji yameekua ngazi,
the water has broken down the steps
(by undermining them). Mwizi
ameektia mlango, the thief broke
down the door. Boriti ya dari
imeektika, a rafter of the ceiling has
given way. Also of breaking up a
road, or floor. (Perh. a variant of
wekua and tekua, with same meaning.
Cf. ege??iea and tege??iea.)

-ekundu, a. (nyekundu with D 4
(P), D 6,jekundu with D 5 (S)), ' red '
of all shades and varieties — scarlet,
purple, pink, &c. Of European com-
plexion ' fair, fresh, ruddy,' of native
' light-coloured, reddish yellow/ esp.
of Arabs. {-ekundu, -eupe, white,
and -eusi, black, are the only simple
adjs. of colour in Swahili, others are
supplied by reference to typical ob-
jects.)

*Ela, conj. also Ilia, Ila, except,
unless, but. (Ar., ' if not.' See Ilia.)

*Elafu, n. and a., a thousand.
(Ar. See Elfu.)

*-ele, a. sick, ill, bed-ridden.
(Ar. See Mwele, Uele.)

Elea, v. (1) float, be afloat, swim
(of things), be on the surface.
Chombo chaelea, the vessel is afloat.
Cs. ele-za, -zwa, set afloat, swim.
Cf. chelezo. (2) Of uncomfortable
internal feeling, moyo wanielea, my
heart palpitates, my stomach is upset,
I feel sick, I am nervous. Cs. eleza
moyo, nauseate, make nervous, affect
the heart or stomach. (3) fig. be
clear, be intelligible. Maneno yake
yamenielea, his statement is intelli-
gible to me, I understand what he
says. Ps. elewa. Siclewi maana, I
do not see the meaning. Cs. ele-za,
-zwa, explain, make clear. Ntaku-
eleza habari, I will explain the
matter to you. Also Ap. ele-zea,
-zewa, in same meaning. (Dist.
eleka, and elekea, which see.)

*Eleka, v. carry astride on the
hip— as native women do their chil-
dren, secured by the arm. Mama,

ELEKEA

59

EMBE

nieleke, mother, please cany me.
Asio ww ana na eleke jiwe hivi, who-
ever has not a child, let her just
bring a stone instead. Cs. form,
elekanya, pile up one on another.
(Ar. Cf. beba, and mbeleko.)

Elekea,v.Ap.alsoLekea,(i)point
to, be directed towards, incline to,
tend to, be opposite, face, correspond
to, agree with; (2) be rightly di-
rected, be satisfactory, turn out well,
succeed. Anaelekea kwenda, he is
inclined to go. Maneno haya ya-
meelekea, this matter has been satis-
factory. Cs. elek-eza, -ezwa, point,
direct, show the way to. Sermala
waria awalekeza waanafunzi bass,
the master carpenter merel) gives
directions to his apprentices. El.
chombo, steer a ship. El. bunduki,
aim a gun. El. kidole, point the
finger. El. njia, show the right
course. El. nia, direct attention.
Elekezana, come to an agreement
among themselves. Rp. elekeana,
be directed towards each other, or to
a common point, be facing one
another, be opposite (contradictory),
agree, correspond. Obs. also elekana,
correspond. Cs. eleke-anisha, -ani-
skwa. (Poss. conn, with Elea,

which see, and cf. follg.)

-elekevu, a. also -lekevu, and
-ekevu, handy, apt, having a capacity
for or a knack of. Mtu mwelekevu
wa kazi, a good capable workman.
(Cf. elekea, &c.)

Elemea, v. See Lemea.

*Elfeen, n. and a., two thousand.
(Ar. dual of elfu. Cf. syn. elfu
mbili.)

*Elfu, n. ( — , and ma-), also Elf,
Elafu, and a., a thousand, thousands.
Rd. elfu elfu, of enormous numbers,
myriads, -a elfti, thousandth. (Ar.
alf pi. alaf. Cf. elfeen, and syn.
mia kumi, and obs. e for a.)

*Elimisha, v. Cs. with variants
eleni'sha, limusha, impart knowledge
to, instruct, teach, educate. Ps.
elemiskwa. (Ar. Cf. elimu.)

*Elimu, n. and Ilmu, knowledge,
learning, wisdom, science, education,
doctrine, teaching. Elimu ndio
mwanga twngozao, knowledge is the
guiding light. (Ar. Cf. mwalimu,
maalamu, mtaalamu, elimisha, and
syn. hekima, busara, maarifa,
akili.)

-ema, a. {njema with D 4 (P), D 6,
je?na with D 5 (S)), good,— including
goodness of all kinds and degrees,
whatever commends itself to feelings,
taste, reason, or conscience, and
translatable in a corresponding va-
riety of ways, • pleasant, beautiful,
sensible, right.' Muungu ni mwema,
God is good. Chakula chema, nice
food. Kazi nje??ia, sound workman-
ship. Uso mwema, a handsome face.
Dawa njema lakini si njema, the
medicine is effective, but nasty. Lina-
lokuja kwa Muungu lote jettia, all is
good that comes from God. Vema,
adv., well, rightly, nicely, &c. A
common rejoinder of assent is vema,
also njema, ngema, very well, cer-
tainly. Sema vema, speak clearly.
Tengeneza vema, arrange carefully.
Sometimes without a noun, mema na
maovu ndio ulimwengu, the world is
a mixture of good and evil. (Cf.
syn. (in some senses) -zuri, -zima,
and contr. -baya, -ovu, -bovu. Oc-
casionally -ema, like -ote, -enyewe,
takes pronominal forms. Jawabu
le?na, a good answer. Zema haziozi,
good things never go bad.)

-embamba, a. (nyemb. with D 4
(P), D 6, jembamba with D 5 (S)),
narrow, thin, slim, pinched, confined;
(2) fine, delicate, minute (in texture,
fabric, grain). Mtu mw., a thin,
spare man. Mlango mw.,z. narrow
entrance, strait. Mchanga mw., fine
sand. Hewa nyemb., all-penetrating,
thin air. Ngtio nyemb., fine, thin
calico, gauze. (Cf. bamba, 7ibamba,
and contr. -fiana, -nene.)

Embe, n. ( — , and of size ma-),
mango, the fruit of the mwembe, very
plentiful for three months, Dec. to

EMBWE

60

ENDELEO

Feb., in Z. Various kinds are known
as einbe dodo, very large; sikio la
punda, long and narrow in shape ;
embe boribo, i.e. the Bourbon mango.
(See Mwembe, and Tunda. Dist.
uemde.)

Embwe, n. (ma-), a kind of gum
or glue. E. la mbuyu, a sticky paste
made from the fruit of the baobab
tree (mbuyu).

Enda, v. go — including a wide
range of meanings under the general
idea of motion, such as (i) go, move
forward, proceed, progress ; (2) begin
to go, start, set off; (3) go away,
depart, withdraw; (4) go on, keep
on, continue ; (5) move, have motion,
be in motion, act, work, operate ;
(6) make its way, occur, have a use,
be possible. (Cf. huenda, kwenda.)
Enda, go away, is commonly fol-
lowed by a pronom. adj. with pfx. z,
as if with njia in plur. understood.
Naenda zangu, I am going away.
Enda zako, go (you) away, also zake,
zetu, zenu, zao. The Rf. form jienda
is used of automatic, easy, or per-
petual motion, e.g. mashua inaji-
enda, the boat goes of itself. The
Rd. form enda enda denotes con-
tinued motion, ' go on and on.' Enda
is used in some phrases idiomatically
without idea of movement, e. g. enda
chafya, sneeze ; enda mwayo, yawn ;
enda zvazinm, be mad, act as a mad-
man. Enda is also used as a semi-
auxiliary with future meaning and
often followed by an Infinitive Mood
without the Infinitive sign ku-. Maji
yaenda letwa, water is going to be
brought, but usu. including the idea
of some one going for it. Watu
walikwenda kwitwa, the people were
sent for. Mwivi aenda hukumiwa,
the thief is going to be tried. (See
also -endapo.) Enda tembea, go a
walk. Enda kwa miguu, go on foot,
walk. Enda kwafrasi, ride. Enda
kwa gari, drive. Ap. (1) end-ea,
-ewa, -eka, ~ekeza, -eana, &c, go to
(for, by, in, &c). Endea kuni, go

for (to fetch) firewood. Jiendea, go
voluntarily, walk for pleasure, amuse
oneself, stroll about. (Contr. jienda
above.) Endeka, admit of going
upon, be passable, be practicable,
e. g. of a road. Njia hii haiendeki,
this road is impassable. Hakuendeki,
of the weather or circumstances gene-
rally, 'travelling is out of the question.'
Endekeza, make able to go, and so
' adapt, fit, put in order, put to rights.'
(2) End-elea, -elewa, -eleka, -eleza,
&c, (a) move on, progress, advance,
increase, often further defined by
mbele, forward. Endelea nyuma, go
back, recede, decrease, &c. (b) Con-
tinue indefinitely, have no end. (Cf.
mwendelezi, maendeleo, &c.) Ende-
leza, cause to go on, prolong, keep
working at, make progress with.
End. maneno, make a long speech.
End. mkeka, work at a mat. End.
waraka, go on with a letter. Ende-
leza is also used of spelling, i. e.
making the letters or words go on.
End: neno hili, spell this word.
Cs. end-esha, -eshwa, -es/iana, cause
to go, permit to go, assist to go,
send, dispatch, pay passage of, show
the way to, accompany, &c. Ende-
sha mtoto, teach a child to walk.
Endesha kazi, push on a job. Rp.
endana, e.g. magurudumii yake yana-
endana vizuri, its wheels all work
together beautifully, e. g. of watch-
work. (Cf. nenda, enenda, mwendo,
endeleo, mwendelezi, huenda, -endapo,
&c.)

-endapo, a verb-form used, with
Pers. Pfx., and sometimes endapo only
for all persons, as a conj. 'in case of,
if, when it happens that,' e. g. nend-
apo nikifa ao nikaugua, suppose
I died or was taken ill. (From enda
with the generalized meaning ' hap-
pen, take place,' and -po, which see.
Cf. huenda.)

Endeleo, n. (ma-), usually in plur.
form, going on, progress, advance,
success. (Cf. enda, mwendelezi }
&c.)

ENEA

61

■ENYEWE

Enea, v. be spread out (abroad,
over), be extended over (among, in),
be diffused in, permeate, cover whole
extent (of), become generally known
(among, to, in), be distributed (to),
be coextensive (with), correspond (to),
be suited (fitted, adapted, for), &c.
Muungu aenea dunia yote, God per-
vades the whole world, God is omni-
present. Maji yameenea me hi yote,
the water has inundated the whole
country. Amewagawanyia watu
nguo, lakini haikuenea, he distributed
cloth to the people, but it did not
go round. Upanga amekuenea, the
sword is just your size. Ps. enewa.
Cs. ene-za, -zwa, -zea, -zana, &c, (i)
spread, extend, cause to cov :r, dis-
tribute, make coextensive with, adapt,
suit; (2) compare, cause to fit, mea-
sure one thing with another, take
measure of, judge. Walienezana,
they compared themselves. Alieneza
mtoto wake, he took his son's measure.
(Cf. enenza.) Muungu amemwenezea
killa mtu riziki zake, God has put
the means of living in every man's
hands. Eneza habari, publish news,
divulge information, advertise. Rf.
jieneza. Alijieneza mwili mzima
selaha, he armed himself from head
to foot. (Cf. eneo, enezi, enejiza.)

Enenda, v. also Wenda, same as
enda in the simple senses, ' go, move,
proceed, go on,' but not used by
natives indiscriminately, and not usu-
ally in any derived forms. Waka-
enenda mji mwingine, and they went
to another town. Tumbo la ku-
enenda, diarrhoea.

Enenza, v. and Enza, (1) examine,
inspect, consider; (2) measure, take
the measure of, compare by measure-
ment. Rp. enenzana. (Cf. eneza
(2), with which it appears identical,
and enezi, but obs. enenzi follg., and
enenda. )

Enenzi, n. (ma-), esp. in plur.,
going, walking, pace, gait, way of
going on, behaviour. Maenenzi ya
polepole {ya haraka, ya tttesi), slow

(hasty, quick) going. (Cf. enenda,
enda, mzuenendo.)

Eneo, n. (ma-), extent, spread,
range, reach, province, covering
power, extent covered or affected,
sphere of influence. E. la Mu-

ungu, omnipresence of God. E. la
marathi, spread of sickness, affected
area. (Cf. enea, and follg.)

Enezi, n. (ma-), spreading out, ex-
tension, distribution. Cf. Muungu ni
mw enezi, God is the Great Giver.
Maenezi ya chakula, dealing out of
portions of food, making food go
round. (Cf. enea, enezi, eneo, &c.)

Enga, v. (1) split up, slice up, —
used of preparing cassava (tnuhogo) for
cooking. Also (2) coddle, pet, — of
treating a child with overcarefulness.
Sometimes Rd. enga-enga mtoto, spoil
a child (by petting). Ps. engwa.
Ap. eng-ea, -ewa. (Cf. engua.)

Engua, v. skim, take scum off, re-
move froth, &c, as of fermenting
liquor, or in cookery. Ap. eng-

ulia, -uliwa. (Cf. prec.)

-enu, a. pronom. of 2 Pers. P.,
your, yours, of you. (For the pre-
fixes, and use in combination with
ninyi or. wenyewe, or both, see -ake.)

-enyewe, a. (like -enyi, follows
the rules of the pronominal adjec-
tives, -angu, -ako, &c, as to agree-
ment with nouns) , used to express iden-
tity, distinctness, and (of persons)
personality. Mtu mwenyewe, the
man himself, the very person, the
particular individual. Kasha lenyewe,
the actual box. Vitu vye7iyewe,

the very things. Often with the
personal pronouns, mirni mwenyewe,
wewe mwenyewe, Sec, I myself, you
yourself, and sometimes with nafsi
added, nipo mitni mwenyewe nafsi
yangu, here I am, my own proper
particular seif. Sitaki mwenyewe,
I utterly refuse, I will not have it, —
a strong emphatic refusal. Also with
ji in reflexive verbs, e.g. alijiumiza
mwenyewe, he hurt himself. Mali
ya mwenyewe, the property of the

ENYI

62

EPUA

owner, i. e. of some one else, not mine
or yours. (Cf. -enyi, and mwenyewe.)

Enyi, int. of 2 Pers. P., You
there ! I say, you ! (For ee ninyi. Cf.
ewe for ee wewe.)

-enyi, a. (also -enye, following the
rules of pronominal adjectives, -angu,
&c., as to agreement with nouns),
having, possessing, with, in a state or
condition of. Always followed by a
noun or equivalent, defining the ob-
ject, state, condition, &c. referred to.
Largely used to supply the lack of
adjectives in Swahili, admitting as
it does of combination with (i)
Nouns, e. g. -enyi matt, wealthy,
-e. mawe, stony, -e. uzuri, beauti-
ful, -e. kuwa, self- existent, -e.
enzi, all-powerful, -e. watu wengi,
populous, -e. tumbo, corpulent,
-e. mimba, pregnant. (Cf. simi-

lar use of prep, -a.) (2) Verb-forms,
not only Infinitive, -enyi kutawala,
ruling, reigning, -e. kwenda, capable
of movement, &c, but - also finite
forms and even sentences, e.g. mwenyi
ameiba, the man who has stolen, the
thief. Mwejiyi hawezi, a sick man.
JVani mwenyi ataka kwenda ? Who
wants to go ? Hao tzdio wenyi
hatvakuwapo, these are the absentees.
Penyi, kwenyi, mwenyi are also
commonly used for defining time,
place, or circumstances. Penyi
mwitu, in a forest. Kwenyi Ijumaa,
on Friday. Mwenyi hapo, when
he is absent, in his absence. (Cf.
-enyewe, mwenyeji, mwenyi, mw-
inyi.)

Enza, v. See Enenza.

*Enzi, n. also Ezi, supreme
power, sovereignty, dominion, rule.
Mwenyi ezi Mngu, Almighty God.
Kiti cha enzi, chair of state, throne.
(Ar. Cf. syn. mamlaka, utawala,
nguvu, &c.)

Epa, v. get out of the way of,
avoid being hit by, swerve from,
flinch, shirk, e. g. of avoiding a mis-
sile, a blow, or any danger of the
sort. Epa Jiwe, avoid a stone.

Ps. epwa. Nt. epeka. Ap.

ep-ea, -ewa, -eka, -ekika. Epea is
also used for another point of view,
viz. fail to hit, not be in the line
of, miss a mark, i. e. of throwing a
missile, &c. Bunduki yaepea, the
gun misses, does not shoot straight.
But epeka, be avoided, be avoidable.
Inaepeka, it is avoidable,' you can
get out of the way of it. (Cs.
ep-esha, -eshwa. Rp. epana. Cf.
epua.)

-epesi, a. also sometimes -pesi
{nyepesi with D 4 (P), D 6, jepesi
with D 5 (S)), (1) quick, agile, swift,
active, nimble, willing, energetic ;
(2) overquick, hasty, rash, impa-
tient, fiery, quick-tempered ; (3)
light (in weight, importance, &c),
easily moved, light in texture, fine,
thin, delicate, insignificant, of no
weight or consequence. Adv.

upesi. Njoo upesi, come at once.
(Cf. tipesi, also rahisi, light in weight,
and contr. -ziio, and as adv. hima,
marra moja, sasa hivi.)

Epua, v. also Ipua (which see),
put out of the way, move away, take
off, remove. Epua chungu motoni,
take the pot off the fire. (Cf.
contr. teleka, put on.) Nt. epuka

(see below). Ap. epu-lia, -liwa,
-lika. Chuma cha kuepulia sufuria,
an iron handle for lifting off a cook-
ing-vessel. Hence epu-liza, -lizwa,
cause to remove, allow to take away.
Cs. epu-sha, -shwa, Intens., reject,
put away, avoid, keep at a distance.
Nimepushwa, I am kept from, for-
bidden to do (take, &c). Rp.
epushana, e. g. of people refusing to
recognize each other in passing.
Nt. epuka, used as independent verb,
like epa, avoid, get out of the way of,
abstain from, withdraw from, keep
from. Ananiepuka, he avoids me,
keeps out of my way, — also anaepuka
nami. Ps». epukwa, be avoided.
Ap. epuk-ia, -iwa. Cs. epuk-isha,
-ishwa. Rp. epiikana, be estranged,
disunited, discordant, keep out of

-EREVU

63

each other's way, — less pointed and
deliberate than epushana above. (Cf.
epa.)

-erevu, a. (iiyerevu with D 4 (P),
D 6, jerevu with D 5 (S)), shrewd,
clever, cunning, resourceful, canny,
crafty, — not often a term of praise,
but not always in disparagement,
as -janja. (Perh. cf. elea, mwele-
wa, and follg., and contr. -jinga,
-pumdafu.)

Erevuka, v. become shrewd, be
clever, have worldly wisdom, have
the eyes open. Cs. erevu-s/ia,

-s/iwa, make wise, teach prudence to,
open the eyes of, initiate in the ways
of the world. (Cf. prec.)

*Esha, n. also Isha, th latest
Mahommedan hour of prayer. Ku-
sali esha, to attend evening prayers.
Used for period from 6.30 p.m. to
8.30 p.m. (Ar. See Sala.)

-etu, a. pronom. of 1 Pers. P.,
our, ours, of us. (For the prefixes
and use in combination with sisi,
or wenyewe or both, see -ake.)

Eua, v. (sometimes heard as aua,
cf. geuza, gauzd), make white, whiten,
clean, cleanse, purify, perh. only used
in a ceremonial sense, purification
after defilement by the usual Mahom-
medan rites, or a sprinkling as a
charm against disease. Mwa-

namke ameeuliwa ujusi, the woman
has been purified of her uncleanness.
(Cf. -eupe } weuo, and syn. takasa,
tohara.)

-eupe, a. (iiyeupe with D 4 (P),
D 6, j eupe with D 5 (S)), (1) white,
of any shade or kind, light-coloured,
bright, clear, transparent; (2) clean,
clear of all obstruction, open, un-
occupied ; (3) pure, righteous. Watu
wetipe, white people, Europeans, but
it is also used of light-coloured Arabs,
Indians, Abyssinians, &c. Moyo
mweupe, a pure, honourable, upright
character. Inchi haina mwitu, ny-
eupe, the country is open and tree-
less. Peupe, an open place, clearing
in a forest, square in a town, unoccu-

pied ground. Kwcupe, dawn of day,
morning light, fine weather. (Cf.
opp. -eusi, also -ekundu and note,
eua, &c, and for c brightness' wetipe,
mini, uangafu, mwanga.)

-eusi, a. (nyeusi with D 4 (P),
D 6, jeusi with D 5 (S)), black (of
any shade or kind), dark-coloured,
gloomy, dim, dusky, dark, including
dark shades of blue, green, red, &c,
colours being mainly grouped accord-
ing to relative lightness and darkness.
Watu weusi, natives (in general),
i.e. non-Europeans. (Cf. weusi,
giza, and opp. -eupe, &c.)

Ewaa, int. or Eewaa, commonly
used in assent, by inferiors or slaves,
'Yes, Sir! Certainly, Sir!' Also
of approval, ' Just so, that is right.'
(Ar. = ee wallah, Yes, by God. Cf.
Inshallah, wallai, &c.)

Ewe, int. for ee wewe, You there !
I say, you ! — in calling attention or in
remonstrance.

Ewedeka, v. See Wewedeka.

Eza, v. See Enza for Enenza.

Ezeka, v. thatch, cover with thatch,
i. e. usually with grass, reeds, or
cocoanut leaves, makuti. E. paa,
cover a roof with thatch. E. ny-
timba, thatch a house. Ps. ezekwa.
Ap. ezekea, of men or material, sina
mtu wa {malt ya) kuniezekea, I have
no one (no means) to do my thatch-
ing. (Cf. follg.)

Ezua, v. take thatch off, strip a
roof, uncover the rafters, — as is done,
e. g. in Z., when a fire is spreading.
(Cf. prec.)

F.

2? represents the same sound as in
English.

F and v are not distinguished
in Arabic, and in some Svvahili
words they .gre not clearly distin-
guishable, as in the adjectival termi-
nation -fu or -vu, e. g. in -kamilifu,
•vumilivu, and in words like futa
(vula), Jiritiga (viringa), fzikiza
(vukiza), funda {vunja), though a

FA

64

FAHAMIT

difference of meaning is often in-
volved. Cf. faa and vaa, fua and
viia, &c. Hence words not found
under F may be looked for under V.

F before the causal formative -y
sometimes represents p in the simple
verb, e. g. ogopa has a Cs. form
ogofya as well as ogofisha, and apa
has afya as well as apisha, apiza.
(Cf. similar change of v for b in
gomba, ugomvi, iba, mwivi.)

Fa, v. (also kufa in some forms.
For the use of ku- before monosylla-
bic verb-roots see Ku- 1 (</).) (i)
die, perish, cease to be (live, act,
work, feel) ; (2) lose strength,
decay, fade, be benumbed ; (3)
come to an end. Wengi walikufa
vitani, many died in war. Kufa,
or kufa kwa, marathi {iijaa, maji,
baridi, &c), to die by pesti-
lence (famine, drowning, cold, &c).
Njia imektifa, the path is disused.
Sheria inakufa, the law is falling
into abeyance, becoming obsolete.
Aip.fia,fwa, esp. (1) in local sense,
fa barra (bahari), die up country
(at sea), and (2) in a pathetic sense,
die to the loss or sorrow of, e. g.
amefa mamaye, he has died to his
mother's sorrow, he has died and
left his mother to mourn him.
Maua yamenifia kwa jtia, the sun
has killed my poor flowers. Kufa
jua and kufa jua are used of sun-
stroke. Esp. common in .the Ps.,
i.e. fwa, have a death in one's
family or among one's friends. Ku-
mefitva, there has been a death.
Alifiwa na mtoto, he lost his child.
Nakitnbia pafiwapo ,nakimbilia pali-
wapo, I xun from a house of mourn-
ing, I run to a house of feasting.
Cs. fs/ia, fishwa, fishia, fisliiwa,
fshana, cause to die, put to death.
Amemfishia kazi yake, he has ruined
his work. Jifisha, destroy oneself, —
of suicide. (Cf. -fu, ufu, kifo,
fufua, ?ffa.)

Faa, v. be of use, be good of its
kind, help, be enough, do (i. e. suf-

fice). Zawadi yako ilinifaa sana,
your present was of great service to
me. Itafaa, it will do. Haifai, it
is of no use, nonsense, rubbish. Ma-
neno yasiyofaa, improper language.
Kufaa hakuthtiru, being of use does
no harm. Ps. fawa (not usual).
Ap. falia, faliwa, faliana. Rp.

faana, give mutual assistance, &c.
(Cf. mafaa, kifaa. Fana is some-
times used for faa. Cf.fanikia.)

Fafanisha, v. also Fafanusha,
liken, compare, explain (i. e. use
comparison and illustration), make
clear. Nifafanishe na nini ? What
shall I liken it to? Fafanisha ma-
neno, explain a statement, make a
clear statement. (Cf. mfano, fa-
nana, and follg.)

Fafanua, v. (1) explain ; also (2)
recognize, understand, see clearly.
Nt.fafamika, be clear, be known, be
intelligible. With Ap. fafanukia,
be clear to. Nyumba ya Sultani
imefafanukia, the Sultan's place is
clearly in view. K^.fafanu-lia, -liwa,
make clear to. Cs.fafami-ska, -shwa,
make clear, explain. (Cf. mfano,
fanana, fafanisha, and syn. tambua,
pa7nbanua, e/eza.)

Fagia, v. sweep (with brush,
broom, besom). Ps. fagiwa. Ap.
fagi-lia, -liwa, sweep at, sweep away
(for, with, in, &c). Sinaya kufagilia,
I have nothing to sweep with. Pame-
fagiliwa vizuri, the place is beauti-
fully swept. (fZi.fagio, ufagio.)

Fagio, n. {nia-) } a large brush,
broom, besom, — for sweeping floors,
&c. (Cf. common ufagio.)

*Fahali, n. (ma-), bull, seldom in
Z. of other male animals. Mafahali
waw-ili hawakai zizi moja, two bulls
cannot live in the same farmyard.
But used descriptively of men, of
special manliness, vigour, courage,
&c. (Ar. -of male horse or camel.)

*-fahamifu, a. intelligent, acute,
with quick comprehension, having a
good memory. (Ar. Cf. fahamu.)

*Fahamu, v. (1) know, perceive,

FAHARI

65

FANYA

comprehend, understand ; (2) remem-
ber, recall to mind, bear in mind ;
(3) be conscious, have one's senses.
Often in Imperat. as a kind of ex-
pletive. Fahamu ! or merely Fa-
ham I Take notice ! Observe ! Lo
and behold ! I tell you ! Ps. fahami-
wa. ~N\..fahamika. A-p.faha?u-ia,
•iwa. Cs. faham-isha, ishwa, cause
to know, inform, instruct, remind,
put in mind. — n. sense, conscious-
ness. Kupata fahamu, recover con-
sciousness, come to one's senses.
Hana fahamu ya moyo, he has lost
consciousness. (Ar. Cf. tanibua,
jua, sikia, and for ' remember,' kti-
mbuka ; also ufahamti, ufahamifu.)

*Fahari, n. (1) grandeur, glory,
pomp, sublimity, magnificence ; (2)
display, show, ostentation. Su/tani
anakaa kwa fahari kubwa, the Sultan
lives in great state. Piga fahari, play
the grandee, make a vulgar show of
wealth. So fanyaf,j'ifanyaf — v.
VS.jifaharisha, make a display, show
off.

*Faida, n. and Fayida, profit,
gain,, advantage, interest. (Ar. Cf.
chumo, pato.~)

*Faidi, v. get profit (from), derive
benefit (from, by), turn to good ac-
count, prosper. Ap.faid-ia, -iwa.
Cs.faidisha. (Ar. Q{. syn.c htima.)

*Faitika, v. be delayed, be kept
back, be hindered (from going, &c).
(Ar.)

*Fakiri, n. a poor person, beggar.
(Ar. Cf. fukara, and syn. maskini,
mwombaji.)

*Falaki, n. astronomy, astrology,
esp. in the phrase piga f. , i. e. (1) take
the omens, by observing the stars or
other ways. Also (2) fig. take time to
consider. (Ar. Cf. piga bao, una-
jimu, ramli, ndege, &c, and follg.)

*Fali, n. omen. (Arab.)

Fanana, v. be like, be similar,
resemble, — with na of object com-
pared. Qs. fananisha, make like,
liken, compare. (Cf. mfano, and
syn. lingana.)

Fanikia, v. turn out well for,

succeed. Fs.fanihiwa, have (a thing)

turn out well, succeed, prosper. Cs.

fanik-isha, -ishwa, -ishia, -ishiiva.

(Cf.fanya, and J ana, faa.)

*Fanusi, n. lantern, lamp. (Ar.)
Fanya, v. make. One of the com-
monest verbs in Swahili, always im-
plying some result, purpose, or ob-
ject, beyond mere act, for which
tenda is used. Its many applications
may be distinguished as — (1) make,
make to be, produce, manufacture.
F. kasha (nj'ia, shamba), make a
box (road, plantation). Zifanywazo,
manufactured articles. F. ndege, make
a (model of, picture of, an artificial)
bird. (Cf. timba, and huluku, of
actual creation.) F. mayai, produce
eggs. F. mali, amass wealth. F.
shauri, make a plan, consider. (2)
Do, work at, engage in (of the opera-
tion rather than the result' 1 . F. hazi,
work, labour. F biashara, carry on
trade. F. shughuli, attend to busi-
ness. Nifanyeni ? What steps am I
to take ? F. vyovyote, act recklessly,
at random. (3) Bring about a result,
cause, compel. F. aende, take steps
to make him go, make him go. (This
sense is usually expressed by the
Causative form of verbs, or by another
word of definite compulsion, e. g.
lazimu, shurutisha, juzu.) (4) Bring
into play, allow to happen, give spon-
taneous vent to, esp. of the feelings,
' feel, show.' F. furaha, rejoice.
F. hofu (hasira), be afraid (angry).
F. fahari, give oneself airs, play the
grandee. (5) Make in imagination,
suppose, regard as. Umenifanya
nmni mgonjiva, you thought (made
out) that I was ill (when I was not).
Jifanya, make oneself, pretend to be,
disguise oneself as. Usifanye mzaha,
do not suppose it is a joke, do not
make fun of it. Ps. fanywa. Nt.
fanyika, e. g. be done, be able to be
done, be practicable. Hence fany-
ikia, -ikiwa, be done for (for the
benefit of, &c), turn out well for ;

FARA

66

FARIKI

and also 'be favourable to, favour,
give prosperity to.' Nimefatiyikiwa,
I have prospered, things have gone
well with me. Ap. fany-ia, -iwa,
-iana, e. g. do for (to, with, at, &c).
Cs. fany-iza, -izwa ; also fanza,
fanzwa. Hence fany-izia, -iziwa,
-izika, fanzia, fanziwa, cause to
make, cause a making of, cause to
be made, repair, put in order, mend,
have (a thing) done (by giving or-
ders, personalattention, &c.) , provide,
get ready. Nifanzie nyumba Mi,
have this house put in order for me.
Ntafanyiza, I will have it done (see
to it). Fanza chakula, get a meal
ready. Sometimes intensive, e. g.
wakamfanza killa namna, they did
all sorts of things to him (of ill-
treatment). Rp.fanyana, of mutual,
concerted action, co-operation, e. g.
with kazi, work ; shauri, delibera-
tion ; biashara, trade. (In some of
the deriv. forms, thej sound is often
not distinguishable, e. g. faniza,
fanika, and o.i.fanikia,v. Cf. tenda,
which can sometimes be used con-
vertibly with fanya.)

*Fara, n. brim, brimful. Pishi
yafara, a full ^*.s7« (see Pishi"), about
6 oz. weight. Fara ya pishi is also
used for 1 2 pishi, i. e. fara, a dozen.
Adv. fara, or farafara, e. g. kujaa
farafara, to be full to the brim, be
quite full. (Ar. Cf. furifuri i
furika, and perh. fura. s )

*Faragha, n. privacy, seclusion,
leisure, retirement, Secrecy. Sinaf.
leo, I have no time to-day, I am en-
gaged. Faraghani, in seclusion, in
secrecy. Kwa faragha, and as adv.
faragha, secretly, privately. (Ar.
Cf. siri, upweke, utawa, eda.)

*Faraja, n. comfort, relief, cessa-
tion of pain, ease, consolation. Pata
f, be relieved. (Ar. Ci.firiji, and
follg., and syn. baridi, uttdizo.)

*Farajika, v. Nt. See Fariji.
(Ar.)

*Faraka, n. a comb-like instru-
ment for keeping threads apart,

part of a weaver's loom. (Ar. Cf.
fariki.)

*Farakana, v. become parted, be
estranged, be separated. Kufara-
kana hakuvunji knjuana, separation
is not the end of acquaintance. (Ar.
Cf. faraka, fariki?)

*Faranga, n. {ma-), young bird,
nestling, and esp. chick, chicken.
(? Ar. faruj. Cf. syn. kinda, mtoto
wa ktiku.)

-faransa, a. and Fransa, Farasa,
French. Mfaransa, a Frenchman.
Kifransa, the French language, of
the French kind. Ufransa, ox Fransa,
or Ulaya Fransa, France (from Fran-
fais) .

*Farasi, n., commonly Frasi,
horse. Enda kwa frasi, ride, go
on horseback (contr. enda kwa
miguii). Mpanda frasi, a horseman,
trooper (in cavalry). Panda frasi
(or, juu ya frasi), mount a horse.
Shuka put ya frasi, dismount. Also
used in joinery, — cross-bar, tie-beam.
(Ar.)

*Farathi, n. (1) a matter of neces-
sity, obligation, prescribed duty, esp.
of religion. Nina farathi ya kula,
I am bound to have some food (cf.
lazima, sharti). (2) Place of resort,
haunt, usual abode. Chakula pale
tdapo, ndio farathi yako, where you
take your meals, that is your abode.
(Ar.)

*Fariji, v. comfort, console, re-
lieve, ease, bless. Ps. farijiwa.
Nt. farijika (and farajikd). Ha-
farijiki kabisa, she is quite incon-
solable. Ap. farij-ia, -iwa, -iana.
(Ar. Cf. faraja, mfariji, and syn.
burudisha, ttiliza.)

*Fariki, v. (1) depart (from), part
company (with), but esp. (2) die, de-
cease. Hawezi kumfariki mkewe,
he cannot bear to leave his wife.
Amefariki dunia, he has departed
this life (lit. from the world). Ap.
farik-ia, -iwa, -iana. Amefarikiwa
na mumewe, she has lost her hus-
band (by death or desertion). Cs.

FARO

67

FELEJI

farik-isha, -ishwa, separate, set
apart, put away. Rp. see Fara-
kana. (Ar. Cf. faraka, and syn.
ondoka, tenga, and for ' die/ fa.)

*Faro, n. See Kifaro.

*Faroma, n. or Faruma, a block
or mould to put caps on after wash-
ing, to prevent shrinking and pre-
serve shape. (Ar.)

*Farumi, n. ballast in a ship.
Chombo halina kitu, utie farumi ki-
pate kuwa kizito, the dhow is empty,
put some ballast on board to give it
weight. (Hind.)

*Fashini, n. a block of wood
fastened to the stern post {bumid)
in a native-built vessel, and carrying
the rudder (insukani).

*Fasihi, a. correct, pure, elegant,
lucid (in taste or style), esp. of utter-
ance or writings. Nif. wa kusema,
he has a good style of speaking.
(Ar. Cf. tifasihi, and syn. swaji.)

*Fasiki, n. an immoral, profligate,
vicious person. (Ar. Cf. ufasiki,
and syn. asherati, mfsadi.)

*Fasili, n. sprout, shoot. Huna
asili wala fasili, you have neither
root nor offshoot, i. e. family or con-
nexions, position or prospects.
(Arab.)

*Fasiri, v. explain, interpret,
translate. Ps. fasiriwa. Nt. fa-
sirika. Ap.fasir-ia, -iwa. Cs.
fasiri-sha, -shwa. (Ar. Cf. ufa-
siri, tafsiri, and syn. fafanua,
eleza.)

*Fataki, n. gun cap. Also used
of crackers, and other small fireworks.
(Ar.)

*Fathaa, n. and Fazaa, dismay,
confusion, perplexity, trouble, dis-
quiet, bustle, agitation. Muungu
hana fathaa, yuna saburi, God is
not hasty, but patient. Shikwa na
f, be thrown into confusion. (Ar.
of fear. Cf. follg. and syn. ghasia,
B. mashaka, matata.)

*Fathaika, v. be troubled, dis-
turbed, confused, &c, see Fathaa.
Cs. fatha-isha, -ishwa, abash, con-

found, startle. (Ar. Cf. fathaa,
and syn. angaika, stuka.)

*Fathili, v. do a kindness (to),
confer a favour (on), put under an
obligation, esp. as the act of a su-
perior. Ps. fathiliwa. Nt. fa-
thilika, receive a favour. Muungu
hafathiliwi, there is no such thing as
doing God a favour. Cs. fathili-
sha, -shwa, put under an obligation.
— n. also Fathali, favour, kindness,
benefit, privilege. A kill ni f aliyo-
fathiliwa bin Adamu, intellect is a
special privilege conferred on man.
Nimekula f. yao, I have experienced
kindness from them, I am under an
obligation to them. Hana (or hajui)
f, he has no sense of favour, he is
ungrateful. Lipa f, return a kind-
ness. (Ar. Cf. afathali, tafathali.)

*Fatiha, n. and FafrLha, a Ma-
hommedan office, or form of service,
usually a reading from the Coran,
used at various ceremonies, e. g.
marriage, a funeral, visiting a grave,
occupying a new house, starting on
an expedition. (Properly, but not
only, of an opening or introductory
service, cf. hitima similarly of a
closing service.) Somaf, loaf, per-
form a service, usually the office of a
mwalimu. Jumbe akawao?nbea fa-
tiha wavuvi, the chief had a dis-
missal service for the fishermen.
(Ar. Cf. sala, hitima, buruda, hu-
tuba, &c.)

*Fatiish.i, v. prey, search, be in-
quisitive. (Ar. Cf. tafiti.)

*Faulu, v. (i) of a vessel, get
round (a point), get past, weather,
and hence (2) succeed, obtain one's
wish. Amefaulu, he has made his
point, he has scored. (Ar. Cf.
syn. pata, shinda, fanikiwa.)

Feka, v. also Fyeka, clear away
trees and brushwood, clear forest
land. Feka mwitu, make a clearing
in a forest.

Felefele, n. an inferior kind of
millet (Mtama).

*Feleji, n. or Fereji, steel of a

F 2

FELETI

68

FIDIA

good quality. Upanga wa/., a long
straight double-edged sword, often
carried by Arabs. (Ar. Cf. pua.)

*Feleti, v. discharge, let go, re-
lease, procure release of, esp. of
discharging an obligation or debt for
some one. (Arab. Cf. fungua,
komboa.)

*Feli, n. act, deed, way of acting.
Ndio fell ya yule mtoto, that is what
the boy did, the way he went on.
Umrudi aache fieli yoke, reprove him
that he may leave off his (bad) ways.
(Arab. Cf. syn. B. Undo, kitendo,
kazi.)

*Fenessi, n. {ma-), jack-fruit. See
Mfenessi. F. la kizungu is used of
both durian, and bread-fruit.

*Feraji, n. {via-), a large ditch,
channel. Cf. more usual mfereji.
(Ar. Cf. handaki, shimo.)

*Feruzi, n. turquoise, — a common
name among the lower classes, like
Almasi, diamond. (Ar.)

*Fetaa, v. commonly Fetwa, give
a legal decision, judge a point (of
Mahommedan) law, give judgement.
Ps. fetiwa, be judged, be sentenced.
(Arab, for usual hukunm, amua.)

*Feth.a, n. (i) silver; (2) money,
coin, cash, — in general. Mkufu wa
/., silver neck-chain, — often of great
length, as a convenient means of
investing and storing money. Ana
f. nyingi, he is very wealthy. F.
tayari (or, mkononi), ready money,
cash (cf. taslivm, nakudi). F. ya
kuchwa, a day's pay. (Ar. Cf.
for 'coin,' sarafu, pesa.)

*Fethaluka, n. marijani ya /.,
the true red coral. Ushanga wa /.,
?a shiny semi-transparent kind of
bead. (Cf. marijani, and akiki.)

*Fetheha, n. disgrace, a disgrace-
ful thing, shame, scandal. (Ar.
Cf. follg. and syn. aibu, haya.)

*Feth,ehe, v. disgrace, bring shame

on, dishonour, put to shame. Ps.

fethehewa. Nt. fetheheka. Cs.

fetheh-esha, -eshwa. (Ar. Cf.

aibisha, tahayarisha, tweza.)

*Feuli, n. baggage compartment,
in stern of native vessel.

*Fi, prep, on, with, in such
phrases as saba ji saba, seven by
seven, seven times seven ; also ex-
pressed by saba marra saba, seven
times seven. (Arab.)

Fia, v. Ap. See Fa.

Fiata, v. See Fyata.

Ficha, v. hide (from), conceal
(from), disguise, take shelter (from),
give shelter (to), cover. With double
obj. Amenificha habari, he concealed
the news from me. Alimficha kq/ia,
he hid his cap from him. Ps.

fichwa, (1) be hidden from (some-
thing) ; (2) be kept from seeing
(knowing, hearing something). Nt.
fichika. Ap. fich-ia, -iwa. Alim-
fichia kojia, he hid his cap for him
(at his request), or from him, i.e.
to his loss or sorrow, like the Pr.
ficha. Cs.fich-isha, -ishwa. Rp.
fichana, conceal (or, hide) from each
other ; fichamana, hide themselves
away all together (or, by common
consent). Rf. jificha, &c. Kuji-
ficha mvna, take shelter from rain.
Kihema cha kujifichia, a tent to take
refuge in. Bandari hii imejificha
kwa upepo mbaya, this port is shel-
tered from dangerous winds. (Cf.
kificho, mfichifichi, mfichaji, and syn.
setiri,funika.)

Ficho, n. usually in plur., i. e. ma-
ficho, hiding-place, concealment, dis-
guise. (Ci. ficha.)

*Fidi. v. ransom, pay ransom for,
deliver by payment. Mali yake
imemfidi katika kifungo, his wealth
got him out of prison. Vs.fidiwa.
Ap. fidia. Amemfidia babaye kwa
reale mia, he has paid ransom for his
father with a thousand dollars. • (Ar.
Cf. dia, fidia, kifidio, and common
syn. komboa, ukombozi.)

*Fidia, n. ransom, fine, money paid
as composition or reparation. Hnyu
hawi fidia ya gidamu ya kiatu cha
babangu, he is not worth my father's
shoe-lace. (Ar. Cf. dia, and prec.)

FIFIA

69

FINGIRIKA

Fifia, v. be dying away, fade, pine,
dribble away, disappear, e.g. of a
flower, an ink spot, a scar, &c.
Ps. fifiwa. Ap. Jifi-lia, -liwa.

Rangiyake imefifilia mbali, its colour
has completely faded away. Cs.
ffi-liza, -Hzwa, e. g. jua limefifiliza
mwanga wa mwili, the sun has taken
all the gloss off the body. Also of
money disappearing gradually, ' filch
away/ {Qi.fa, die, and fufua.)

Figa, n. esp. in plur. majiga, i. e.
three stones used as a tripod to sup-
port a cooking pot over a fire. Also
called mafya (see Jifya), but the
common word in Z. town is meko
(for majiko, see Jiko).

Figili, n. {ma-), and Fijili, a kind
of radish, both root and leaves being
used as vegetables. See Mfigili.

Figo, n. {ma-), kidney, but in Z.
usually nso, which see.

Fika, v. arrive (at), reach, get to,
come (to). F. Unguja, arrive at
Zanzibar. F. mji, or tnjini, arrive
at a town. F. kwake, reach
his home. Ap. Jik-ia, -iwa, -ika,
-iana. Waraka wako mnenifikia,
your letter has reached me. Fikika,
be accessible, be approachable, be
hospitable (cf.Jika, karibika). Also
fik-ilia, -iliwa. Nimefikiliwa, I have
had an arrival of guests, I am engaged
with visitors. Fikiliza, see below.
Cs.Jik-isha, -ishiva, -iza,-izwa, -iliza,
-ilizwa, with further deriv. jikishia,
Jikilizia, &c. Chakula hiki kitaniji-
kisha kwetu, this food will take me
home. Ntai}ifikisha mbele njiani,
I will conduct him some way on the
road. Alimfikishia mbele mzigo, he
carried his load ahead for him. Fiki-
liza mabaya, bring evil (on). Fiki-
liza ahadi, perform a promise, carry
out an engagement. Fikilishia matu-
kano, abuse. Fikizana and other
Rp. forms, see below. ~R^.Jika7ia,
arrive together. Hence fikanisha.
Fikiana, meet together, arrive at
same place. Fikizana, fikilizana,
jikiliana. Mane7io haya yanafiki-

liana, these statements converge on
the same point, come to the same
thing, coincide. (Cf. mfiko, and

syn./a {jia), pata {patia), &c.)

*Fikara, n. and Fikira, thought,
thoughtfulness, meditation, considera-
tion, reflection, esp. in the plur. Ana
f. zake, he is thoughtful. Yuko
katikaf. zake, he is buried in thought.
Wamepata f. ya kujenga, they have
got an idea of building. (Ar. Cf.
fikiri, ufikira?)

Fikicha, v. crumble in the fingers,
rub to pieces, e. g. of lumps in flour,
clods of earth, and husking grain by
rubbing. Vs.Jikichwa. Nt.jiki-
chika, -kana, be crumbly, easily
crumbled, friable. Ap. fiki-chia,

-chiwa.

*Fikiri, v. think (about), ponder
(over\ meditate (upon), consider,
reflect (about). Also Rd. of deep or
repeated thought. ' Ps. Jikiriwa.
Nt. Jikirika. Ap. fikiria, -iwa.

Cs.Jikir-isha, -ishwa, cause to think,
make thoughtful, sober. (Ar. Cf.
waza, tia moyoni, and dist. thani,
nia.)

Filia,v. Ap. from fa, fia (which see).

*Filifili, n. ( — ), a carpenter's
square. (Hind.)

Filimbi, n. a kind of flute. Mpi-
gafilimbi, a flute-player.

*Filisi, v. sell up, declare bank-
rupt, distrain on goods of, make
bankrupt, ruin. Wall alimfilisi
Abdallah, the governor sold up
Abdallah. Ps. Jilisiwa. Nt.

filisika, — of person or goods. Ab-
dallah amefilisika, Abdallah is bank-
rupt, has lost all his money. Ap.
filis-ia, -iwa. Cs.Jilis-isha, -ishwa.
(Ar.) •

Fimbo, n. a stick, esp. a light
stick carried in the hand, a walking-
stick, a switcfc. (Cf. bakora for
various kinds of stick, and ufito.)

Finessi, n. See Fenessi.

Fingirika, v. (also occurs as
bingirika, and so in deriv. forms),
go by rolling (by turning round), roll

FHNTYA

70

FO-FO-FO

round, berolled along, as a log — not as
a stationary revolving wheel (cf. zu-
nguka), but implying movement, e. g.
of a wounded snake. Cs. fingir-
isha, -ishwa, push along something
round, roll (something) along. Usi-
choweza kuchiikua, ufingirishe, what
you cannot carry, move by rolling.
(Cf. viringa, viringika, mviringo,
where v seems a variant for f. Also
cf. zunguka, &c. of circular motion,
and duara, duru.)

Finya, v. (i) pinch, pinch up,
press with fingers or nails, nip ; (2)
make (or, be) narrow (pinched, con-
tracted). Alinifinya nikalia, he
gave me a pinch, and I screamed.
F. jicho, half close the eye, as in
dozing. F. uso, wrinkle the face,
frown. Kiata chanifinya, the shoe
is tight (pinches me). Rd. finya-
finya, used of pinching up, or crumb-
ling small, as food for children. (Cf.
vinyaJ) Kpfinyana, (1) be pinched
together, be wrinkled, be creased, be
folded ; (2) be narrowed, contracted,
cramped, confined. Uso umefinyana,
his face is frowning (wrinkled).
Mlango umefinyana, the door is
narrow. Adui sharti afinyane, the
enemy must certainly shrivel up.
{Ci. finyo zndfinyanga; and for pinch-
ing, nyakua, and for making folds or
creases, kunja, kunjamana.)

Finyanza, v. also Finyanga,
Finyanja, knead clay, with hands
or feet, as potters do, and hence ' do
potters' work, make vessels of clay,'
i. e. fanya vyombo vya udongo.
(Cf. mfinyanzi, and finya, of which
finyanza seems to be a derivative,
equivalent to finyanisha.)

Finyo, n. {ma-), crease, fold,
narrow place, narrowness. Mafinyo
ya uso, wrinkles on the face, whether
of a frown or grimace. Njia y a finyo,
a narrow road. (Cf. finya.)

Fira, v. commit sodomy, adultery,
fornication. Rp.firana.

*Firaka, n. penis. (Arab. Cf.
syn. B. mboo. Ci.fariki.)

Firigisi, n. gizzard.

*Firuzi, n. See Feruzi. (Ar.)

*Fisadi, n. {ma-), a corrupter,
esp. a corrupter of women, a seducer,
an immoral person. (Ar. Cf.

ufisadi, fisidi, and syn. fasiki, mto-
ngozi.)

Fisha, v. Cs. of fa, which see.

Fisi, n. the common kind of hyaena.
(Cf. kingubwa.)

*Fisidi, v. also Fisadi, corrupt,
seduce, esp. of corrupting women.
(Ar. Ci.fisadi)

*Fithuli, a. and -fithuli, arro-
gant, insulting, officious, self-assert-
ing. (Ar. Cf. t fithuli, mfithuli,
and follg.)

*Fithulika, v. be arrogant, bluster,
use insulting lapguage, swagger, be
insolent. Ap. fithuli-kia, -kiwa,

be insolent to. (Ar. Cf. fithuli,

and kiburi.)

*Fitina, n. (1) discord, variance,
antagonism, quarrelling, misunder-
standing. Fanya /., tia /., cause
discord, slander, be cause of discord.
(2) Tumult, mutiny, insurrection ; (3)
a source of discord, an agitator, a
fire-brand. Akatokea mtu mmoja
fitina, a certain mischief-worker
appeared on the scene. (Ar. Cf.
follg. and ufitina, ugomvi, ztasi.)

*Fitini, v. cause discord (among\

make mischief, set at variance, cause

to quarrel, make mutinous. Ps.

fitiniwa. Nt. fitinika. Ap.

fitin-ia, -iwa, -ika. Cs. fitin-isha,

- ishwa . Rp . filiniana.

*Fitiri, n. alms and presents given
at the end of Ramathan, the Mahom-
medan month of fasting. (Ar. Cf.
futari, futuru.)

Fito, n. plur. of uflto, which see.

Fiwa, v. Ps. Ap. of fa, which
see.

Fiwi, n. a kind of bean used as
food in Z., Cape bean. (For others,
cf. kunde, choroko, mbaazi, dengu.)

Fo-fo-fo, adv. kufafo-fo-fo, to die
outright, sudden death. (Cf.fa, -fu,
kifo,fifia, fufua. )

FOROMALI

71

FUAWA

*Foromali, n. yard (of a ship), i. e.
tnti wa kufungia tanga, the spar
that carries the sail. It is controlled
by braces fore, baraji, and aft, hama-
rawi, and hoisted by the henza, which
see, and cf. tanga.

*Forsadi, n. fruit of the mulberry
tree (mforsadi).

*Fortha, n. and Forotha, custom-
house. The locative form forthani is
commonly used in Z. for the place, and
also for the district (mtaa), in which
it is situated. (Ar.)

*Frasi, n. also Farasi, horse,
mare. (Ar. See Farasi.)

-fu, a. (rarely in any forms except
mfu, wafu, kifuy mafti), dead. Mfu,
a dead person. Kifu, a dead thing.
Maji mafu, neap tides. (Cf.fa, ufu,
kifo, fifia, fufua.)

Fua, n. ( — , or of size ma-), (i)
a round wooden tray with raised rim,
used for washing clothes on, a shallow
wooden bowl for hand-washing, &c.
(cf. fua, v. and chano, and for
other kinds chungu). (2) Only in
the plural mafua, chest, chest com-
plaint. (See Mafua, and cf. kifua,
and fua, v.)

Fua, v. beat, strike, hammer, but
usually limited to certain operations,
viz. (1) of smith's work, work at
(a metal), make (of a metal). F.
chuma (shaba, fetha), work in iron
(brass, silver), follow the trade of
blacksmith (silversmith, &c). F.
kisu (jembe), make a knife-blade
(hoe). Cf. rnfua {chuma, fetha, &c),
and mhunzi. (2) Of laundry work,
wash clothes in the native way,
dashing them on a stone or board.
Mfua nguo, a washerman — men only
making a profession of washing —
commonly called dobi in Z. (Cf.
dobi, and chachaga.) (3) Of husking
cocoanuts, by dashing them on a
pointed stake. Fua nazi, clean a
cocoanut. Vs.fuliwa. Nt.yfy-
lika. Madini hii haifuliki, this
metal is unworkable. Ap.fu-lia,
•liwa, -liana, e. g. work metal for

(with, at, &c), wash for. Cs.
fu-liza, -lizwa, e.g. (1) set to work
as smith or washerman, employ, have
work done by them. Also (2) of the
artisan, procure work. Fuliza nguo,
get clothes for washing, i.e. take in
washing. (3) Keep on at, hammer
at, cause to hammer or keep on,
continue doing, — in a general sense,
for which see Fuliza. Rp.fuana,
work together as smiths, &c, help
each other, or actually ' beat ( hammer)
each other.' (Cf. mfua, fuawa,
fuawe, kifua, mfuo, ufuko, fuo, and
for striking, piga, chapa, menya, &c.
Dist. vita.) — n. see Mafua, and
cf. kifua.

Fuama, v. lie on the face — not
often in Z. Cs. fuamisha. (Cf.
lalafulifuli.)

Fuasa, v. copy, imitate, follow
a pattern. Cs. fuas-isha, -ishwa.
Fuasisha sauti kwa kinanda (in
music), accompany singing on the
piano. {Ci.fuata and mfuasi.)

Fuata, v. (1) follow, come next
to, succeed, come behind, pursue;
(2) imitate, copy, accompany (in
music), do like, be like; (3) obey,
keep to, abide by, be follower (ad-
herent) of. Fuata maji yaendako,
swim with the stream. Bender a ya-
fuata pepo, the flag follows the wind.
Ntafuata mbio na pembe hizi ndogo,
I will accompany the tune with these
little horns. Often/, nyuma, follow
behind. F. sheria, keep the law.
F. Muhammadi, be a Mahommedan.
Ps. fuatwa. Ap. fuat-ia, -iwa.
Cs. fuat-isha, -ishwa, often intens.,
copy carefully — also Fuasa, which
see. Rp. fuatana, accompany,

follow in a crowd. Fuatanisha, send
(some one) to accompany. (Cf.
andama, mfuasi, mafuatano.)

Fuatano, *. {ma-), a following,
succession, esp. in plur., e. g. maftia-
tano ya sauti, a tune, melody. (Cf.
fuata.)

Fuawa, v. be beaten, hammered,
e.g. of a vessel aground, and exposed

FTJAWE

72

FUKUZA

to the full force of the waves. (Seems
seldom used. Perh. Ps. form of
fua, v., cf. follg.)

Fuawe, n. anvil, i.e. something to
be hammered upon. (Cf. fua, v.,
zndfuawa.)

Fudifudi, adv. on the face, face
downwards. Lala fudifudi, lie on
the face. {Qi.fulifuli, and follg.)

Fudikiza, v. turn upside down
(inside out, face downwards), turn
over, e. g. of cards in playing. (Cf.
fudifudi, and syn. pindukiza.)

Fufua, v. cause to revive, bring to
life again, resuscitate, restore, revive.
F. maiti, bring a dead man to life.
F. mgonjwa, give strength to an
invalid. F. deni, bring up a for-
gotten debt. Nt. fufuka. Ap.
fufu-lia, -liwa. Cs. fuful-iza,

-izwa. (Cf. fa, fifia, ufufuo, ufu-
fuko, and syn. huisha, ams/ia.)

Fuga, v. (i) keep in confinement,
rear, breed (of tame animals, stock,
poultry, &c.) ; and (2) tame, domesti-
cate, break in (of wild animals).
Fuga ngombe (mbuzi, kuku), keep
cows (goats, fowls). Ps. fugwa.
Nt. fugika. Frasi huyu kafugiki,
this horse is not (or, cannot be)
broken in. Ap.fug-ia, -iwa. Cs.
fugi-s-ha, -skwa, e. g. of professional
horse-breaking. (Cf. fugo, mfitgo.
Perh. cf.funga.)

Fugo, n. {via-), breeding, rearing,
domestication, &c, of animals. (Cf.
fuga, and mfuga.)

Fuja, v. make a mess of, dis-
arrange, bungle. F. kazi, bungle
work. F. malt, squander money.
(Cf. fujo, and syn. boronga, chafua.
Dist. vuja.)

Fujo, n. disorder, mess, bungle,
disturbance, uproar, tumult. Nyu-
mba ya f, a disorderly, much fre-
quented house. Kazi ya f, work
badly finished. Fujo-fujo, an utter
mess. (Cf.fuja.)

Fuka, v. (1) emit, throw out,
smoke, &c. SeeVuka. (2) Fill up
(a hole). See Fukia. — n. a

thin kind of porridge (of rice flour,
with sugar, honey, spice, &c), served
to guests at an entertainment or
festival.

*Fukara, n. a poor man, beggar.
Fukara hahehohe, of extreme destitu-
tion. (Ar. Cf. fakiri, fukarika,
and syn. maskini, mwombaj'i.)

*Fukarika, v. become poor. (Ar.
Cf.fukara, and opp. tajiri, tajirika.)

Fuke, n. See Vuke. (Cf. fuka,
vuka.)

Fukia, v. fill in (a hole, grave,
&c), dig in, cover in. F. kaburi,
fill up a grave. Akaifukia sakafu
yote kwa mchanga, and he filled up
all (the holes in) the floor with sand.
Alifukia kitabu katika sanduku, he
covered up the book in the box.
Nyufnba ilimfukia, the house (when
it fell) buried him. Ps. fukiwa.
Nt. fukika. Ap. fuk-ilia, -iliwa,
-ilika. Tundu linafukilika kwa
udongo, the hole can be filled in with
earth. Cs. fuk-iza, -izwa, -isha,
-ishtva. Rp. fukiana. (Cf. fuka,
which is seldom heard, and fukua,
also mfuko.)

Fukiza, Fukizo. See Vukiza,
Vukizo.

Fuko, n. (1) (ma-), a large bag
or pocket, saddle-bag. (Cf. for
various kinds, ?nftiko.) (2) Hole,
place dug out. Jvuku achimba fuko •,
the fowl is digging a hole. (3)
? A burrowing animal, mole. (Cf.
fuka, v., fukia, ufuko, mfuko.)

Fukua, v. dig out, dig up, make
a hole, burrow, get out of a hole.
Fisi amemfukua mtu, a hyaena has
dug up the (buried) man. F. mawe,
get stones by digging. Ps. fuku-
Ihva. Nt.fukuka, be dug out, be
hollowed, be concave. Ap. fuku-
lia, -liwa. Cs.fuku-liska, -lis kwa.
Rp. fukuana. (Cf. fuka, fukia,
and pevh.fuhiza. Also syn. chimba.)

Fukuta, Fukuto. See Vukuta,
Vukuto.

Fukuza, v. (1) force out, drive
out, esp. in hunting or war, and hence

FULI

73

FUMBATA

both (2) drive off, chase away, banish,
and (3) go in pursuit of, hunt, try to
catch. Mbwa wakazifukuza nguruwe
wakazipata, the hounds chased the
pigs and caught them. Wamefukuzia
mbali adtii, they have chased the
enemy quite away. Ps. fukuzwa.
Ap. fukuz-ia, -iwa. Cs. ftikuz-
isha, -ishwa. Rp. fukuzana, e.g.
of children chasing one another.
(Seems to be Cs. form of fukua, with
intensive force, and specialized mean-
ing. Ci.fuka,fukia,fukzca, mfukzizi,
and syn. kimbiza, winda,fuata.)

Fuli, n. lesser rainy season. See
Mvuli.

Fulifuli, adv. (t) also Fudi-fudi,
on the face, face downwards, — c f posi-
tion; (2) for fitrifuri—farafara, in
plenty, in quantities, brimful. See
Fara.

Fuliza, v. keep on at, keep going,
keep doing, quicken, hasten. F . mi-
guu, walk quickly. F. mwendo, go
speedily. Also fttfuliza and fulidiza,
an emphatic Rd. form. Ps. fuli-
zwa. Ap.fuli-zia, -ziwa. Rp.
falizana. (Cf.fua, of which it is
an Intens. form with generalized
meaning, and mfulizo, mfululizo.)

*Fullani, n. such a one, a certain
one, so and so, such and such (things),
alluding indefinitely to persons or
things, for reference only. F. ame-
setna, somebody has said. Nataka
bithaaf, I want such and such goods.
(Ar.)

Fuma, v. (1) weave, and also of
connecting together, forming a fabric,
by sewing, &c. Ps. fumwa. Nt.
fiunika. Ap. ftim-ia, -iwa. Si-
udano ya ktifumia nguo, a needle for
sewing clothes. Cs. fum-isha, -ishwa.
(Cf. mfuma, a weaver, mfumo, weav-
ing.) (2) Shoot, pierce (with a sharp
weapon). In Z. cho?na is usual. (Cf.
fumo, and esp.fumua, which retains
the more general sense of the root,
and for weaving ?nfumo.)

Fumania, v. come on suddenly,
take in the act, intrude in the house

of, surprise. Ps. fnvianiwa. Nt.
fiunanika. Cs. ftcmaniza, and

Intens., e.g. alimwua mwauaume
aliyemfiunaniza 11a mkewe, he killed
the man whom he surprised with his
wife. (Cf. syn. gundtia.)

Fumba, v. (ij shut, close, by
bringing things, or parts, together.
F. macho, close the eyes. F\ kinwa,
shut the mouth. F. mkono, close
the hand. F. mikono, clasp the hands
together. F. miguu, bring the legs
together. (2) Mystify, make a mys-
tery about, disguise, use in an obscure
way. F. maneno, use unintelligible,
difficult language. Fumbo htimfuznba
mjinga, a parable mystifies a fool.
Ps. fw?ibwa. Nt.fumbika. Mana
yanaftimbika>t\\e flowers are closing.
See also Vumbika. Ap.fumb-ia,
-iwa, e.g. shut up in (for, by, &c),
talk darkly about, &c. Cs.fumb-
isha, -ishwa. Rp. fumbana, e. g.
hatta macho yakafumbana, till his
eyes closed. Rf. jifumba, shut
oneself up (in meditation, study, &c).
(Cf. fiunba, kifximba, also fumbo,
fumbua, fumbata, and ? vumbika.)

Fumba, n. (ma-), (1) a matting
sleeping bag, a mat doubled length-
ways and the ends sewn up, used
sometimes for burying. Hutiwa
maiti katika fumba (mkeka wa fu-
mba), hushonwa mithili ya mfuko,
the body is put in a fumba, and sewn
up as in a bag. Also for drowning
criminals. Wakatiwa katika mafu-
mba, wakatoszva baharini, they were
put in bags and thrown into tne sea.
(2) Lump, clod. F. la taiga ulioga-
ndamana, a lump in flour which was
caked. F. ya mtama, caked millet.
(Cf. puviba, lump.) For makuti
ya fumba, cf. makuti ya kumba.
See Kuti.

Fumbama,w. lose one's senses, be

dazed, light-headed, e.g. huyu ame-

fumbama akili yake, this man is not

in his right mind. (Cf. prec. and

-ma.)

Fumbata, v. enclose (with hands,

FTJMBO

74

FUNDI

or arms), grasp, clutch, encompass.
Siwezi knufumbata mti huu kwa
mikono yangu, my arms will not go
round, this tree. Amefumbata fetha
?nkononi, he has grasped the money
with his hand. Ps. fiimbatwa.

Nt. fumbatika, e.g. konzt ya maji
haifumbatiki, water cannot be grasped
in the fist. Ap. fumbat-ia, -iiva.
Cs. fumbat-isha, -ishwa. (Cf.fu-
mba, and syn. ambata, kumbatia,
kamata.)

Fumbo, n. {ma-), anything puz-
zling, hidden, mysterious, and so
' puzzle, problem, dark saying, hint,
proverb, parable, riddle.' Sema kwa
via/umbo, speak in an unintelligible,
difficult way. Maneno ya fumbo,
and fumbo la maneno, mysterious
language. (Cf. fumba, also syn.
siri, methali, vfano, kitendawili,
mat at a.)

Fumbua, v. Rv. oiftimba, unclose,
open, lay open, reveal, disclose, by
separating things or parts which were
close together, e. g. ftunbua mkono,
open the closed hand, and so of the
eyes, mouth, &c. F. maana, unfold
the meaning. F. majani, make open-
ings in high grass, for air or planting.
Ps. fumbuliwa. Nt. fumbuka.

Ap.fumbu-lia, -lika. Cs. fumbu-
lisha, -lishwa. Rp. fumbuana.

{Cf. fumba, ufumbulio, and for simi-
lar meaning vn?nbna (perh. same
word) ; funua, uncover ; fungua, un-
fasten ; fumua, unravel ; fundua,
untie.)

Fumo, n. {ma-), (i) a spear; (2)
a chief, — but seldom heard in Z. for
the usual mhiki, mfalme. (Cf.
fuma.)

Fumua, v. Rv. of fuma, undo
(what is woven, matted, sewn, con-
nected together), and so (1) unravel,
unpick, take to pieces, unstitch, &c. ;
(2) reveal, disclose, make clear, ex-
plain. (Cf. fumbua.) F. uzi, un-
stitch. F. nyele, let down hair. F.
nguo, rip (pull in pieces) calico.
F. moto, pull a fire to pieces, take

sticks out the fire. F. makuti, take
out (decayed) thatch. F. mali,
squander money, be prodigal. Also
in Nt. sense, mtama unafumua, the
millet is coming into ear. Matta
yafumua, the flowers are coming out.
Mfumua maneno nje, of a spy or
tale-bearer. Fs.fumztlhua. Nt.
fumuka, e.g. nguo imefumtika, ushone,
my dress is come undone, sew it up.
Maskua inafiimuka, the boat opens
at the seams, leaks, is coming to
pieces. Kp.fumukana, e.g. of people
separating after a meeting, ' disperse.'
Ap. ftwiul-ia, -hva. (See Fuma,
and cf. fumbua, funua, fungua.)

Fumukano, n. {ma-), separation,
breaking up, dispersal, e.g. of people
after a meeting. (Cf. ftima, fumua .)

Funda, v. pound, bruise, triturate,
pulverize, e.g. rice, pepper, ginger,
&c, in a mortar {kimi), also ' pound
up together, mix with other ingredi-
ents,' e.g.ondokeni mfunde unga, get
up and mix the meal. Vs.fundwa.
Nt. fundika, be pounded, be mixed,
and also in act. sense. (Perh. a
form of vunja, retained in this special
sense in Z. For the operation cf.
ponda, twanga, saga, chakacha, paaza.
For a root funda, teach, and also
make a knot, not itself used in Z.,
cf. fundi and fun do. But funda, n.
seems different from all.) — n.
{ma-), a large mouthful, of liquid or
solid, distending the cheeks, cf. funda
la shavu, esp. common of liquids.
Piga mafunda, take large mouthfuls,
gulps, draughts, either to be swal-
lowed, or for rinsing the mouth out
after a meal and to be ejected.
(Perh. cf. fundo, a knot, as fumba
andfambo.)

Fundi, n. {ma-), a person skilled
in any art, craft, or profession, and so
able to instruct others in it, a skilled
workman, one who has learnt his trade,
a trained artisan or craftsman, e. g.
mason, carpenter, tailor, smith, wash-
erman, &c, — mwalimu being com-
monly used of the higher professions,

FUNDIKA

75

FUNGA

esp. teaching. {Q,i.fundisha,funza,
mkufunzi, Ifunda.)

Fundika, v. make into a knot,
tie up. Usually piga fundo, funga.
See Fundo.

Fundisha, v. teach, instruct, edu-
cate, — thework ofafundi or nvwalimu.
Fs.fundiskwa. Ap.fundis/i-ia, -iwa,
e. g. vitu vya kufundishia, aids to
teaching, school accessories. Rp.
fundishana. Rf.jifundiska, learn.
(An Intens. form, cf. fundi, funza,
mkufunzi, and follg.)

Fundisho, n. {via-), teaching,
what is taught, instruction, doctrine.
(Cf. fiindisha.)

Fundo, n. {ma-), (i) knot, any-
thing resembling a knot ; (2) fig. a
difficulty, grudge, esp. (3) ill feeling,
resentment. F. la mti {mud), a
knot in wood or a tree. F. la uzi,
knot in thread. F. la nguo, clothes
tied in a knot. F. la utepe, a rosette.
F. la chombo, cross-beam in a dhow
(cf. mwashiri), securing the mast.
F. la ushanga, consists of ten strings
{kete) of beads. See Kete. Also (4)
a purse, usually consisting of a knotted
piece of the waist cloth. Siku ya
mashaka, ftindo, for the day of ad-
versity, a purse. F. la mguu, the
ankle, also kifundo. Piga f., tie a
knot. Fwidua f, untie a knot.
Maji yalinipiga fundo, the water
choked me. {Ctfundua, kifundo,

fundika, Ifunda.)

Fundua, v. undo a knot, untie,
unfasten, and fig. explain (a difficulty),
get over a crisis. F. chupa, uncork
a bottle. (Cf. zibua.) Ps.fundu-
liwa. Nt. ? funduka. Ap.

fundu-lia, -liwa. Cs. fund-usha,
-ushwa, -uza, e. g. fundusha maua,
of a tree flowering. (Cf. fundo,
and for similar words ftunbua'funua,
fungua,fumua.)

Funga, v. (1) fasten, make fast,
tie, bind, secure. F. mzigo, tie up a
load, finish packing. F. mlango,
shut close (fasten) the door. (Cf.
skindika mlango, put to, close the

door.) F. waraka, seal up a letter.
F. choo, constipate, be constipated.
Funga kamba (or, na kamba), fasten
with a cord. (2) Shut in, enclose,
imprison, put in fetters. F. gerezani
{minyororoni, kifungonz), put in
prison (in chains, under arrest).
(3) Overcome (in a game or contest),
win, checkmate, put in difficulties,
convict. Tzcliwafunga mabao sita,
we won six games against them.
Neno lake lilimfunga mwenyewe, his
own statement convicted him. (4)
Decide on, embark on, begin, take
decisive steps towards. Fttnga bia-
shara, conclude a bargain. F. vita,
begin operations in war. F. shauri,
resolve on a plan. F. safari, set out
on a journey. (5) Funga is also
used as Nt. in various senses, e.g. fast.
Leo sisi tunaftinga, to-day we are
fasting. Ra??iathani ni mwezi wa
kufunga, Ramathan is the month of
fasting. Mvua inafunga, it is a
settled rain. Cf. mfungo, mfunguo.
Mito imefunga, the rivers are im-
passable. Rf. jifunga, as above,
and esp. (1) devote oneself, engage
oneself, give special attention. Jifu-
nga kusoma, apply oneself to study
{kwa kazi, to work, na adui, with
an opponent, in strife). (2) Get one-
self into a fix, contradict oneself,
hamper oneself. Amejiftinga kwa
ulimi wake, he is convicted by his
own tongue. (3) Jifunga, avoid
childbearing. Ts.ftmgzva. //una
buddi ktifungwa na mti, you must be
tied to a tree. Ntfungika. Mla-
ngo haufungiki, the door is not
secured, or, the door will not shut.
Ap. fung-ia, -iwa, -iana. Unifungie
nini? wanifungia kuoneal What
would you tie me up for? are you
doing it just to tease me ? Akanifu-
ngiafrasi naiamba, and he fastened
the horse to him by a cord. jYime-
fungiwa nytemba, I am locked out of
the house. Fungiwa deni, be im-
prisoned for debt. Cs.fung-iska,
-ishwa, -iza, &c, cause to fasten,

FTJETGAMA

76

FUNUA

cause to be fastened, and Intens. bind
tight, confine, close. Ntamfungisha,
I will have him put in prison. Mvua
inakufungishandani, the rain keeps
you indoors. Fungisha mji (njia),
blockade a town (road). (Cf. mfu-
ngizo. Cf. also fungasa.) Rp.
fungana, (i) fasten together, or with
na, fasten to; (2) be fastened to-
gether, e.g. of clouds, forest,' be dense,
be thick.' Also funganya, of a work
of common interest and co-operation.
Funganya mizigo, join in a general
packing up of loads. Also funga-
nisha, e.g.ja/iazi najiwe, make fast
a vessel to a rock. Cf. also funga-
mana. See Fungama. (Ci. fungu,
kifungo, fungua, &c.)

Fungama, v. be in a fixed, tight,
dense, &c. condition. R-p.funga-
mana, e.g. of interlacing branches.
Mwitu urnefungamana kabisa, the
forest is hopelessly dense, impene-
trable. Hapa pamefungamana na
miiba, here is a dense mass of thorns.
(Cf. funga, and for form, -mana,
andamana, changamana.)

Fungate, n. honeymoon, — period
of seven days after marriage, during
which food is supplied by relations.
{Fungate = seven, in some Bantu dia-
lects.)

Fungo, n. (1) fast, period of fast-
ing. (Cf. funga, mfunguo.) (2) A
kind of speckled civet cat, — smaller
than the ngawa.

Fungu, n. (ma-), (1) portion,
part, piece, share, lot. Fungu la
nyama, a portion of meat. Fungu
zima, a large share. (Cf. kipande,
sehemu.) (2) Heap, pile, and esp. of
sandbanks, shoals, reefs, &c. in the
sea. Cko?nbo kimepanda funguni,
the dhow has run on a sandbank.
Also of pile of stones over a grave.
Vunja fungu, used of customary
visit to a grave after forty days, with
a valedictory offering.

Fungua, v. Rv. oi funga, (1) un-
fasten, undo, untie, unbind, let loose,
release, set free, open, &c. F.

mlango, unfasten a door (cf. shindua
mlango, set a door open). F. mkono,
open the hand (like fumbud), give a
gift. Jifungua, give birth to a child,
be confined. (2) Cease fasting.
Nipe kidogo nifungue kinwa, give
me a morsel to break my fast with.
(So funguka, funguza.) Ps. fu-

nguliwa, Nt. funguka. Shikiza
mlango, usifunguke wala tisifimgike,
fix the door so that it will neither
open nor shut. Amefunguka mtoto,
she has given birth to a child. Ap.
fungu-lia, -liwa, -lika. Nifungulie
mzigo, relieve me of my load. Fu-
ngulia mtumwa, give a slave freedom.
F. ng'ombe, turn out cattle to graze.
Cs.fung-uza, -uzwa, e. g. force (in-
duce, allow, &c.) to open, cause to
undo, &c. Akawafunguza wale
watu, andhe had those people set free.
Also ' give a meal to ' after fasting.
Alitufunguza, he caused us to break
our fast. Rp. Funguana. (Cf.
funga, mfunguo, 7?iafungulia, ufu-
nguo, also as similar fumua, funua,
fumbua, fundua.)

Funguo, n. plur. of Ufunguo,
which see. Also ' breaking of a fast/
but usu. mfunguo. (Cf. funga,

fungua?)

Funika, v. (1) cover, cover up,
put a covering on ; (2) fig. conceal,
disguise. F. chungu, put a lid on
a pot. F. kitabu, close a book.
F. maneno, speak obscurely. F.
inchi maji, cover the land with water,
make an inundation. Jifunika
mkeka, cover oneself with a mat.
Ps. funikwa. Nt. funikika. Jua
limefunikika na mawingu, the sun is
concealed by clouds. Ap.funik-ia,
-iwa. Cs. funik-isha, -ishwa,

-iza, cause to cover, cause to be
covered. Maji ya?nefunikisha inchi,
the water has flooded the country.
Rp. funikana. (Cf. funua, ki-
funiko, and syn. setiri,flcha.)

Funua, v. (1) uncover, lay open,
undo ; (2) disclose, reveal, explain,
show. F. chungu, take the lid off

FUNZA

77

PUEUSHI

a pot. F. chuo, open a book. F.

mabawa, spread wings. Ps.fauu-

liwa. Nt. funuka, e. g. maua yana-

funuka, the flowers are opening,

coming out. Mwitu unafunuka,

the forest is getting more open, is

passable. Ap.fzmu-lia. Akam-

funulia maana, and he explained

to him the meaning. (Cf. ftoiika,

ufunuo, and similar fitngua, fiwiua,

fiunbua , fundua.)

Funza, v. same as fundisha,
teach, instruct, educate. Jifunza
kazi, learn a trade, — from a fundi.
Ps. funzwa. Nt. funzika, e. g.
mtoto huyu hafunziki, this child is
unteachable, is too stupid (or, ob-
stinate) to learn. Ap. fi nz-ia,
-iwa. Cs. funz-isha, -ishwa.
Rp. funzana. (Cf. fundi, fu-
ndisha, and follg.) — n. {ma-),
grub, maggot, worm.

Funzio, n. (ma-), teaching, in-
struction. (For more usuzlfundisho
cf. funza.)

Fuo, n. (i) (ma-), washing-place,
mahali pa kufulia nguo, for washing
clothes. (Cf. fua, oga, chosho, ki-
ogeo.) (2) Scum, froth, foam. (Cf.
ufuo, ufuko,fua, and syn. pofu.)

Fupa, n. (ma-), a large bone.
F. la kichwa, the skull. F.jororo,
a (large) cartilage. (Cf. mfupa,
kifocpa, ufupa.)

-fupi, a. (fupi with D 4 (P), D 5
(S), D 6), (1) short, low (in stature,
length, or height) ; (2) brief, concise,
abridged. (Cf. follg. and opp.

-reft.)

Fupika, v. be shortened, be less-
ened (in height, length, stature), be
abbreviated, &c. Cs. fup-isha,
-ishwa, -iza, shorten, abridge. (Cf.
-fupi.)

*Fura, v. rise up, swell, be puffed
up (in physical sense only). Mimba
ya mtama inafura, the bud of the
millet swells, — as it ripens, and finally
bursts (inapasuka). Nt. furika,

swell up, run over, boil over, over-
flow (over), make an inundation.

Cs.fun'h-isha, -ishwa, cause an over-
flow^ inundate. Maji yakafurikish a
inchi, the water overflowed the coun-
try. (Ar. Cf. fara, furifuri,
furiko, and syn. ' flood,' gharikisha.)
*Furaha, n. joy, pleasure, happi-
ness, bliss, delight, gladness, mirth,
merriment. Fanya f, on a /., be
happy. Pokca kwa f, welcome.
Also adv. gladly, with joy. Tuka-
eizda furaha, and we went joyfully.
Furahani, in a state of happiness.
(Ar., no B. syn. Cf. furahi, and
Ar. raha (higher but more passive),
bliss, and such words as mchczo,
maztmgumzo, mapendezi. )

*Furahi, v. rejoice, be glad, feel
pleasure, be happy, be pleased, enjoy
oneself. Ps. furahiwa, be pleased
(with), be made happy (by), be re-
joiced (at). Tzdifurahhta sana na
baj-uayako, we were delighted at your
letter. Ap. furah-ia, -iana, rejoice
(at, in, for, &c.). Cs.furah-isha,

•ishwa, -ishana, gladden, cheer, re-
joice, delight. Ametufurahisha sana,
he caused us great amusement. (Ar.
Cf.furaha.)

*-furahifu, n. (furahifu with D 4
(P), D 5 (S), D 6), joyous, cheering,
. pleasant. (Ar. Cf.furaha.)

*Furika, v. See Fura, and cf. follg.
*Furiko, n. usu. in plur. mafuriko,
overflowing, flood, inundation. (Ar.
Cf. gharika.)

Furuga, Furugika. See Vu-
ruga, Vurujika.

Furukombe, n. a large bird of
prey, a kind of eagle or vulture.

Furukuta, v. move about, be rest-
less, toss about on a bed, — as when
ill, excited, unable to sleep, — also
(e.g.) of a rat under a carpet.

*Furu.mi, n. Furuma, n. See
Farumi, and Faroma.

*Furungu, a. (ma-),(i) shaddock,
fruit of mfurungu; (2) anklet (usu.
of silver). (Cf. mtali, and for other
ornaments,, tirembo.)

Furushi, n. (ma-), bundle, packet,
package. (Cf. kifurushi, bahasha.)

FTJSFUS

78

PYEKA

*Fusfus, n. and Fussus, gem,
precious stone. (Arab. Cf. kito.)

Fusho, n. or Vusho, something
used for fumigation, something to be
burnt, as a charm, or sanitary medi-
cine. (Cf. mvuke, vukiza, vukizo, &c.)

Fusi, n. rubbish. See Kifusi.

Fusia, v. lay down a bed of small
stones and rubbish for a concrete
floor or roof, or to fill up foundations.
(Cf. kifusi, zifusio.)

Futa, v. (i) wipe, wipe out (away,
off); (2) remove, obliterate, abolish,
cause to be forgotten. F. vnmbi
nguoni, wipe dust off clothes. F.
vibaya vya waraka, scratch out the
mistakes in a letter. F. kamasi, wipe
the nose. Muungu anifute thambi
zangu, may God wipe away my sins.
Liandikwalo haliftitiki, what is writ-
ten cannot be effaced. -a kufuta is
often used of what is plain, common,
of inferior quality, e. g. mkeka wa
kufuta, a common white mat. Ka-
nzu ya kufuta, a plain white kanzti
without any ornamental stitching.
Cf. mfuto. Ts.futwa. ~Nt.fu-
tika, e.g. hii yafutika, hii haifutiki,
one thing is pardonable, another is
not (but see Futika). Ap.fut-ia,
e. g. kitambaa cha ktifutia, a cloth to
wipe with, duster. Cs. fut-isha,
-ishwa, set to wipe, wipe hard.
Rp. fit ana. (Cf. pangusa, sugua,
tua. Also futa, as for vuta, which
see, and as a rarely used sing. n.
see Mafuta.)

*Futari, n. first meal in the even-
ing after a day's fast, usually rice-
gruel (uj'i). (Ar. Cf. fitiri, fu-
turu. T)\st.futtiri.)

*Futhuli, n. See Fithuli. (Ar.)

Futika, v. put in the pocket,
stick in waist-cloth, tuck into the
girdle, — as a native does his knife,
money, or any small article. Ps.
futikwa. Ap. futik-ia, -iwa.

Cs. futik-isha. (Cf. futua, and

dist. futika, as Nt. of futa.)

Futua, v. (1) open out, undo a
bundle (or girdle), take out (of a

bundle, pocket, &c.), pluck out ; (2)
fig. bring to light, make known, ex-
pose. F. manyoya ya kuku {ya
ndevii), pluck off the feathers of a
fowl (hairs of the beard). F. kibofi
cha ng^ombe, take out the bladder of
an ox. Rf.Jzfutua, make a show of
oneself, boast, brag. Ps. futuliwa.
Nt. futuka, (1) be brought out, be
brought to light; (2) be provoked,
be angry. Ap. futukia, be in a
passion with. Hence futu-lia, -/iwa,
and futukisha, provoke. Cs.futu-
ska, -shwa. Jua linafutusha ma-
hindi, the sun is making the maize
open out. Rp. futuana. (Cf.
futika.)

*Futuri, n. short span, as a mea-
sure, from tip of thumb to tip of
forefinger, — as dist. from shibiri, full
span from thumb to little finger.
(Ar.)

*Futuru, v. take the first meal
after a day's fast. Ap. futur-ia*,
-iwa. Cs. futur-isha, -ishwa, pro-
vide with first meal. (Ar. Cf.
fitiri, futari. Dist. futuri.)

Fuu, n. (ma-), (1) a small, black
berry, edible fruit of mfuu. (See
Mfuu, dist. kifuti.) (2) Fuu la
kichwa, skull (see Fuvu).

Fuvu, n. {ma-), also Fuu, empty
shell, husk. F. la kichwa, skull.
F. la nazi, shell of a cocoanut (but
generally kifuti). F. la yai, egg-
shell (but generally kaka).

Fuzi, n. See Ufuzi, Mafuzi.

Fyata, v. put (or, hold) between
the legs. F. nguo, tuck the loin-
cloth between the legs (see TJwinda).
F. mikono, grasp the hands between
(i. e. by closing) the thighs. F. mkia y
put the tail between the legs. (Cf.
follg.)

Fyatua, v. and ? Fyua, let go
suddenly, let off (of something which
is holding, a spring, a trap, &c).
Nt.fyatuka. Ap.fyatu-lia, -liwa.
Cs. fyatusha, fyatuli-sha, -shwa.
(Cf. prec.)

Fyeka, v. also Feka, clear away,

FYEKO

79

GAMTI

clear off, make a clearing in, — of
clearing away trees, grass, jungle. F.
mwitu, make a clearing in the forest.
Ps. fyekwa. Ap. fyek-ea, -ewa.
Cs. fyek-esha, -eshwa. (Cf. follg.
and fyoa.)

Fyeko, n. esp. in plur. mafyeko,
clearing operations, thing cleared
away, clearings.

Fyoa, v. (i) cut. F. masuke ya
mlama, cut ears of millet ; (2) fig.
use cutting or abusive language, re-
ply insolently. Ap. fyo-lea, -lewa,
abuse, jibe. (Cf. fyeka, and follg.
Also -perh.fyonya, and fyonza.)

Fyonya, v. make a chirping sound
with lips, expressive of contempt,
or disgust. (Cf./yoa, and fcllg.)

Fyonza, v. also Fyonja, Fy-
onda, suck, suck at, suck out. F.
sukali, suck sugar. F. ziwa la
ma?na, suck the mother's breast.
F. dcuHu,' suck out blood. (Cf.
fyonya, and nyonya.)

-fyozi, a. abusive, scornful. (Cf.
fyoa, and tifyozi.)

G.

G represents the same sound as
in English ' go.' This hard g is used
in Swahili for the Arabic consonants
Jim and Qaf'm some words of Arabic
origin (cf. g in Egyptian dialect for
j elsewhere), and also sometimes as
a variant of j and k in other words
and (perh. through an intermediate
dy sound) of d.

Hence words not found under g
may be looked for under j or k, and
sometimes under d.

Obs. that the sound written ng > in
this Dictionary is heard and written
sometimes as gn, esp. at Mombasa.

Gh is used to represent the sound of
the Arabic Ghain in the few words in
which it is commonly retained as adeep
guttural. It is more often pronounced
as a deep slightly rolled r, or as
a harsh h, and is in some words

slurred and hardly heard at all, or
pronounced by Swahilis as g. (Cf.
ghali, hamu, orofa, gubari.)

Gaagaa, v. also Garagara, (1)
roll from side to side, turn restlessly,
sprawl, as on board a ship, or a sick
man in bed, or an animal wallowing
on the ground ; (2) fig. be lazy,
listless, indifferent, have nothing to
do, loll. Cs. gaagaaza. (Dist.
kaa-kaa.)

*Gadi, n. {ma-), prop, shore, e.g.
to keep a vessel upright, when
stranded, or a tree inclined to fall.
Tia ??iagadi, shore up. (Cf. follg.)

*Gadimu, v. prop, shore up, — with
gadi, which see. Ps. gadimiwa.
Nt. gadimika. Ap. gadim-ia, -iwa,
prop up with (for, on, &c). Cs.
gadim-isha, -isJvwa. (Cf. syn.

tegemea, cf. nguzo, and ? shikti.)

Gae, n. {ma-), a large potsherd,
a large broken piece of metal, glass,
earthenware, &c. Dim. kigae. Jungu
bovti limekuwa viagae, the cracked
dish is all in pieces.

Gaga, n. (ma-). See Kigaga.

Galawa, n. sometimes Ngalawa,
a small dug-out canoe, with out-
riggers (inatengo) and sail, much
used by fishermen. Galawa juu,
wimbi chini, the canoe on the surface
and waves beneath, — to describe a safe
voyage. (Cf. mtumbwi.)

Galme, n. also Kalme, mlingote
wa gahne, small second mast aft in
a large dhow, mizzen mast, carrying
its own sail.

Gamba, v. only in the Rf. form
j'igamba, vaunt oneself, brag, boast.
(Cf. jivuna,jisifu, j'iona.)

Gamba, n. {171a-), scale (of a fish).
Also sometimes of any small de-
tached part of outer skin of an
animal, e. g. of the tortoise, hatta
nibandt(ke mmganda, till my shell
comes off. (Cf. ngamba, and ganda,
gajido.)

*Gamti, n. unbleached cotton
cloth from India, Indian grey sheet-
ings. (Cf. nguo.)

GANA

80

GAEAGABA

Gana, n. or Kana, rudder-handle,
tiller. (Cf. msukani, shikio.)

Ganda, v. become hard (fixed,
congealed, curdled, frozen), get thick,
coagulate, of a liquid. Maziwa ya-
mcganda, the milk is curdled. Mito
imeganda kwa baridi, the rivers
were frozen with the cold. (2) Stick
to, cleave to, embrace closely, clasp.
Alimganda shingoni, he clasped him
round the neck. Ps. gandwa.

Nt. gandika. Ap. gand-ia, -iwa.
Cs. gandi-s/ia, -shwa. (Cf. gand-
ama, gandamana, and ganda, n.)
— n. (?na-\ husk, rind, shell, outer
covering of trees, plants, fruits, &c.
G. la yai, eggshell. G. la mchungwa,
orange peel. G. la mkate, crust of
bread. Maganda ya maziwa, curds
of milk, flakes. Maganda ya

mahindi, the sheath enclosing the
cob of Indian corn. (Cf. gamba,
also gome, kaka, kifnu, and (husk)
kapi, kumvi, kumbi.)

Gandama, v. stick together, get
stuck, get hard, set, freeze, curdle,
coagulate. Asali imegandama na
chombo, the treacle sticks to the
vessel. Chungu zi?negandama sam-
lini, the ants are stuck in the ghee.
Ps. gandamwa. Naligandamwd na
kupe, I had ticks sticking to me.
Nt. gandamika. Ap. gandam-ia,
-iwa, stick to, adhere, cling to, be
true to. G. chungu, stick to a cook-
ing pot. G. rafiki, hold fast to
a friend. Cs. gandam-iza, -izwa,
e. g. G. mtu chini, pin a man to the
ground. Also Intens. gandamiza
ulimwengu, cling to, take to one's
heart, the world. Rp. gandam-
-ana, -anisha, e. g. maji i?neganda-
mana, the water is frozen hard.
(St. of ganda, cf. simama, luama,
&c, and for similar idea shikamana,
kazana, shupana, pindana.y

Gando, n. {ma-), claw of lobster
ikambd) and crab (kad), (and perh.
of the cuttlefish (pweza), but cf.
mnyiri). Kaa akiinua gando ma-
mbo yamekatika, when the crab raises

his claw, there is an end of the
matter. (Cf. ganda, v., and of

animals, ukucha.)

Gandua, v. Rv. of ganda, (1)
unfasten, pull away, separate some-
thing adhering closely ; (2) fig.
rescue from danger, save in a crisis,
get out of a scrape. Ps. gandzt-

liwa. Nt. gandzika. Ap. gandu-
lia, -liwa. (Cf. banduka, ambuka.)

Ganga, v. bind up, fasten to-
gether, splice, mend (what is injured
or broken). Hence esp. of doctors'
work generally, ' apply remedy, cure,
heal.' Ganga mgun, pirt a leg in
splints. G.jeraha, bandage a wound.
G. tumbo, attend to the stomach.
Ps. gangwa. Nt. gangika, i. e. be
cured, be curable. Ap. gang-ia,
-iwa. Cs. gang-isha, -ishtva.

Rp. gangana. (Cf. mganga, uganga,
mgango, gango, kigango, and of treat-
ment, alika, ttguzd).

Gango, n. {ma-), appliance for
holding together what is separate or
severed, cramp, brace, splint, splice,
joining, patch. Dim. kigango.

(Cf. ganga.)

Gani, a. interrog. of what sort,
what kind of, what? — never used
without a noun preceding. Kitu
gani? What is it? Sababu gani?
Why? Ginsi gani? How? Wakati
gani? When? Mahali gani? Where?
Habari gani? What is the news?
How are you? Mtu gani always
suggests primarily ' a man of what
tribe (place, or country).'

Ganzi, n. ( — , and ma-), deadness,
numbness. Mguu imekufa g., my
foot is asleep (benumbed). Often of
the teeth, tia (fanya) g. la meno,
set the teeth on edge. Meno yafanya
ganzi, my teeth are set on edge.

*Garafuu., n. (also written garo-
fuu, karafuti), cloves, the flower-bud
of the mgaraftiu, — the most valuable
and abundant article of commerce in
Zanzibar and Pemba (except cocoa-
nuts). (Ar. karamful.)

Garagara, v. See Gaagaa.

GARI

81

-GEUZI

*Gari, n. (ma-), any vehicle on
wheels, cart, waggon, carriage, barrow,
perambulator, bicycle. Also g. la
moshi, locomotive (or other) steam-
engiDe. G. lapepo, bicycle. (Hind.)

.*Gasia, n. See Ghasia. (Ar.)

Gauka, Gauza, v. See Geuka,
Geuza.

Gawa, v. place in parts (pieces,
portions, shares), divide up, dis-
tribute, deal out. G. chakula, appor-
tion food. G. karat a, deal (playing)
cards. Ps. gawiwa. Nt. gawika.
Ap. gaw-ia, -iwa. Cs. gaw-isha,
-ishwa. Rp. gawana, e. g. ula-

kachopata tiitagawana sawasazva
mimi nawe, whatever you get, we
will go halves in, you and I. Also
gawanya, which see. (Cf. gawio,
mgawo.)

Gawanya, v. place in parts, ap-
portion, divide, share, distribute, —
prop, of mutual arrangement or
equal rights, gawa rather of the act
of an official, superior, or benefactor,
e.g. tugawanye ; gawa wee, let us
have a division; do you act as
divider. Ps. gawanywa. Nt.

gawany-ika, -ikia, -ikiwa, be divided,
be divisible. Rp. gawanyikana.
Ap. gawany-ia, -iwa, -tana. Cs.
gawany-isha, -ishwa, -ishia, -iza,
-izana. (Cf. gawa, kigawanyo, and
tenga, put apart.)

Gawio, n. {ma-), division, appor-
tionment, sharing. Kuu ni maga-
wioni, the critical point is in the
division (of spoils). (Cf. gawa,

gawanya, mgazvo.)

Gema, v. get palm-wine. Also
gema tembo, gema mnazi, of cut-
ting the growing flower stem of the
cocoanut tree, from which the sap
flows into a calabash fastened to it.
Also used of getting india-rubber by
cutting a plant or tree, gema 7tipira.
A special knife is used {kotama).
Ps. gemwa. Ap. gem-ea, -ewa.

Cs. gem-eska, -eshwa, employ (allow,
undertake, contract) to tap cocoanut
trees. (Cf. mgema, kotama, tembo.

Krapf quotes a native description of
the whole process.')

Genge, n. {ma-), cliff, precipice,
ravine, deep ditch. Ukifika gengeni,
jihathari, when you come to the
steep place, be careful.

-geni, a. {ngeni with D 4 (P),
D 6, geni with D 5 (S)), strange,
foreign, novel, outlandish, 'extra-
ordinary, queer, curious. Jambo geni,
a strange occurrence. Maneno ya
kigeni, a foreign language. (Cf.
mgeni, ugeni, and syn. -pya, aj'abu.)

*Gereza, n. prison, fort used as
a prison, barrack. Tia {weka,funga,
peleka) gerezani, put in prison, foa
{fungua, ondoa) gerezani, let out of
prison. (?Portug. Cf. syn. ki~

fungo, minyororo.)

*Gesla, n. also Gezla. See
Jizla.

Geua, v. change, make different,
alter. Ndiye ajigeuaye nyoka, it is
he who changes himself into a snake.
The Cs. geuza (see below) is usual
in Z. in this sense. Ps. geuliwa.
Nt. geuka, (1) be changed, be change-
able, be alterable, alter; (2) change
position, turn oneself, turn round;
(3) change in appearance, be trans-
formed, be disguised. Aligeuka aka-
mwona, he turned round and saw him.
Amegetika mwngine, he has become
another person. Hence geuk-ia,
-iwa, turn to (from, for, at, &c).
Ap. geu-lia, -liwa. Cs. geu-za,

~zwa, -zia, -ziwa, -zana, cause to
change, alter, make different, disguise,
transform, pervert, turn round, &c.
(For difference of geuza and badili,
i^ee Badili. Cf. -getizi, -geu, ma-
geuzi.)

-geugeu, a. changeable, fickle,
wayward. Mambo ya kigeugen, con-
stant changes. (Cf. geua.)

Geuzi, n. e^p. in plur. mageuzi,
change, alteration, shifting, turn,
transformation.

-geuzi, a. changeable, fickle, un-
settled, always changing. (Cf.
geua, -geugeu.)

GHAFALA

82

GHASIA

*Gh&fala, n. a sudden occurrence,
suddenness, carelessness, thoughtless-
ness, inattention, haste. Neno la
gh., sudden, abrupt statement. Ma-
rathi ya gh., sudden stroke of illness.
Usikae kaiika gh., do not be im-
prudent, careless, — advice to an in-
valid. Often as adv. and also kwa
ghdfala, suddenly, unexpectedly,
(Ar. Cf. follg. and syn. thdruba,
haraka.)

*Ghafalika, v. be hurried, be
thoughtless (imprudent, neglectful,
inattentive), &c. Ap. ghafalik-ia,
-iwa, be careless (hasty, &c.) about.
(Ar. Cf. ghdfala, taghdfali, and

follg.)

*Gh.afalisha,v.Cs.(i) make hurry,
distract, flurry, come on suddenly ;
(2) do hurriedly, hurry over, neglect,
fail to attend to. Gh. kazi, hurry over
work. (Ar. Ci. ghdfala, and prec.)

*Gh.airi, v. (1) do something un-
expected, sudden, or surprising,
change one's mind, alter plan, annul ;
(2) disappoint, offend, surprise. La-
buda roho yake itaghairi, perhaps his
mind will change. Akaghairi kno-
lewa, she suddenly refused to be
married. — n. sudden change, sur-
prise, disappointment. Tia ghairi,
disappoint, surprise, offend. Also used
with ya, as prep, ghairi ya, without,
except, apart from, without regard to.
(Ar., seldom used in deriv. forms.)

*Gh.ala,n. store-room, store-house,
magazine, go-down. Weka vyakula
ghalani, put away food in the larder.
(Ar. Cf. bohari.)

*Ghali, a. often heard as r-rhali,
(1) scarce, rare, hard to get ; (2) dear,
expensive, costly. Nguruwe zime-
kuwa ghali sasa, zimekwenda mbali,
pigs are scarce now, they have made
off to a distance. Sitaki ghali,
nataka rahisi, I do not want an ex-
pensive one, I want a cheap one.
(Ar. Cf. follg. and syn. c scarce '
-chache, haba, l costly ' -a thamani.
Also rahisi, cheap.)

*Ghalibu, v. 'compete' in com-

merce. Rp. ghalibiana, carry on
a commercial war. (Ar. Cf.

mghalaba, and syn. shindana.)

*Ghalika, v. (1) be rare, occur in-
frequently, be an infrequent visitor;
(2) be dear, be costly, rise in price.
Umeghalikasana siku hizi, you seldom
come to see us now. Viazi vime-
ghalika, i.e. vimekuwa ghali, pota-
toes are dear, have risen in price.
(Ar. Cf. ghali.)

*Ghalish.a, v. Cs. make valuable,
make scarce, raise the price of.
(Ar. Cf. ghali, syn. pandisha bei,
zidisha tha??iani, and contr. rahi-
sisha.)

*Ghammu, n. grief. See Hamu.
(Ar. Cf. ghumia.)

*Gh.angi, n. also Ghanji, Ghanja,
and Gangi, a native vessel, like an
Indian bdghala, but not so high in
the stern or long in the prow. (Cf.
chombo.)

*Gharama, n. expense, outlay,
payment. Fanya gh., toa gh., lay
out money, incur expense. (Ar.
Cf. gharimia.)

*Gharika, n. flood, deluge, inun-
dation. (Ar. Qi.furiko, and follg.)

*Gharikisha, v. cause a flood
(over), make a flood (in), inundate.
Maji imegharikisha inchi, the water
has flooded the country. (Ar. Cf.
gharika, and ftirika.)

*Gharimia, v. Ap. spend money,
or, incur expense for. Ps. ghari-
miwa. Nt. gharimika. Cs.

gharim-isha, -ishwa, cause expense
to. (Ar. Cf. gharama.)

*Ghasia,n. (also commonly gasid),
confusion, complication, bustle, hurry,
medley, crowding, and used of various
things involving these ideas, and of
annoyances generally, e. g. gh. nyingi
leo, a lot of troubles to-day ; pana gh.
mjini, there is a disturbance in the
town, a street crowd or riot ; — also
of a royal progress or cortege, the
rush of a wild animal, &c. Gh. ya
machezo, a medley of amusements.
Nikakuta ftyumba ttipu hamna gh.,

GHATHABIKA

83

GINSI

I found the house empty, there was
no stir or hum of people inside.
(Ar. Cf. syn. mchaftiko, mashaka.)

*Ghathabika, v. be furious, be
enraged, be in a passion. Cs.

ghathabi-sha, -shwa, exasperate, en-
rage, provoke. (Ar. Ci.ghathabu,
and syn. kasirika.)

*Ghathabu, n. rage, fury, passion,
anger, exasperation, used with such
verbs as fa?iya, ona, ingia, also in-
giwa {na), shikwa (no), putwa {na).
Ana gh. ya kwenda, he goes at a
furious rate. Mwenyi gh. mbele yake
amesimama shetani, a. man in a pas-
sion has a devil before him. (Ar.
Cf. syn. hasira, tuhungu.)

*Ghofira, n. (ma-), pardon, lorgive-
ness of sins, absolution, — used only
of God. Ghofira ya tha??ibi, pardon
of sins. (Ar. Cf. follg. and syn.
in a more general sense, tisamehe,
masama/ia, ondoleo, maachilio.)

*Ghoflri, v. forgive, pardon, ab-
solve. See Ghofira. Ps. ghofiriwa.
Nt. ghojirika. Ap. ghqfiria, grant
forgiveness to. Muuugu amemgho-
firia thambi zake, God has absolved
him from his sins. Cs. ghofiri-sha.
-shwa. (Ar. Cf. ghofira, setiri,

samehe, achilia, fungulia, ondoka.)

*Ghorofa, n. upper story, upper
room. See Orofa. (Ar.)

*Ghoshi, v. adulterate, falsify,
debase. Ameghoshi fetha kwa kui-
changanya na kitu kingine, he has
debased the silver by mixing it with
something else, — a common practice
in Z. Ps. ghoshiwa. Kitu kili-
choghoshiwa, an adulterated article.
(Ar. Cf. syn. haribu, changanya.)

*Ghubari, n. [ma-), rain cloud.
Ulimwengu una magubari, the whole
sky is cloudy, looks rainy. (Ar.
Cf. zvingu.)

*Ghubba, n. (wa-), a bay of the
sea, also of the ' sweep, curve, bend '
of a river, — the concave aspect.
(Ar. Cf. for curve, tao, pindi,
mzingo.)

*Ghumia, v. be overwhelming (to),

be perplexed (at), be taken aback,
lose presence of mind. Fs.ghumi-
wa, in same sense. Ametokewa na
ivatu ameghumiwa, some people
came on him suddenly, and he was
taken aback. Cs.ghum-isha,-ishwa.
(Ar. Cf. ghammu, or hatnu, grief,
and syn. shangaa, tekewa.)

*Ghururi, n. and Ugh-, arro-
gance, self-conceit, infatuation, folly,
blindness. Mtu huyu amepatwa na
ghururi ya ulimwengu, this man is
the victim of worldly delusion.
(Ar. Cf. syn. kiburi, tifithuli.)

*Ghururika, v. also Ghurika,
be proud, be arrogant. (Ar. Cf.
ghururi.)

*Ghusubu, v. deceive, cheat,
swindle, betray. Sultani alighusubu
haki ya maskini, the king betrayed
the rights of the poor man. (Ar.
Cf. common danganya, kopa, punja,
Sec)

*Gidamu, n. small leather thong
in a sandal, passing between the toes
from sole to cross-piece, and holding
it on the foot. (?Ar. Cf.gadimu.)

*Gilgilani, n. coriander seed, —
used in curry powder. (Hind.)

*Ginsi, n. also Jinsi, and Jisi,
kind, sort, quality, (i) often com-
bined with gani, as a general in-
terrogative. Ginsigani? How? Why?
What ? What is the meaning of it ?

(2) Also often followed by -vyo intro-
ducing a dependent adverbial sen-
tence, i. e. as a conjunction, ' the
manner in which, the way in which,
how, in what way.' Alimwambia ginsi
alivyofanya, he told him what he
had done, or, how he had acted.

(3) Also often as an interj. with
either gani or -vyo. Ginsi ilivyo
njema I Oh, how good it is ! Nje?na
ginsi gani, it is wonderfully good.

(4) Ginsi gaifi is also used without
an adjective to denote what is wonder-
ful, nondescript, ridiculous, extrava-
gant. Maneno haya hi ginsi gani,
these statements are quite absurd,
there is nothing to be made of them.

G 2

GISI

84

GONGA

(Ar. the Egyptian dialect, viz. g for j.
Cf. syn. namna, aina.)

Gisi, v. guess, &c. See Kisi.

Giza, n. (used as D 5 and D 6, and
also kiza as D 3), darkness, gloom,
blackness (but not, like weusi, used
of the colour black). Tia giza,
darken. Giza ya (or, la) usiku, the
darkness of night. Macho yake yaona
giza, his eyes are dim. Kiza kikubwa
(kipevii), deep darkness, utter dark-
ness. (Cf. kiza, and syn. weusi.)

Goboa, v. also Koboa, break off
with the hand, a cob (kibunzi) of
Indian corn, pluck the ears of maize.
Also of cleaning cotton, and of re-
moving the stem of a clove bud,
leaving the kiini or seed, i. e. gara-
fuu hugobolewa. Ps. gobolewa. Ap.
gobo-lea, -lerua. (Cf. konyoa,chambua,
pujua, and muhindi.)

*Godoro, n. (ma-), a mattress.

Gofia, n. pulley, such as is at-
tached to the rope (Jienza) which
hoists the yard in a native sailing
vessel. (Cf. kapi, abedari.)

-gofu, a. (gofu with D 4 (P), D 5
(S), D 6), emaciated, broken down,
in ruins, skin and bone. Kigofu, in
an emaciated, &c, state. Nyama
gofu or kigofu, a wretched, starved
animal. Also as n. in such phrases
as gofa la mtu, an emaciated person ;
gofu la nyumba, a tumble -down,
ruinous house. (Cf. follg.)

Gofua, v. emaciate, wear out the
strength of, reduce to a skeleton (or,
to ruins). Also Cs. gofusha in same
sense. Marat hi imemgofusha, illness
has broken him down. (Cf. -gofu,
and syn. kondesha, konda.)

Gogo, n. (ma-), (1) log, trunk of
a tree when felled, e.g. gogo la
mnazi, of a cocoanut tree. Also
fig. lata kigogo, sleep (lie) like a log,
i. e. motionless, in a dead sleep.
Dim. kigogo. (2) Used of a large
and long dram (ngoma).

Gogota, v. knock at, tap, hammer
at. G. mlango, knock hard at a
door. G. vijili, hammer pegs (redupl.

form of Gota, which see. Cf. gonga,
bisha.) — n. a kind of woodpecker.
Also kigogota.

Gole, n. {ma-), small pellet of
opium (afiuni) prepared for smok-
ing. (Cf. gole, expectorated matter,
Kr.)

Goma, n. (ma-), a large drum.
(Cf. ngoma, kigoma.)

Gomba, v. (1) gainsay, contradict,
forbid ; (2) argue (with), quarrel
(with), wrangle. Anagomba na
mkewe, he is squabbling with his
wife. Ap. gomb-ea, -etua, -eka,
argue (for, against, at, &c), press a
claim. Gombea ngazi, quarrel over
the gangway. Gombea daraja, stand
up for one's rank (position, status).
Alitukanwa kwa sababu wezae kuku-
gombea, he was abused, because he
stood up for you. Cs. gomb-eza,
-ezwa, -ezika, (1) strictly forbid ;
(2) make quarrel, make a quarrel,
scold. Gombezika, be blameworthy,
deserve scolding. Tumegombeztva
tusiende (or, kwenda), we are for-
bidden to go. Rp. gomb-ana, quar-
rel with each other, squabble. (Cf.
ugomvi, -gomvi, ugombezi, mgombezi,
and syn. tela, bisha, nenea, and
'forbid' kataza.) — n. (ma-), leaf
of the banana plant (mgomba), i. e.
jam la mgomba. See Mgomba.

Gombo, n. (ma-), leaf (sheet) of
a book, — gombo la chuo.

Gome, n. (ma-) and perh. Kome,
the hard external covering of trees
and some animals, bark, shell. Am-
bua (tod) mag07?ie, take off strips of
bark. Used of shell of crustaceans, —
lobster, &c, also of mollusca (cf.
kome), and as a colloquial word for
half rupee, or shilling, ' bob.' (Cf.
ganda, generally of soft outer cover-
ing, ngozi, v. , ? kome.)

Gonda, v. grow thin. See Konda.

Gonga, v. beat, strike, knock.
Gonga mlango, knock at a door. Ps.
gongwa. Ap. gong-ea, -ewa, -eana.
Kztgongeana bilauri, to strike glasses
together in drinking healths. Cs.

GONGO

85

GUGTJ

gong-eza, -ezwa. Rp. gong-ana,
-anisha. Vyombo vinagongaua, the
dhows are colliding. (Cf. gongo,
mgongo, and syn. gota, bisha, fua,
piga, chapa, &c.)

Gongo, n. (ma-), (i) a thick,
heavy stick, cudgel, club, bludgeon
(for other kinds, see Bakora). Also
of other thick things, e. g. (2) seam
(in a dress) ; (3) hump (of a camel),
cf. nundit ; (4) dense wood, thicket,
gongo la mwitu, where trees are
thickest in a forest. (Cf. mgongo,
gonga.)

Gongoja, v. See Kongoja.

Gongomea, v. hammer, give blows
to, drive with blows, as rivets, nails,
pegs, stakes, &c, and so 'n^il up.'
Ps. gongomewa, fasten up. Akazi-
gongomea nguo katika bweta, and he
nailed up his clothes in a box.

-gonjwa, a. sick, ill, unwell, in-
disposed. U mgonjwa ao mzima?
Are you ill or well ? Huyu ni
mgonjwa sana, this man is very ill,
a great invalid. (Cf. ugonjwd, gonj-
weza, and cf. -well.)

Gonjweza, v. Cs. cause to be
ill, make ill or sick. Jigonjweza,
pretend to be sick, sham sickness,
behave as if sick. Ps. gonjwezwa.
(Cf. follg.)

*Gora, n. (ma-), also Jora, and
commonly Jura, a length of calico,
calico in the piece (of about 30 to 35
yards) .

Gorong'ondwa, n. a kind of
lizard (Str.). Cf. mjusi. (There is
perh. also a verb gorong'onda, work
about with a zigzag movement.

*Goshi, n. also Joshi, windward
or weather side, in navigation ; also
called tipande wa juu, upper side.
Contr. demani, lee side. Upande wa
goshini, weather side, windward.
Pindua (chombo) kwa goshini, tack
about, bout ship. Enda goshi, sail
near the wind. Goshi la tanga, the
lower, forward part of the sail in
a native vessel. See Tanga. Kalia
goshi, (1) be to windward of, and so

(2) fig. have an advantage over, have
the best position as to. Huyu anaku-
kalia goshi, this man has the better
position, menaces your safety.

Gota, v. knock, tap, rap, strike.
Gota mlango, tap at a door. Also
Gotagota, of drumming on an instru-
ment, and Gogota, which see. Ps.
gotwa. Nt goteka. Ap. got-ea,
-ewa. Cs. got-eza, -ezwa, cause to
knock, e. g. goteza maneno, of ill-
pronounced, broken speech, the oppo-
site of fluent speaking. Gotagota
maneno, of jumbling words of diffe-
rent dialects together. Rp. gotana,
— like gongana, e. g. vyombo vina-
gotana, the dhows are knocking to-
gether. (Cf. mgoto, and syn. gonga,
piga, f tea, bisha, &c.)

Goti, n. (ma-), knee. Piga magoti,
kneel down.

Govi, n. also Ngovi, but in Z.
Ngozi, which see. Govi mboo, pre-
puce, condition of being uncircum-
cised.

Guba, n. (ma-), packet of aromatic
leaves (of mkadi, and other kinds),
sold for their perfume. Cf. kiguba.
(Dist. ghubba, kuba.)

*Gubari, n. (ma-). See Ghubari,
and Wingu.

*Gubeti, n. prow of a native ves-
sel ; head, figure-head, often project-
ing far in front, and ornamented with
carving, &c, described as kikono cha
omo, as being like a hand held out
from the bow. (Cf. onto, hanamu,
and contr. shetri, stern.)

Gubi, n. (ma-), leaf stalk of cocoa-
nut tree (mnazi).

*Gudi, n. {ma-), dock for ships.
(Cf. gadi, and majahaba, lit. sup-
ports, props.)

*Gudulia, n. (ma-), pitcher, po-
rous water jar, water-cooler of earthen-
ware. Dim. ftigttdidia. (Cf. kitzi,
mttmgi.)

Gugu, n. (ma-), weed, undergrowth,
wild plant of no value. Gugu mwitu,
a plant resembling corn, tare. Lata
maguguni, sleep in the bush; used

GTJGTJMIZA

86

GTJNTA

a^o as indeclin. adj. (like mwitii),
wild, uncultivated, from the jungle.
(Cf. kigugu.)

Gugumiza, v. gulp, gulp down,
swallow with a gurgling sound, splut-
ter in the water, — as a swimmer in
rough water, or man out of his
depth ; also of defective utterance.
Mgonjiva amegugumiza maji kzva
shidda, the sick man has swallowed
some water with an effort. Agugu-
miza maneno, he talks in a jerky,
spluttering way. (Cf. goteza.)

Guguna, v. (i) gnaw, bite at;
(2) carp at, annoy, molest. Panya
ameguguna muhogo, a rat has gnawed
the cassava. Ps. giigunwa. Mtu
amegiigunwa na Jisi, the man has
been gnawed by a hyaena. Nt. gu-
gunika. Ap. gugun-ia, -iwa. Cs.
gugun-iza, -izwa. (Cf. tafitna,
? guna, and perh. a verb gugunua,
carp at, annoy, molest.)

Gugurusha, v. also heard as
gurugiisha, of movement, producing
a rustling or scraping sound, as of a
rat, rustle about, shuffle along, rattle
about. (Cf. syn. piga mtakaso and
furukuta.)

Guguta, n. cob or ear of Indian
corn, with the grains removed. (Cf.
muhindi and kigimzi.)

Guia, v. and Guya, seize, catch,
hold. Guia nyama, catch an animal
in a trap. Ps. guiwa. Cs. gui-
za, -zwa. Rp. gui-ana. (Cf.
s/iika, nasa, kamata, all more used
in Z.)

Gumba, n. kidole cha gumba,
thumb. (1 Mtu gtimba, a solitary,
childless, or sterile person.)

Gumegume, n. bunduki ya gume-
gume, a flint-gun. (Cf. bunduki,
and perh. -gumu.)

-gumu, a. (ngumu with D 4 (P),
D 6, gumu with D 5 (S)), (1) hard,
tough, firm, solid, strong. (Contr.
-oi'oro, laini, thaifti.) Boriti hii
ngumu kama chuma, this pole is as
hard as iron. (2) Hard to deal with,
difficult, laborious, puzzling. (Contr.

rahisi, -epesi.) Kazi ngumu, hard
work. (3) Brave, resolute, stout-
hearted, courageous, obstinate, self-
willed, fixed, unyielding. Mbona
wewe mgumu sana ? Why will you not
change your mind? (cf. syn. hodari,
thabiti, -kali). (4) Inexorable, cruel,
hard-hearted. (Contr. -ema, -pole,
-a htiruma.')

Guna, v. (1) grunt, grumble, mur-
mur; (2) express disapproval, indig-
nation, contempt, ' protest, complain,
sneer at.' Baathi ya watu wana-
mguna, some of the people sneer at
him. (Cf. mguno, guno, nungu-
nika.)

Gunda, n. (ma-), a horn used for
blowing. Dim. kigunda. (In Z.
commonly pembe, baragumu.)

*Gundi, n. gum-arabic.

Gundua, v. come upon unexpect-
edly, take by surprise, catch unawares,
startle, start (a wild animal from its
lair). Ps. gunduliwa. Nt. gu-
nduka. A-p.gundu-lia, steal upon,
approach secretly, stalk (cf. nye-
meled). Cs. gundu-liska, -lishwa,
-liza. ~Rp.gunditana. (Cf.stu-
sha, stuka, and fumania, nyemeka.)

Gunga, v. use (native) medicine
(uganga, dawd) to secure health,
safety, well being. Jigunga, secure
oneself, take precautions for safety —
by charms, medicine, &c, i.e. native
form of life insurance.

Gungu, n. (ma-), a mode of danc-
ing, a figure in a dance, e. g. gungu
la kukwaa, the stumbling figure ;
gungu la kufunda, the pounding
figure.

*Guni, n. (ma-), (1) a matting
bag used for dates. Dim. kiguni.
Also used to describe unrhymed or
blank verse, mas/iairi yenyi guni ', as
opp. to rhymed poetry, mashairi
yenyi vina. (2) A carpenter's spoke-
shave. (Hind. Guni of poetry
may come from the name of a
famous Pemba poet, Gztni.)

*Gunia, n. (ma-), (1) a coarse
bag or sack used chiefly for rice im-

GUNO

87

H-

ported from India, &c. Also (2) the
material of which it is made, sack-
cloth.

Guno, n. {ma-), grunt, grumble,
— sound expressive of indignation or
contempt. (Cf. guna, mguno.)

Gunzi, n. {ma-), full-grown ear,
or cob, of Indian corn (tnuhindi).
(Cf. kigunzi, and kibunzi.)

Guru, n. Sukali gtiru, a coarse
unrefined kind of sugar made from
the cane, as in Z., and sold in large
dark-coloured lumps.

*Gurudumu, n. ( — , and ma-), a
wheel. Used in the plur. of any
vehicle of which the wheels are con-
spicuous. (Cf. gari.) Magurudumu
ya mzinga, a gun carriage.

Guruguru, n. {ma-), and Mguru-
guru, a large kind of burrowing
lizard. (Cf. mjusi, kenge.)

Gurugusha, v. a variant of Gugu-
rusha, which see.

Guruta, v. smooth with a press, put
through the rollers of a mangling ma-
chine, mangle, — of clothes and linen
generally. Gurtita nguo hizi vizuri,
mangle these clothes properly. Ps.
gunttzva. Nt. gurutika. Ap.
gurut-ia, -iwa. Sina cha kugurutia,
I have no mangling machine. Cs.
gurnt-isha, -ishwa.

Gusa, v. touch, finger, handle with
the fingers. Vs.gtiswa. Nt.gu-
sika. Ap. gus-ia, -iwa. Rp.
gusana. (Cf. tomasa, papasa, bo-
ny es ha.)

Guta, v. bawl, shout, cry out.
Ap. gut-ia, -iwa. Cs. gut-isha,
-ishwa. (Cf. syn. lia, piga kelele.)

Gutu, n. {ma-), stump, remainder.
G. la mkono, stump of mutilated arm.
(Cf. kikono.) G. la ?nnazi, trunk of
cocoanut tree with the crown broken
off. Also dim. kigutu. (Cf. shiku,
baki, salio.)

Gutua, v. or Kutua, startle,
frighten, surprise. Nt. gutuka.

(Cf. the more common shisha, stuka.)

Guu, n. {ma-), used of any object
resembling a leg (foot), or of a leg

(foot) of large size, but in Z. mgteu
is always used of the leg (foot) of an
animal or man. Ubaic wa ?naguu
matatu, a three-legged stool, tripod.

Gwanda, n. also Bwanda, a
short kind of kanzu (which see),
sometimes worn by men, reaching to
the knees.

*Gwaride, n. {ma-), one of the
words used in Z. for the 'native
police,' and esp. their military band,
called also mdundo, matarumpeta.
Kucheza gwaride, to drill. (Cf.
Engl, guard.)

H.

H represents generally the same
sound as in English, — a sound which
is of great importance in verb-forms
in Swahili, as being the main charac-
teristic of the negative conjugation.

In words of Arabic origin, this
sound represents both forms of Arabic
H, and also in most words the
Arabic Kh. The tendency in Swa-
hili is to soften down all gutturals to
the point of disappearance, though
they are learnt and retained in some
words of comparatively recent intro-
duction and by persons brought into
close relations with Arabs. H also
represents in a few words an initial
Alif or Ain in the Arab original,
and when an h sound in Arabic fol-
lows a vowel closely, the tendency in
Swahili is to pronounce it before the
vowel.

A word not found under H may
therefore be looked for under Kh, or
under the first vowel of the word.

H- (1) is the characteristic of the
a. and adv. demonstrat. of nearness
and of reference, ' this, this near me,
this referred 4,0, that,' which appears
(followed always by the same vowel
as occurs in the following syllable)
in huyu, hawa, huu, hii, hizi, hiki,
hiri, hili, haya, huku, humu, hapa,
and the corresponding forms in -0,

HA

88

HADITHI

hityo, &c. . (See esp. Huko, and
Hiiyu, and cf. the other characteristic
demonstr. letter L.) (2) As a nega-
tive prefix, is found only in the
2 and 3 Pers. S. of verb-forms. See
Ha- and Hu-.

Ha, a verb-form, he (she) is not,
negative prefix used in agreement
with Mtu. Yeye ha mwema, he is
not good. Si is usually preferred to
ha.

Ha- is the characteristic negative
prefix of all verb-forms, except (1)
where si is used, i. e. in the 1 Pers. S.
of the Indie. Mood, in the Subjunc-
tive, and in verb-forms containing a
relative, e. g. si-pendi, I do not like ;
asiende, that he may not go ; yasi-
yopendeza, things which do not please.
(2) Where it becomes h- only, i. e. in
the 2 and 3 Pers. S., e.g. h-u-pendi
for ha-upendi, you do not like, and
h-a-pendi for ha-apendi, he does not
like ; ( 3) when an additional sign of the
negative is required, viz. the change
of final a to t, in the Present Indica-
tive only, e. g. hawapendi, they do
not like. Ha-, as Negative Prefix,
is always initial.

Ha- is also a contraction for nika-,
the sign of the First Person Singular
in the ka or Narrative Tense. Ha-
mwona for nikamwona, and I saw
him. (Confusion with the negative
is barred by the change of final a to i
in the Present Tense, see above, e. g.
hamwoni, he does not see him, or
you (plur.) do not see.)

*Haba, a. (1) little (in quantity),
few; (2) rare, scarce ; (3) not enough,
deficient, too little, short (in amount).
Chakula h., not enough food. Mtu
h., a rare kind of man. Siku h., a
few days, insufficient time. Maji h.,
shallow water, not enough water.
Sometimes used as a n., 'a little' of
anything. (Cf. kidogo.) Haba na
haba hujaza kibaba, grain upon
grain fills the measure. (Cf. Ar.
haba, a grain, and syn. B. -chache,
kidogo, kitambo.)

*Habari, n. and Khabari, (1)
news, report, message, information ;
(2) events, matters, proceedings,
things. Common in salutations, of
persons meeting, e.g. Habari?. or
Habari gani? How are you? How are
you getting on ? or Habari ya siku
nyingi ? How have you been of late ?
Niambie h. yake, tell me about him.
Kwa h. ya jambo lile, as to that
matter. H. zangu zilizonipata, things
that happened to me. Ginsi gani
kutufanya h. He? What did you
treat us like that for? (Ar. Cf.
hubiri, and syn. maarifa, tarifu,
jambo.)

*Habba, n. (ma-), and Hubba,
(1) love, fondness, affection ; (2)
love-token, souvenir, gift. Of natural
affection of friends and relatives, as
well as of the sexes. Tia habbani,
take a fancy to. Ana habba nami,
he is in love with me. Hanifunulii
habba, he does not open his feelings
to me. Amenitoka habbani, I have
ceased to care for him. (Ar. Cf.
common address in letters, muhebbi,
and syn. pendo, mapenzi, shauku.)

Habeshia, n. (ma-), also Mhabe-
shia, Habushia, an Abyssinian.
Used also of female domestic slaves
of the suria class, of whatever race.

*Hadaa, v. cheat, deceive, outwit.
Ps. hadaiwa. Nt. hadaika, be
deceived. — n. deception, cun-
ning, trickery, &c. (Ar. Cf.
danganya, punja, kalamkia, &c,
also hi/a, ujanja, werevu.)

*Hadimu, n. (ma-), servant, at-
tendant, slave. In Z. usually Mha-
dimu, which see, i. e. one of the
original inhabitants of the island.
(Cf. hudumu, Mhadimu, and syn.
mtumishi, mtumiva, mngo/e.)

*Hadithi, v. narrate, tell stories,
relate, describe, recount, report.
Ps. hadithiwa. Ap. hadith-ia,

-iwa, tell to (for, about, in, &c), e. g.
pamehadithiwa vingi, there are
many stories told about the place.
Tumehadithiwa, we have been told.

HAFIFTJ

89

HAKI

history relates. — n. story, tale,
account, report, history, legend,
fiction. Ni hadithi tu, it is only
a story, mere fiction. (Ar. Cf.
sumulia, and kabari, kisa, ngano.)

*Hafiru, a. trifling, insignificant,
poor in quality, valueless, frivolous.
Mtu h., a person of no consequence.
Nguo h. } calico of inferior quality.
Roho h., a light, flighty, wayward
disposition. (Ar. Cf. syn. -nyonge,
duni, -dogo, rahisi.)

*Hai, a. or Hayi, alive, living,
having life, animate. Yu hai, he is
alive. (Ar. Cf. uhai, huika,

huisha, and syn. B. -zima.)

Hai, a verb-form, it is not, they
are not, — Negat. Pfx. with Pers.
Pfx. agreeing with D 2 (P) or D 6
(S). See Ha-.

*Haiba, n. beauty, adornment,
decoration. Mwanamke ana h. uso
wake, the woman has beautified her
face. H. inaingia sasa nyiunbani,
the house is becoming decorated now.
(Ar. Cf. syn. uzuri,pa??ibo, tiretnbo.)

Haina, verb-form, it has not (is
not), they have not (are not), — the
Negat. Pfx. with Pers. Pfx. agreeing
with D 2 (P) and D 6 (S), — and na.
See Ha-, Na.

*Haini, n. traitor, betrayer, de-
ceiver. Also rarely as v., betray.
(Ar. Cf. hiana, and for deceiving,
see Danganya.)

*Haithuru, v. often used as, it
does not matter, never mind, it is all
the same. (See Thuru, and syn.
mamoja.)

*Haj, n. pilgrimage to Mecca,
— incumbent on all Mahommedans,
where possible, and often undertaken
from Z. Kwenda haj, to go as a
pilgrim to Mecca. (Ar. See

Haji.)

*Haja, n. (i) need, want, appeal
for aid, request; (2) reason, cause,
ground, excuse, claim, right ; (3)
what is needed, necessaries, belong-
ings, engagements, calls of nature.
Toa h. kwa, taka h. kzva, make a

request to, request something of.
Sina h. naye, I have no need of him,
he is of no use to me. Nana h., he
is not wanted. Haina h. ya ku-
gombana, there is no reason for
quarrelling. Mabdghala ya kupakia
h. zake, mules to carry his baggage.
Kwa h. ya kutembea, for the sake of
a walk. Fanya h , attend to the
calls of nature. (Ar. Cf. hitaji,

koji, hoja or huja, and syn. for 'need,'
&c. mahitaji, maombi, ukosefu, — for
'reason, &c.' sababu, ajiti, ?naana,
shartiy — for ' necessaries ' riziki,
mafaa, vyombo, &c.)

Hajambo, verb-form, — Negat. Pfx.
of 3 Pers. S. combined with
jambo, thing, affair, matter, — he is
not (affected by) anything, there is
nothing the matter with him. See
Jambo.

*Haji, n. (1) also Haj, a pil-
grimage to Mecca, see Haj; (2)
{ma-), a pilgrim, one who is on his
way to or has been to Mecca ; and
(3) more generally of an adherent of
any religion. Mahaji ya kizungu,
people who follow the European
religion. — v. also Hiji, Heji,

make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Ap.
haj-ia, -iwa. Atanihajia mahali
pangu, he will make the pilgrimage
for me. Cs. haj-isha, -ishwa, send
as a pilgrim, allow to go, provide
means for, &c. (Ar. Cf. haj.

Dist. haji, he does not come, i. e.
from_/<2, v.)

*Hajiri, v. remove (from), leave,
emigrate, move house. (Ar. for

the common B. syn. hama.)

*Hakali, n. or Hikali, payment
for privilege, e. g. knshika hakali,
force to make a deposit, or pay foot-
ing, as a stranger intruding, &c.
(Arab, hi gal.)

*Haki, n. ^t) justice, right, law-
fulness. Mtu wa h., a just man.
Hukunni h., or kwa haki, judge justly.
Shika (or fanya) h., be just, deal
justly. (2) In general, absolute jus-
tice, righteousness. JSIuungu ni

HAKI

90

HALI

■mwenyi h. , God is the Righteous One.
(3) In particular, a claim, a right, a
privilege, a just share. Nipe h.yangu,
give me my wages, what I have a
right to. Killa myenyi h. amwiaye
futtani, any one who has a claim as
creditor of so and so. Enda hakini,
appeal to the law. Nakunliza kwa
haki, I have a right to ask you. ( Ar.)

Haki, verb-form, it is not. (Cf.
hat.)

*Hakika, n. certainty, reality, gen-
uineness, fact, truth. Mambo hay a ni
h., these are facts. H. yako, truth
as to you, you certainly, e.g. h.yako
umekosa, you are certainly wrong.
Sina h. nalo, I am not sure about
it. As adv. truly, certainly, really.
(Ar. Cf. hakiki, halisi, kwe/i.)

*Hakiki, v. make sure about, as-
certain, investigate, prove, know for
certain. Ps. hakikiwa. Nt.

hakikika, e. g. haihakikiki, certainty
is unattainable. Ap. hakik-ia, -iwa,
inquire into (about, for, at). Cs.
hakik-isha, -ishwa, cause to inves-
tigate, make a strict inquiry, have a
matter gone into. (Ar. Cf. ha-
kika.)

*Hakimu, n. {ma-), judge, ruler,
chief. H. wetu anayetumttiki, our
chief who rules over us. H. hapen-
delei intu, the judge favours no one.
(Ar., not often used in Z., cf. hukumu,
and ? hekima, and syn. sultani,
mfa/me, jumbe, fumu, kath i. )

*Hakiri, v. treat with contempt,
despise, abase. Cs. hakir-isha,

-ishwa, e.g. as Intens., vilify, scorn.
(Arab, for common tharau, tweza,
thilisha.)

Hako, verb-form, also Hayuko,
he (she) is not there (is away, is
absent), Negat. Pfx. of 3 Pers. S.
ha agreeing with D 1 (S), and Locat.
Pfx. ko. (So hayuko, hapo, hamo,
&c.)

Haku-, as first part of a verb-form,
is the Negat. Pfx. with ku, which in
this combination may be (1) sign of
Past Tense Negat., e.g. hakupendeza,

he did not please, or (2) pfx. agreeing
with Infin. Mood, e. g. kulala haku-
pendezi, lying down is not pleasant,
or (3) pfx. of general reference, e. g.
haktipendezi, the circumstances are
unpleasant, or (4) Pers. Pfx. of 2 Pers.
S. object, or P. object (with -eni), e. g.
hakiipendi, hakupendeni, he does not
like you.

Hakuna, verb-form, often used as
simple negative no, not so, it is not, —
Negat. Pfx. ha-, with ku of general
reference or agreeing with an Infin.
Mood, and na, which see. (Cf.
hamna, hapana, and for Negat. la,
siyo.)

*Hal, n. Hal waradi, otto of
roses, — one of the favourite and most
costly perfumes in Z. (Ar.)

*Halafu,adv. afterwards, presently,
not yet, after a bit. Also commonly
halafu yake, afterwards. Always of
time. (Ar. Cf. baada, baadaye,

bado kidogo, and nyuma.)

*Halali, a. lawful, permissible,
allowed, rightful, optional, avail-
able, ceremonially clean. Mke wake
h., his lawful, wedded wife. H.
kwettda, you may go if you like.
Kwiba si h., it is unlawful to steal.
Also as a n., h. yako, it is right for
you, you may. Kichwa changu h.
yako, my head is at your mercy.
(Ar. Cf. halalisha, and hiyari.
Contr. haramu, and dist. verb-form
halali, he does not lie down, from /a/a.)

*Halalisha, v. Cs. make lawful,
legalize, declare right, free from legal
or ceremonial objections or disabili-
ties. Muhammadi hakuha/a/isha
nyama ya nguruwe, Mohammed did
not sanction pork (as food). Ps.
ha/a/ishwa. (Ar. Cf. hala/i.)

*Halasa, n. sailor's wages, i. e.
ujira wa waanamaji.

*Hali, n. state, condition, circum-
stances, case. A common form of
address is Halt gani? or U ha/i
gani? How are you? (Cf. Habari,
Jambo, Salaam.) Kwa ki//a h., in
any case. H. moja na, on same side

HALI

91

• HAMISHI

as, of same views as, a follower of.
Yu h. yetu, he is one of ns. H. ya
kuwa tikiwa, a state of desertion,
desolation, — of a woman abandoned
by her husband. (Ar. Cf. mahali,
pahali.)

Hali, verb-form, it is not, Negat.
agreeing with D 5 (S). Cf. hai.
(Dist. hali, he does nor eat, Negat.
Present, from la.)

*Halifu, v. (1) oppose, contradict,
rebel (against), disobey. H. mfalme,
or kwa mfalme, rebel against the
king. H. sheria, transgress the law.
Amenihaliftt sana, he violently op-
posed me. (2) Leave behind, esp. at
death, i.e. bequeath. Andika mali
yote aliyohalifu fullani, make an in-
ventory of all property left by So-and-
So. Ps. halijiwa. Ap. halif-ia,
-iwa, -tana. Cs. halif-isha, -ishwa,
e. g. incite to disobedience, &c. — a.
rebellious, disobedient, headstrong.
(Ar. Cf. for (1) -halifu, uhalifu,
and syn. asi, kaidi, and B. pinga,
bisha, tela, &c, for (2) halafzi, and
acha, rithisha.)

*Halili, Halilisha. See Halali,
Halalisha.

*Halisi, a. real, genuine, true,
exact, precise, accurate. Myao halisi,
a true genuine Yao. Ndio halisi
nitakayo, that is exactly what I want.
Also adv., exactly, perfectly, really,
just, just so. Njema halisi, of the
very best quality. (Ar. Cf. syn.
haswa, sawasawa, kweli.)

*Halua, n. a common sweetmeat,
made of flour, eggs, sugar, ghee, &c,
and often brought by Arabs from
Muscat.

*Haluli, n. Chttmvi ya haluli,
sulphate of magnesia, Epsom salts.

Ham, verb-form, you (plur.) are
not, — Negat. Pfx. with Pfx. of 2 Pers.
P. "object. (Cf. ha, and m.)

Hama, v. change habitation, emi-
grate, flit, remove (from, to). H.
nyumba (mji, inchi), move from (or,
to) a house (town, country). Ap.
ham-ia, -iwa. Cs. ham-isha } -ish-

wa, e. g. cause to remove, eject,
banish, transport. (Cf. -hame,

-hamishi.)

*Hamaki, v. be confounded, lose
one's wits, act foolishly. (Ar. Cf.

shangaa, toshewa, pumbaza. Dist.
tahamaki.)

*Hamali ; n. {ma-), porter, carrier,
coolie, — the professional town carrier
in Z. Cf. mchiikuzi, any carrier of
a parcel, or load ; mpagazi, a caravan-
porter. Merikebtiya h. ,a freight vessel,
merchant ship. Gari la h., a trolley,
goods-van. (Ar. Cf. hamili, hi-
mill, stahimili, and syn. mpagazi,
mchukztzi.)

*Hamami, n. a public bath, bath-
ing establishment. (Ar. Cf. for
room bath, birika ya kaogea, kiogeo.)

*Hamarawi, n. rope attached to
lower or forward end of the yard in
a native vessel, to steady it and assist
in shifting, when tacking, — a fore-
brace. See For o mali.

*Hamaya, n. protection, guardian-
ship. Usually in formal documents,
e. g. fi hamayat al Ingereza, under
British protection, for the common
chini ya ?nkono wa, or tnkononi mwa,
in the hands of. (Ar. Cf. syn. B.
ulinzi y tunza.)

*Hamdu, n. praise — usually in
Arab formal expressions, e. g. Al
hamdtt illahi, praise to God. (Cf.
himidi, hetndi, and syn. si/a.)

-hame, a. deserted, abandoned, —
of place, e. g. mahame, pahame, a
deserted village. (Cf. hama, -hami-
shi, and syn. -kiwa.)

*Hami, v. protect, defend. (Arab.
Cf. hamaya, and the common syn.
tunza, linda.)

*Hamila, Hamili. See Himila,
Himili.

*Hamira, n. leaven, yeast, made
by mixing flow and water, and leav-
ing it to turn sour. (St.) (Arab,
for common syn. B. chachu.)

-hamishi, a. wandering, nomad,
migratory, homeless. (Cf. hama,
-hame.)

HAMNA

92

HAPO

Hamna, verb-form, (i) there is not
inside, there is not, no — same as
hakuna, hapana, but with m of
reference to interior, for ku, pa ; (2)
you (plur.) have not, in which m is
the Pers. Pfx. of 2 P. subject. See
Hakuna.

Hamo, verb-form, also Hayumo,
he is not within — same as Hako
(which see) with mo, locative of in-
terior, for ko.

*Hamsi, n. and a., five. Rarely
used alone, for the common B. tano.
Hamsi mia, five hundred. (Arab.
Cf. hamsini, hamstashara, alhamisi.)

*Hamsini, n. and a., fifty, -a
hamsini, fiftieth. (Ar. Cf. hamsi.)

*Hamstash.ara, n. and a., fifteen.
-a hamstashara, fifteenth. (Ar.

Cf. hamsi, ashara, and syn. B. kumi
na tano.)

*Hamu, n. grief, sorrow, distress.
Tia hamu, grieve. Fanya {ingiwa
na) hamu, he grieved. (Ar. Cf.
ghammti, and syn. huzicni, sikitiko,
majonsi, &c. Dist. hamu, haste,
hurry, — not often heard, cf. hima.
Tuna hamu ya kwenda zetu, we are
in a hurry to go, &c.)

*Hana, v. also Hani, mourn (with),
pay a visit of condolence (to), join in
a formal mourning. Ap. han-ia,
-iwa. Cs. hani-sha, -shwa. Rp.
haniana. (Ar. Cf. matanga.)

Hana, verb-form, he (she) has
not — Negat. Pfx. with na, which see.
Hana hitu, he has nothing. Hana
kwao, he has no home, he is a vaga-
bond.

*Hanamu, a. oblique, aslant, side-
ways. Kata h., cut obliquely. (Cf.
syn. mshathali, kombo, upande.)

*Handaki, n. ditch, trench, chan-
nel (artificial). (Ar. Cf. shimo,
msingi. )

*Hando, n. a copper vessel, similar
to the earthenware mtungi, with
narrow circular opening at the top,
used chiefly for carrying and storing
water. (For other metal vessels cf.
sufuria, kitasa, kalasia,)

*Hangaika, v. See Angaika.

*Hani, v. also Hana, which see.

Hanikiza, v. Cs. talk down, bear
down with loud talking, drown an
opponent's voice, bluff, prevent hear-
ing. Rp. hanikizana.

*Hanisi, a. impotent (sexually),
effeminate, weak. (Ar.)

*Hanithi, a. ribald, foul, shame-
less. Acha neno h. wee, stop that,
bad language, will you? (Arab,
for more usual -najisi, -chafu, -baya.)

*Hanzua, n. a kind of sword
dance, commonly played after Rama-
thani.

Hao, a. pron. of reference, 3 Pers.
P. agreeing with D 1 (P), those
referred to, those there. See Huyu,
and O.

Hapa, a. pron. of place, this place,
— agreeing with D 7, seldom of time
or circumstances, and generally used
alone as pron. or locative adv. H.
pazztri, this is a nice place. Toka h.
hatta mjini, from here to the town.
Njoo h., come here. H. pana watu,
here there are people. Sometimes
papa hapa, just here, on this very spot
(cf. papa). See Huyu, and cf. follg.

Hapale, a. pron. for hapa-pale,
just there, at that very place. (Cf.
huyule, hivile, &c, and see Huyu,
Yule.)

Hapana, verb-form, there is not
there, there is none, no — same as
hakuna, hamna, but with pa, agree-
ing with D 7, of place. Commonly
as a simple negation, like hakuna,
la, siyo.

Hapo, a. pron. of reference, agree-
ing with D 7, and like hapa com-
monly used alone, but unlike hapa,
of time as well as place, and also
more generally of circumstances.
Toka hapo ! get out of that ! go
along ! //. kale, in the days of old,
once upon a time, often at the begin-
ning of a story. Tangu h., tokea h.,
from long ago, ever so long. Hapo,
in that case, under the circumstances.
H mbali, that was a different case.

HAPO

93

HARIMU

Also papo hapo, just there, at that
very place (time, crisis). (Cf. hapa,
huyo, papa.)

Hapo, verb-form, also Hayupo.
he (she) is not here, — same as huko,
hamo, with locative -po for -ko, -mo.

*Hara, v. have looseness of the
bowels, suffer from frequent purging,
have diarrhoea, &c. H. damn, have
dysentery, pass blood with the stools.
Dawa ya knhara (also, ya kuha-
rishd), an aperient medicine, a laxa-
tive, a purge. Cs. har-isha, -ishwa.
Chaht/a hiki chaniharisha, this food
gives me diarrhoea. (Ar.)

*Harabu, n. ( — , and ma-), one
who is destructive, a spoiler, a ruffian,
a vandal. Mwarabu h. uAende
mrima, the Arab is a destroyer, so
do not go to the mainland. Nazi
mbovu h. ya nzima, bad cocoanuts
spoil the good ones. Also a. -harabu,
destructive, violent. (Ar. Cf.

haribu, uharabu.)

*Haradali, n. mustard. (Ar.)

*Haraja, n. cost, expense, outlay,
payment. (Ar. Cf. harijia, and
more common syn. gha?'ama.)

*Haraka, n. haste, hurry, bustle,
excitement, fun. Fanya h., make
haste. Enda kwa h., be in a hurry.
Haraka, haraka, haina baraka, hurry
has no blessing. Also as adv., in
a hurry, hastily, flurriedly. (Ar.
Cf. harikisha, and for haste, syn.
hima, tvepesi, and for flurry, angaika,
chafuka.)

*Harakisha, v. Cs. and Hari-
kisha, cause haste (bustle, excite-
ment, &c). (Ar. Cf. haraka, ta-
hamki, and syn. himiza.)

*Haramia, n. outlaw, pirate, bri-
gand, bandit, highway robber. (Ar.
Cf. follg. and syn. mtoro, pakacha,
mnyanganyi.)

*Haraniu, a. forbidden, unlawful,
prohibited, i.e. by Mahommedan law
or custom. Mwana wa h., an ille-
gitimate child, a bastard. (Ar.
harimu, harimisha, and cf. gombeza,
?naru/uku, and contr. halali.)

*Harara, n. heat, warmth, (i) of
the body, high temperature, inflam-
mation, prickly heat, rash produced
by heat. Ameshikwa na h., he is
hot, feverish. Yuna h. ya tnapaja
kwa jna na njia, he has a rash on
the thighs from the heat and walking.
(2) fig. hot temper, rashness, pre-
cipitancy. H. ya moyo, moyo wa h.,
moyo h., a passionate disposition,
quick temper. (Ar. Cf. hari, and
syn. moto, uvukuto.)

*Hari, n. heat in general, and esp.
perspiration, sweat. H. ya jua, the
heat of the sun. Mwili wangu una
h.,vsvj body is hot. Toka h., perspire.
H. zanitona, sweat drops off me.
(Ar. Cf. harara, and syn. moto,josho.)

*-h.aribifu, a. {haribifti with D 4
(P), D 5 (S), D 6), destructive,
wasteful, prodigal, doing harm, spoil-
ing. Mharibifu wa mali, a spend-
thrift. (Cf. haribu, haralw, uhar-
abu, and syn. -potevu, -bathirifu.)

*Haribu, v. injure, destroy, spoil,
damage, ruin, demoralize. H. kazi,
spoil work. H. safari, break- up an
expedition. H. inchi, devastate a
country. H. mimba, cause mis-
carriage. H. moyo, pervert, corrupt.
Ps. haribiwa. Nt. haribika, with
several derived forms. Ap. harib-
ikia, be ruined, in respect of, suffer
loss of, and Ps. haribikiwa, be the
victim of violence, be robbed of every-
thing, be utterly ruined. Cs. haribik-
isha, -ishwa, inflict ruin on. Rp.
haribikana, be liable to destruction.
Ap. harib-ia, -iwa, -iana. Cs.

harib-isha, -ishwa. (Ar. Cf. har-
abti, -haribifu, and syn. B. vunja,
angamiza, poteza)

*Harijia, v. Ap. spend money on,
incur outlay for, make provision for,
be liberal to. Ps. ha?'ijiwa. (Ar.
Cf. haraja, an<* the more usual syn.
gharimia, and cf. kirimu, karama.)

Harimu, v. make illegal, declare
unlawful, forbid, ban, interdict, ex-
communicate. Ps. harimiwa.
Ap. harimia, forbid to, declare

HARIRI

94

HATHARI

wrong for, &c. Cs. harim-isha,
•ishwa, often Intens. and so instead
of the Pr. harimu, declare illegal,
according to Mahommedan law.
Harimisha mtu kitu, interdict some
one from something. Ttcmekarimi-
s/iwa kileo, we are forbidden intoxi-
cants. — n. (ma-), person or thing
forbidden. Maharimu, persons
within the prohibited degrees of con-
sanguinity and so forbidden to each
other. (Ar. Cf. haramu, haramia,
and for forbidding, gombeza, kataza,
piga, marufukti.)

*Hariri, n. silk. (Ar.)

*Harisha, v. Cs. cause free ac-
tion of the bowels, produce diarrhoea.
(Ar. See Hara, and cf. syn. endesha
choo.)

*Harufu, n. (i) a letter (of the
alphabet), a written character, figure.
H. za kiarabu, Arabic writing char-
acters. (Ar. Cf. tarakimti.) (2)
Scent, smell, odour, of any kind, good
or bad. (Cf. nuka, manukato,
twtindo.) ■

*Harusi, n. wedding. See Arusi.
(Ar. — the h representing Ain.)

*Hasara, n. loss, damage, injury.
Pata h., lose. Tia h., cause loss to.
Lipa h., pay damages, repay, make
amends. (Ar. Cf. hasiri, thara,
7ipotevu.)

*Hasria, int. certainly not, by no
means, impossible, God forbid, —
a very emphatic negative. (Ar.
Other negatives are la, sio, haktma.)

*Hasherati, n. profligacy, vice.
See Asherati. (Ar.)

Hasho, n. a piece of wood used
as a patch, let in or fixed on, to
close a hole, &c.

*Hasi, v. castrate, geld. Ps.
hasiwa. Also n. (ma-), a bullock,
a gelding. (Ar. Cf. mhasi, viak-
sai, and syn. tawashi.)

*Hasibu, v. also Hesabu, count,
reckon up, calculate. (Ar. For
derivatives, &c, see Hesabu.)

*Hasidi, v. also Husudu, envy,
grudge, be jealous of. Una?nhasidi

nguo zake, you envy him his clothes.
(For derivatives, &c, see Husudu.)
— n. (1) envy, jealousy, spite ; (2)
an envious, spiteful person, and in
general, enemy, foe. Tukaona huyu
ndiye hasidi, and we see that he was
indeed our enemy. (Ar. Cf. uha-
sidi, ukusuda, and syn. B. uwivu.)

*Hasimu, n. antagonist, rival, op-
ponent. (Arab. Cf. husiuna, — for
common adui, and cf. mdai, mtesi,
&c.)

*Hasira, n. anger, wrath, passion.
Ktiwa na k., to be angry. Kutia
h., to enrage. Used with many verbs,
e. g. fanya, ona, piga, shikwa na,
ingia, ingiwa, patwa na, &c. (The
common word in Z. Cf. kasirika,
and syn. ghathabti, uchungu, chuki.
Dist. follg.)

*Hasiri, v. injure, damage, hurt,
inflict loss on. Paka ana/iaszri
watu, the cat is doing injury to
people. Mbau zimemhasiri, the
planks have been a loss to him.
Ps. hasiriwa. Nt. hasirika. Ap.
hasir-ia, -iwa. Cs. hasir-isha,

-islnva, and Intens. injure. Rp.
hasiriana. (Ar. Cf. hasara, and
syn. thara, shari. Dist. hasira,
anger.)

*Hassa, adv. also Haswa, exactly,
wholly, completely, very much.
(Ar. Cf. halisi, barabba, kabisa,
sana.)

*Hatamu, n. bridle, i. e. ugwe wa
mdomoni, the mouth strap, to guide
or fasten an animal with. (Ar.
The bit is lija?nu.)

*Hatari, n. danger, peril, risk,
jeopardy. Hatarikwe?ida, it is dan-
gerous to go. Jitia hatarini, run
a risk, imperil oneself. (Cf. hatir-
ts/ia, and dist. hathari. Cf. ma-
shaka.)

*Hathari, v. exercise care, be
cautious, act with prudence. Ha-
thari kwa adui, be on guard against
(be on the look-out for) an enemy.
Jihathari is a common cry of warn-
ing, Mind yourself ! Look out ! Take

HATI

95

HAWA

care ! — like bismilla. — n. caution,
care, prudence. Common in such
phrases as kuwa na h. } to be on one's
guard ; kutia h., to put on one's
guard, to caution. Also f any a h,,
jipasha h., pat a h. (Ar. Cf. syn.
angalia, jilinda, kuwa macho.)

*Hati, n. written note, memoran-
dum, document, certificate, writing,
esp. of an official or formal kind,
e. g. andikia hati, emancipate, write
a freedom-paper for. (Ar. Cf.

waraka, a news letter, of ordinary
correspondence, and barua, cheti.)

Hatia, n. See Hatiya, and Atia.

*Hatibu, n. {ma-), a preacher.
H. anapanda ndani ya mimbara
apate kuhtitubu, the preachjr is
mounting the pulpit to give his ad-
dress. (Ar. Cf. hutubu, hotuba.)

*Hatima, n. end, conclusion.
Akakaa raha hatta hatima, and he
lived happily to the day of his death.
Hatimaye, for hati?na yake, used as
adv., finally. — adv. finally, at
last, in the end, and sometimes as
prep, after, e. g. hatima kufa kwake,
after his death. (Ar. Cf. hitima,
hitimu, and syn. B. mivisho, kikomo.)

*Hatirisha, v. Cs. put in danger,
endanger, risk, imperil. Amehatir-
isha mali katika chombo, he has
risked his goods on a dhow. Ps.

hatirishwa. Rf. jihatirisha, risk
oneself, i. e. jitia hatarini. (Ar.
Cf. hatari.)

*Hatiya, n. and Hatia, (i) fault,
transgression, crime, sin; (2) guilt,
blame, culpability. Tia hatiyani,
find fault with, accuse. Kuwa
na h. na (mtu) may mean either to
have done a wrong to, or, to have a
charge against. (Ar. Cf. thambi,
kosa.)

*Hatta, (1) prep, until, up to,
as far as, as much as, — implying a
point, object, degree, or condition in
view. Toka hapa h. htiko, from here
to there. Tangu assubuhi h. jioni,
from morning to evening. Simpi h.
moja, I will not give him as much as

one (even one). Often with kidogo,
after a negative, i. e. not in the least,
not even a little, not at all. Also
without kidogo, but in same sense,
habari hii si kweli hatta, this report
is not true at all. Sometimes even
with negative only implied, e. g.
Amekwenda? hatta, Has he gone?
Not he. (2) conj. (a) connective,
so, then, next, often merely tran-
sitional and not requiring translation,
h. assubuhi, so in the morning.
H. siku moja, one day, once upon a
time, (b) subordinative, so as to,
even if, though. Ntafanza akili
gani, h. tugawe sawasawa ? What
plan shall I follow, so that we may
divide equally ? H. aje na mkuki,
usikubali, even if he come with a
spear, do not consent. (3) adv. H.
ntampiga, I will even beat him,
I will go so far as to beat him. Ba-
hati yako h. nimekuja, Thanks to
your good luck, I have even come,
I am positively here. (Ar.)

Hatu, verb-form, we are not, —
Negat. Pfx. with Pfx. of 1 Pers. P.
See Ha-, and Tu.

*Hatua, n. step, pace, in walking,
also footstep, mark left by the foot.
Pima kwa h., measure by paces.
Vuta h. hapa tta hapa, go a step
in either direction. Safari h., a jour-
ney on foot. H. mbili mbele, two
steps to the front. (Ar. Cf. uayo.)

Hau, verb-fojm, it is not, Negat.
Pfx., and Pfx. agreeing with D 2 (S),
and D 4 (S). See Ha-, and U.

Hauna, verb-form, it is not (does
not exist), it has not, — Negat. Pfx.,
and Pfx. agreeing with D 2 (S), D 4
(S), and na (which see).

Havi, verb-form, they are not, —
Negat. Pfx. and Pfx. agreeing with
D 3 (P). See Ha-.

Havina, veA-form, they are not,
they have not,— Negat. Pfx. and Pfx.
agreeing with D 3 (P), and na
(which see).

*Hawa, n. (1) longing, bias,
strong inclination, lust, passion.

HAWA

96

HAZI

Huyu yuna h. ya moyo, this man
is deeply in love. Ustfanye h. nafsi,
do not show bias, do not be partial.
(Ar., with ya final. Cf. syn. shauko,
habba, mapenzi, ngoa, tamaa, roho,
maelekeo, uchu.) (2) Air, the air.
H. ya kule nzuri sana, the air there
is delightful. Badili h., take a
change of air. (Ar., with alif final.
Cf. anga, upepo, baridi, labia, cli-
mate. Hawa is also sometimes
written hewa, — the first a having a
light sound like a short e. Cf. alfu,
elfu, mzualimu, elimu, &c, and e.)
(3) Eve, the first woman. (Ar.,
not the same h as (1) and (2). (4)
See follg.

Hawa, pron. these, plur. of huyu,
agreeing with D 1 (P).

Hawa, verb-form, they are not, —
Negat. Pfx. with Pfx. agreeing with

D 1 (P).

*Hawa, Hawaa, Hawai, n. also

Hawara, a paramour, a woman

living with a man who is not her

husband. (Cf. suria, kinyumba,

mwandani, kahaba.)

*Hawala, n. also Awala, money
order, cheque, draft, bill of exchange.
(Ar. Cf. syn. hundi, hati.)

Hawana, verb-form, they are not'
(do not exist), they have not, — Negat.
Pfx. and Pfx. agreeing with D 1 (P),
and na (which see).

Hawezi, n. 3 Sing. Pres. Indie.
Negat. of weza, he is unable, he has
not strength, he is sick. So com-
monly applied to the condition of
sickness, as to be sometimes used as
an indeclinable adj., sick, ill, e.g.
nalikuwa hawezi, for siwezi, I was
ill. Walikuta ivatu wengi hawezi,
they found many people sick. And
even as verb, e. g. amehawezi, he has
become sick, he is ill. See "Weza,
and Siwezi.

Hawi, v. 3 Pers. Sing. Pres. Indie.
Negat. of -wa ikuwa), he is not,
he does not exist. See -wa.

*Hawili, v. (1) change, transfer.
//. chombo, change ship, trans-ship.

Cs. hawil-isha, -ishwa. (2) Give se-
curity for, guarantee, undertake re-
sponsibility for. H. deni, become
responsible for a debt. (Ar. Cf.
hawala, and syn. (1) badili, (2)
diriki.)

*Haya, n. (1) shame, modesty?
bashfulness, shamefacedness ; (2)
cause of shame, disgrace ; (3) hu-
mility, respect, reverence. Tia h.,
make ashamed. Fanya{pna) h.,feel
shame, be shy. JIana h., he is a
shameless (impudent, brazen) person.
(Ar. Cf. syn. aibti,fetheha, tahayari.
Dist. follg.)

Haya, (1) int. as call to action or
effort, come on ! now then ! work
away ! step out ! make haste ! &c. ;
(2) a. these, plur. of huyu, agreeing
with D 5 (P) ; (3) verb-form, they
are not, — Negat. Pfx. and Pfx. agree-
ing with D 5 (P).

Hayale, a. for haya-yale, those
very (things), agreeing with D 5 (P).
(Cf. huyule, huyu, yule.)

*Hayamkini, v. it is impossible.
See Yamkini. (Ar.)

Hayana, verb-form, they are not
(do not exist), they have not,— Negat.
Pfx. and Pfx. agreeing with D 5 (P),
and na (which see).

*Hayawani, n. a brute, a beast,
like a brute, and so of persons, fool,
idiot, brute. (Ar. Cf. uhayazvani,
and syn. mjinga, mpumbafu.)

*Hayi, a. alive, living. See Hai.
(Ar.)

Hayo, a. of reference, agreeing
with D 5 (P), those referred to, those
yonder, those. (Cf. huyo.)

Hayuko, verb-form, he (she) is
not there, — Negat. Pfx., Pfx. yu
agreeing with D 1 (S), and locative
Pfx. -ho. (Cf. ha-, -ko)

*Hazama, n. also Azama, or
Athama, nose-ornament, pendant.
(Ar.)

*Hazamu, n. {ma-), girdle. Com-
monly in the plur. (Ar. Cf. ma-
hazamu, mshipi, masombo.)

Hazi, verb-form, they are not, —

HAZINA

97

HESHIMA

Negat. Pfx., with Pfx. agreeing with
D 4 (P), D 6. (Cf. ha-.)

*Hazina, n. treasure, deposit of
money, exchequer, privy purse. H.
ya ??iali, nyumba ya h., treasury.
(Ar. Cf. dafina, mali, akiba.)

Hazina, verb-form, they are not
(do not exist) , they have not, — Negat.
Pfx., with Pfx. agreeing with D 4 (P),
D 6, and na (which see).

*Hebbu, v. like, be pleased with,
take a fancy to. Baba aliuhebbu
unyoya tile, his father took a fancy
to that feather. Ap. kebb-ia, -iwa.
(Arab, seldom used. Cf. kabba, hiba.)

*Hedaya, n. gift, present, usually
of something rare, costly, or wonder-
ful. Kitu cha k., a costl) thing.
(Arab. Cf. atia, zawadi, bakshishi,
tunu, &c.)

*Hekalu, n. {ma-), a large build-
ing, a palace, a temple, the temple
at Jerusalem. (Ar. Cf. syn. B.
jumba.)

*Hekima, n. wisdom, knowledge,
judgement. (Ar. Cf. hakimu, hu-
kumu, and syn. elimu, busara, akili,
maari/a.)

*Hekimiza, v. Cs. cause to know,
give instructions to, inform, direct.
Ametuhekimiza tukutunze, he di-
rected us to take care of you. Ps.
hekimizwa. (Ar. Cf. prec.)

*Hema, n. ( — , and ma-), a tent.
Piga (simikisha) k., pitch a tent.
Ondoa {ngod) k., strike a tent. (Ar.)

*Hemdi, n. also Himidi, praise,
esp. in ascription to God. (Ar.
Cf. kamdu, follg. and syn. sifa.)

*Hemidi, v. and Himidi, praise.
(Ar. Cf. kamdu,
sifu.)

halyard, — the thick
the heavy yard and
sail of a native vessel is hoisted. It
passes over a sheave at the masthead,
and carries a double or treble pulley
(gqfia) connected with another [abe-
dari) on deck by a smaller rope
(j'irari), giving the necessary pur-
chase. (Cf. tang a.)

Ps. hemidiwa.
hemdi, and syn.
*Henza, n.
rope by which

*Henzarani, n. a cane, canework.

*Heri, n. happiness, blessedness,
good fortune, luck, success, advan-
tage. H. yako ni yetti, your happi-
ness is ours. Mtic wa k., a fortunate
(happy, enviable) man. Kujaliwa
k. , to be granted good fortune. Kufu-
nuliwa h., to make a lucky guess,
hit on a happy idea. Common in
formula of leave-taking, kwa heri,
good-bye, or kwa heri ya kuonana,
good-bye till we meet again. Also
heri, it is well, it is best (like afa-
tkali), e. g. heri uende, you had
better go. (Ar. Cf. subalkheri,
masalkkeri, in which the kh is more
distinctly heard as a guttural.)

Hero, n. a small wooden dish,
sometimes on legs, used for serving
food on. (Cf. ckungti.)

*Hesabu, v. also Hasibu, Hi-
sabu, count, calculate, reckon up.
Ps. hesabiwa. Nt. hesabika. Hazi-
hesabiki, they are not counted, or,
they are not to be counted, i.e. worth-
less, or, they are past counting, i. e.
numberless. Ap. hesab-ia, reckon
with (to the credit of, against, &c).
Rp. hesabiana, settle accounts to-
gether. Cs. hesab-isha, -ishwa,
e. g. ntahesabisha, I will have an
account taken. — n. (1) reckon-
ing, calculation, enumeration; (2) a
bill, an account (of money, measure,
value) ; (3) the art of counting,
numeration, arithmetic. Chuo cha
k., an account book, like daftari.
Toa k., give an account. Andika
katika k., put down to an account.
Fanya h. , reckon up, calculate. Taka
k., demand an account. (Ar. Cf.
idadi, pima, kadiri.)

*Heshima, n. often Heshima,
(1) as a quality or condition, honour,
dignity, position, rank; (2) the cor-
relative attit-wle in others, respect,
reverence, awe, courtesy ; (3) as
shown in act, a present, acknow-
ledgement, fee. Hana h., he has
no dignity, or, he is disrespectful.
Wekea (wekeana) k., treat (each

H

HESHIMT7

98

HIMIDI

other) with honour. H. kwake tele,
he is full of due consideration for
people. (Ar. Cf. follg. and syn.
(i) tttukufu, daraja, cheo\ (2) hofu,
adabu ; (3) bakshishi, &c.)

*Heshimu, v. honour, pay respect
to, treat with courtesy, give a present
to. Ps. heshimiwa. Ap. he-
shim-ia, -tana. (Ar. Cf. tukuza,
j'ali, stahi, hashimu.)

*Hessi, n. ( — , and ma-), a screw.
Also msomari wa hessi. (Cf. para-
fnjo, msomari.)

*Hethi, n. menses, menstruation,
^more commonly mwezi or damn.
Kuwa na h., to menstruate, also
ingia mwezini (damuni). (Ar.)

Hi-, as first syllable of a verb-
form, is (if not part of the root) a
contraction for niki-, i. e. Pfx. of
1 Pers. Sing, of the Pres. Partic,
e.g. hipenda, for nikipenda. (Cf.
ha for nika, and see Ki.)

Hiana, a. sometimes -hiana, (1)
tough, hard, strong. Mti huu ni h.,
or una h., this wood is hard. (2)
Hard, unyielding, domineering, op-
pressive, arrogant. (Cf. uhiana, and
syn. -gumu.) — n. (1) hardness;
(2) oppression. Mtu hamfanyi mwe-
nziwe h., a man is not hard upon his
friend. {Hiana, u hiana, is also
sometimes used as a variant of haini,
treacherous, deceitful.)

*Hiari, n. and Hiyari, choice,
option, power of deciding, control.
Hiari yako, just as you like. Kichwa
changu h. yako, my life (head) is in
your hands, you may kill me if you
like. Killa mtu ana h. katika ny-
timba yake, every man is master in
his own house. Kazi ya h., voluntary
labour. — v. choose, prefer. Waa-
nake wakahiyari kukabili risasi zetn,
the women deliberately faced our
bullets. (Ar. Cf. ihtiari, and syn.
chagua, fanya kwa moyo.)

*Hiba, n. gift, present, keepsake,
souvenir, — given as sign of affection,
hence also bequest, legacy. (Ar.
Cf. habba, muhebbi, hebbu, and for

'present' generally bakshishi, ada,
zawadi, &c.)

Hicho, a. of reference, that, that
yonder, agreeing with D 3 (S).
(Cf. huyo and -0.)

*Hidima, n. also Huduma, ser-
vice, employment, ministration. M-
zungu atia watu katika h. yake, this
white man takes people into his
service. (Ar. Cf. hudumu, mha-
dimu, and syn. utumwa, titumishi,
kazi.)

*Hifathi, v. sometimes Hafithi,
preserve, keep, protect, save. Muu-
ngu amhifathi, may God keep him.
Ps. hifathiwa. Nt. hifathika. Ap.
hifath-ia, -iana. Cs. hifath-isha,
-ishwa. (Ar. Cf. linda, tunza,
pony a, okoa, &c.)

Hii, a. dem. this, there, — agree-
ing with D 2 (P), D 6 (S). (Cf.
huyu.) Also hiile (of emphasis,
i. e. hii-ile), that (those) very. (Cf.
huytile.)

*Hikaya, n. and Hekaya, story,
anecdote, remarkable incident. Nna
h., I have something to tell you.
Ttimeona h. leo, we have seen a
strange thing to-day. (Ar. Cf.
kisa, ngano, hadithi, habari.)

Hiki, a. dem. this, — agreeing with
D 3 (S). Also hikile (of emphasis,
i. e. hili lile), that very. (Cf. huyu,
htiytde.)

*Hila, n. device, trick, stratagem,
craft, cunning, deceit. Fanya h., use
cunning, try to circumvent. Mtu wa
h., a wily, sly man. (Ar. Cf. ha-
daa, madanganya, xverevu, uj'anja.)

Hili, a. dem. this, agreeing with
D 5 (S). Also hilile (of emphasis,
i.e. hili lile), this very. (Cf. huyu,
huyule.) Similarly hilo, of reference,
that, that yonder. (Cf. huyo, -0.)

Hima, adv. quick, quickly, hastily,
in a hurry. Fanya h., make haste.
Twende h., let us go quickly. Hima!
hima ! quick ! quick ! (Cf. himiza,
ha?nu, and syn. tipesi, haraka, mbio.)

*Himidi, v. praise, extol, magnify,
esp. of praise to God. Ps. himi-

HIMILA

99

HITILAFU

diiva. — n. praise. (Ar. Cf.
hamdu, hemdi, and syn. sifu, si/a.)

*Himila, n. (i) load, burden ; (2)
pregnancy. Mke wangu ana h.,
amechukua mimba, my wife is with
child, she has conceived. (Ar. for
the commoner (1) mzigo, (2) mimba.
Cf. follg.)

*Himili, v. (1) bear, support,
carry, take away; (2) bear, endure,
accept, be equal to ; (3) be pregnant.
Ruhnsa kuhimili mizigo, leave to
carry the loads. Himilijiia, endure
the heat of the sun. Ps. himiliwa.
Nt. himilika. Ap. himil-ia, -iwa,
-iana. Cs. , himil-isha, -ishwa.

(Ar. Cf. kimila, hamali, stahimili,
and syn. chukua, vumilia, k..wa na
mimba.)

Himiza, v. Cs. hasten, hurry, cause
to be done (to go) quickly. Himiza
tvaiu kazi, make men work quickly.
Himiza chakula, hurry on a meal.
Ps. himizzca. Ap. himiz-ia, riwa.
Rp. himizana. (Cf. hima, and

syn. kimbiza, endesha, harakisha.)

Hina, n. henna, prepared from the
plant mhina, a very favourite red
dye.

*Hindi, n. {ma-), (1) a single
grain of Indian corn, a seed of the
plant muhindi, which see ; (2) India,
also Ulaya Hindi, Uhindi. (Dist.
Mhindi, a Hindoo.)

*Hini, v. refuse to give (to), with-
hold (from), keep back (from). Ame-
nihini fetha yangu, he has kept back
my money. Hatanihini tiganga, he
will not refuse me medicine. Jihini
chakula, denv oneself food. Ps.
hiniwa. Nt. hinika. Ap. hin-
ia, -iwa, -iana. Cs. hin-isha,

-ishwa. Jihinisha, practise self-
denial. (Ar. Cf. syn. nyima,
katalia.)

*Hirimu, n. ( — , and ma-), (1)
age, period of life, and esp. of youth,
from 10 to 25; (2) one of the same
age, a contemporary. Vijana wa h.
moja, young people of the same age.
Alahirimu yake ya kijana, the com-

panions of his youth. (Ar. Cf.
umri.)

*Hirizi, n. charm, amulet, i.e.
tiganga wa kuvaa mwilini, uvaiiwao,
medicine worn on the person, which
is put on, round the neck or at the
side. Often a small leather case,
containing a sentence from the Coram
(Ar. Cf. tiganga, dawa, talasimu.)

*Hisa, n. (1) part, portion, share
(cf. fungu, sehemu) ; (2) ? indulgence,
permission, pardon. (Ar.)

*Hisani, n. kindness, favour, good-
ness. Kwa h. yako, by your kind-
ness. (Ar. Cf. ahsante, and syn.
fathili, we ma.)

*Hitaji, v. need, require, be in
need of, lack, want, feel want of,
desire. Nahitaji chakula, I need
food. Often impersonal, e.g. yahi-
taji mashahidi wawe watti wa kweli,
witnesses need to be truthful. Yahi-
taji tile sana, you should eat heartily.
Sometimes ' be wanting, be wanted,'
e.g. vitu vinavyohitaji katika ma-
zishi, requisites for burial. Ps.

hitajiwa. Nt. hitajika. Ap.

hitajia, like hitaji, e. g. ahitajia
kupigzua, he wants a beating. Ahi-
tajia kuwapo hapa, he needs must
be here. Rp. hitajiana. — n.

(ma-), need, want, petition. (Ar.
Cf. haja, 7?ihitaji, and syn. taka.)

*Hitari, v. choose, select, prefer.
Ps. hitariwa. Kalamu iliyohitariiua,
a choice, selected pen. Cs. hitar-

isha, -ishwa, e. g. cause to choose,
give choice (of). (Ar. Cf. follg.,
and the common syn. chagtia, tetia.)

*Hitiari, n. also Ihtiari, choice,
selection, preference. H. yako, as
you like, i. e. tipendavyo. Nathari
na h. ni kwako, the decision and
choice lie with you. (Ar. Cf.

hitari, and syn. hiyari, nathari?)

Hitilafu, *. also Ihtilafu, (1)
difference, something out of the way
(unusual, of special interest, critical) ;
(2) defect, blemish. Shatiri lao moja
wala hapana h., their design is the
same and there is no difference. Aka-

H 2

HITIMA

100

HODI

ona h. kidogo, he noticed a small
variation. (3) Difference, discord,
variance, quarrel, quarrelsomeness, —
of persons. Also of musical sounds.
Hana &., there is nothing wrong
about him, he does not give trouble,
cause discord. — v. be different,
make a difference. Sometimes im-
pers. imehitilafu, there is a differ-
ence. Rp. hitilafiana, be different,
distinct from each other, e. g. lugha
hizi zimehitilafiana, these languages
(Svvahili and Arabic) are quite dis-
tinct. (Ar. Cf. tafauti, mbali-
mbali, achana.)

*Hitima, n. a Mahommedan ser-
vice, or office, in conclusion of some
event, i.e. a reading of certain por-
tions of the Coran, esp. (1) a funeral
service ; (2) service at a housewarm-
m g5 (3) a feast given at such a
ceremony, e. g. siku ya tatu hufanya
h.,yaani hupika wait, after three days
(of mourning, matanga) a feast is
made, i.e. rice is cooked. Kusoma
h. katika kaburi, to hold a service at
a grave. (Ar. Cf. hitimu, hati-
ma, and for other services, buruda,
fatiha.)

*Hitimu, v. finish, end, come to
an end, be completed. Most common
in the special sense, ' finish education,
complete a course of reading or in-
struction, end an apprenticeship, be-
come a qualified teacher or workman,'
equivalent to ' pass, take a degree, be
out of time.' Mwalimu amehitimisha
chuo mtoto, naye mtoto amehitimu,
the teacher has taken his pupil
through the whole course of reading,
and the pupil has passed. Ap.
hitim-ia, -iwa. Cs. hitim-isha,

-ishwa. Kulihitimisha jambo letu,
to complete our business. (Ar.
Cf. hitima, hatima, and in general
syn. isha, maliza, timiza, kamilisha.)

Hivi, a.dem.these, — agreeing with
D 3 (P). Also commonly as adv.,
thus, in this manner, accordingly, so.
Sasa hivi, at this very moment, im-
mediately, on the spot. Leo hivi,

this very day. Also hivile, for

emphasis, i.e. hivi vile, those very
(things).

Hivyo, a. dem. of reference, those,
those yonder. Also adv., in that
manner, in the manner described, so.
Often vivyo hivyo, just so, exactly so.
(Cf. huyo, -vyo.)

Hiyana, Hiyari. See Hiana,
Hiari.

Hiyo, a. dem. of reference, that
(those), that (those) yonder, — agree-
ing with D 2 (P), D 6 (S). (Cf.
huyo, -0.)

*Hizi, v. disgrace, put to shame,
dishonour, insult, inflict punishment
on. Mtoto amemhizi babaye, the
child has disgraced his father. Ps.
hiziwa. Nt. hizika. Ap. hiz-ia,
-iwa. (Ar. Cf. syn. aibisha,

fethehesha, tahayarisha, tweza.)

Hizi, a. dem. these, — agreeing with
D 4 (P), D 6 (P). Siku hizi, some
days ago, lately, modern times, now-
adays. Also zizi hizi, just these,
these very. Also hizi/e, for emphasis,
i. e. hizi zi/e, those very. Hizo, as
the form of reference, those, those
yonder. (Cf. huyu, httyo.)

*Hodari, a. (1) strong, firm, stable,
solid; (2) active, energetic, brave,
earnest, strong-willed. Used of
strength generally, in substance,
construction, character, &c. Boriti
h., strong poles. Ukuta h., a solid
wall. Mtu h. wa kazi {wa vita, wa
maneno), an effective, able mechanic
(soldier, orator). (Perh. Hind.

Cf. thabiti, and syn. B. -a nguvu,
-gunm. Contr. thaifu.)

*Hodi, n. used in Z. invariably
and only as a polite inquiry before
entering a private house or room,
' May I come in ? ' and, unless an
answer is given, — usually the same
word or karibti, come in, — good
manners forbid entry. (Prob. a word
introduced by Arabs from Muscat,
meaning ' safety, well-being,' and so
equivalent to wokovu,salamu. Hence
as an interrogative, Is all well? all

HOFTJ

101

HONGO

well? and the answer, 'all well,' by
the same word, — or by karibu, which
see.)

*Hofu, n. (i) fear, apprehension,
awe ; (2) cause of fear, danger.
Kuwa na h., to be afraid. Fanya
(piga, ona, ingia, ingiwa, patwa na,
shikwa na) h., be frightened, be
seized with fear. Sometimes also
adj. -hofu, timid, fearful. — v. feel
fear, be afraid of. Ps. hofizva.
Nt. hofika. Ap. hojia, fear for
(about, in, &c). Cs. kof-isha,

-ishwa, terrify, frighten. (Ar.

Cf. afa, mwafa, and common syn. B.
ogopa, oga, kitisho, uchaji, -cha.)

*Hogo, n. (?na-), a very large root
of cassava. See Muhogo.

*Hohehahe,n. a solitary, destitute,
outcast person or state. Cf. such
phrases as maskini (fukara) hohe
hake, utterly poor and destitute.
Ni hohe hahe tu, he is quite forlorn.

*Hoho. Pilipili hoho, red pepper,
as dist. from pilipili manga, black
pepper. Mkatewa h., a cake flavoured
with pepper.

*Hoja,n.alsoHuja, (1) want, need,
necessity ; (2) what is urgent or
pressing, business, concern; (3) ur-
gent request, argument, logical de-
monstration. Kwa h. ya, on account
of, for the sake of. Kwa h. yangu,
at my need, at my earnest request,
also, on my account, for my sake.
Hakuna h., there is no objection.
Jambo hili Una h. nyingi, this is a
very troublesome affair. H. ya
ngnvii, a powerful argument. Hatta
tuishe h. hii mind nawe, let us even
wind up this matter together, you
and I. (Ar. Cf. haja, and follg.

Also hitaji.)

*Hoji, v. and Huji, give trouble
to, apply pressure to, urge, annoy,
cross - question, examine, petition,
ply with arguments. Sometimes
Rd. hojihoji. Amemhoji hatta mtu
kusema neno alilo nalo, he kept on
asking, till the man said what he
knew. Ps. hojiwa. Ap. hoj-ia,

-iwa. Rp. hojiana. (Ar. Cf.
hoja, haja, and hitaji. Also syn.
dadisi, uliza, ta/ula, sumbua, lemea.)

*Homa, n. fever, esp. of malarial
or ague-fever, described as marathi
ya baridi, or ya baridi, or ya kitapo
cha baridi, i.e. the chilly or shiver-
ing sickness. Shikwa na homa, have
an attack of fever. Noma ya vipindi,
intermittent fever. (Ar. Cf. ki-
dingapopo, dengue fever, mktmguru.)

Honga, v. make a payment, not
as of debt, but to secure an end,
hence bribe, pay toll, pay one's
way, pay a footing. Mhonge ndio
mpate kujenga, give him a present,
and so get leave to build. Ap.
hongea, pay for, secure an end,
advance a stage, get past a crisis,
be acquitted, get cleared of a charge.
Thus fig. of a woman after childbirth.
Leo nimehongea (or, hongeld), I was
delivered to-day. Also of a stage of
recovery after circumcision. Cs.
hong-eza, -ezzva, (1) caxise to pay
toll, blackmail ; (2) cause (help,
allow) to advance a stage, or, to se-
cure an end, e. g. procure acquittal.
Kiapo kinihongeze, may the ordeal
be favourable to me, let me escape.
Also of congratulations after some
event or crisis, e. g. after a journey,
childbirth, &c. Mtu akisajiri akirudi,
huja watu kumhongeza, when a man
returns from a journey, people come
to congratulate him. Akamhongeza
mtoto wake kuzaa, he congratulated
his daughter on her safe delivery.
(Cf. hongo. These words seem little
used in Z., being appropriate to
mainland usages and ideas. For
bribing cf. rushwa, m/ungula, kijiri,
upenyezi, and for congratulation
salimu, pukusa, -pa mkono, tunza,
jichua.)

Hongo, n? toll, tribute, black-
mail, — used of customary presents
given to native chiefs for leave to
pass through the country. (Cf.
honga, and for presents generally
bakshishi.)

HORI

102

HUKO

*Hori, n. (i) creek, inlet, gulf,
arm of the sea. (Ar. Cf. gubba.)
(2) (ma-), a kind of canoe, with
raised stem and stern, usually from
India, and employed on the creek
at Z.

*Horji, n. a thickly padded quilt,
used as a saddle for donkeys. (Ar.
Cf. seruji.)

*Hotuba, n. See Hutuba.

Hu, verb-form, you are not, —
Negat. Pfx. combined with Pfx. of
2 Pers. Sing, i.e. ha-ti, e.g. hu
mrefu, you are not tall. (Cf.

ha-, ti.)

Hu-, (1) verbal pfx. denoting cus-
tomary or repeated action, without
distinction of tense, person, or num-
ber. Huenda, my (your, his, her,
its, our, their) custom (habit, prac-
tice, usual plan) is (was, has been,
will be, &c.) to go. In narrative
often followed by -ha-, hufikia pale
uwanjani akalala, he would arrive
in the courtyard and go to sleep.
Sometimes cynically, vita huj'a, wars
will happen. (2) Negat. Pfx. of
2 Pers. Sing., e.g. huendi, you do
not go. (3) A formative element in
several pronominal advs. and adjs.
See Huku.

Hua, n. a dove. (Cf. pugi,

ninga, njiwa.)

*Hubba, n. affection, desire. See
Habba. (Ar.)

*Hubiri, v. give information (to,
about), inform, bringnews(to, about),
announce, report, relate. Roho yake
ikai7ihnbiri kuwa ndiye nunda, his
heart told him that was the wild
beast. H. anjili, preach the Gospel.
Ps. hubiriwa. Ap. hubir-ia, -iwa.
Cs. hubir-isha, -ishwa. — n.

(ma-), that which is related, report,
announcement, &c. (Ar. Cf.

habari, cf. syn. arifu, sumulia,
eleza.)

*Huduma, n. also Hudumu,
Hidima, service, attendance, wait-
ing on a person, ministration. (Ar.
Cf. follg.)

*Hudumu, v. serve, wait (on),
attend (on). Mmhudumti kwa

uzuri, see that you wait on him
properly. Ps. hudnmiwa. Nt.
hudumika. Ap. hudum-ia, -itva,
serve, be in attendance upon, serve
for (at, with, &c). Cs. hudum-

isha, -ishwa. (Ar. Cf. huduma,
mhadimu, tihadimu, and syn. tn-
mikia, ngojea, andikia^)

Huenda, used as adv., sometimes
Hwenda, it happens, sometimes,
at times, and so ' possibly, perhaps,
it may be, there is a chance.' (Enda
with pfx. hu- of customary or re-
peated action. Cf. syn. hwenda,
huwa, labuda, yamkini.)

*Hui, v. become alive, revive, rise
from the dead. Ps. huiwa. Nt.
huika. A?nehtiiwa na Muungu,
naye amehuika, he was restored to
life by God, so he revived. Cs.
hui-sha, -shwa, restore to life, re-
suscitate, save, keep alive. Hid is
also used in this act. sense. (Ar.

Cf. hai, and fufua, amka, ishi.)

*Huja, Huji. See Hoja, Hoji.
(But dist. huja, and huji, as parts of
the verb -ja, come. See Hu-.)

Hujambo, v. are you well ? you
are well. The commonest form of
salutation in Z. Often jambo only.
See Jambo.

Huko, adv. dem. of general refer-
ence, in that case referred to, with
those circumstances in view, in con-
nexion with that environment, but
commonly of place and time, ' from
(to, at, in, &c.) that place (or, time),
there, thither, thence, then, &c.' H.
na h. } hither and thither, here and
there. H ttendako, where you are
going to, your destination. H. tito-
kako, where you come from, your
starting-point. H. nyuma, (1) yon-
der in the rear ; (2) meanwhile.
Kuko huko, just yonder, just there,
under those precise circumstances.
Huko is also used to suggest the
world beyond, the other world, the
world of spirits. (Huko includes

HUKU

103

HURU

three formative elements, hu, ku,
and -o, for which see Huku, and -o.
For similar adv. with meanings often
hardly distinguishable cf. humo,
hapo, kule, pale.) — verb-form,
you are not there, — Negat. Pfx. of
2 Pers. Sing., with- -ko (see Huko,
with which it is sometimes used,
e. g. huko huko, you are not there).

Huku, (i) adj. dem. this, — agreeing
with D 8, e. g. kufa huku kuzuri,
this (mode of) dying is admirable, or
with a locative form in -ni, from, to,
e. g. nyumbani huku, to (from) this
house. (2) adv. usually of place,
here, near, in this place, but also of
environment generally. H. kuzuri,
it is pleasant here (in our present
circumstances). H. na h., this way
and that, hither and thither. Kuku
huku, just here. (Hu- is a demon-
strative prefix, in huyu, huu, huku,
humu, and the corresponding forms
ending in -0, agreeing with D 1 (S),
D 2 (S), D 8, and locat. in -ni, —
the h alorte being the characteristic
demonstrative element throughout,
as / is of other demonstratives. See
also Ku.)

Huku-, at the beginning of a verb-
form may be (1) hu of customary
action with ku, Pfx. of 2 Pers. Sing,
objective, e.g. hukupenda, there is
a general liking for you ; (2) hu the
Negat. Pfx. of 2 Pers. Sing, with ku
of general reference, e. g. hukupendi,
you do 'not like the place (circum-
stances); (3) hu, Negat. Pfx. as in
(2), with ku, sign of Negat. Past
Tense, e. g. hukupenda, you did not
like.

*Hukumu, v. give an official (or,
authoritative) pronouncement (on),
judge, decide, pass sentence (on),
exercise authority (over), be ruler.
Regularly used of the characteristic
action of a supreme power, or judge,
and hence of other formal decisions,
orders, &c. Alimhukumu auawe,
he ordered him to be put to death,
he passed sentence of death upon

him. So of other verdicts, apigwe,
afungwe, alipe, auzwc, &c, or ku-
pigwa, &c. Ps. hukumiwa. ■ Ap.
hukum-ia, -iwa, give judgement, &c.
on (for, at, &c). Cs. hukum-iza,

-izwa. — n. judgement, (1) (in
general), jurisdiction, authority, su-
preme power ; ( 2) legal process,
trial ; (3) sentence, verdict, decision,
order. Mzvenyi hukumu, the

supreme ruler, sovereign. Peleka
hukumuni, send for trial, cause to
be tried in a law court, or before
a chief. Anasikia hukumu yako, he
obeys your order. Hukumuya kufa,
capital sentence. (Ar. Cf. hakimu,
hekima, also syn. amua, and for
ruling, tawala, amuru.)

*Huluku, v. create, usually of
original creation, by act of God.
Ps. hulukiwa, be created, be a crea-
ture (created being). Ap. huhtk-ia,
-iwa. (Ar. Cf. mhuluku, and

syn. B. timba.)

Humo, (1) adv. dem. of reference to
an interior, in that place (referred to),
inside yonder, in there. H. mwetu,
in our house yonder. Mumo h., just
in there, in that very place. (2) verb-
form, you are not in (there). See
Huko, and Hu-, Mo-, &c.

Humu, (1) adj. dem. this, — agree-
ing with locative forms in -ni, e. g.
nyumbani humu, in this house. (2)
adv. dem. in this place, inside here.
Mumu h., just in here, in this very
place. See Huku, and Mu-.

Huna, verb-form, you have not, —
Negat. Pfx. of 2 Pers. Sing., and na
(which see).

*Hundi, n. draft, cheque, money
order, bill of exchange. (Hind. Cf.
hawala.)

Huo, a. dem. of reference, that
there, that yonder, that referred to, —
agreeing with*D 2 (S), D 4 (S). See
H-, Huko, and -o.

*Huru, n. {ma-), and a. (also
-huru), a freedman, a freeman, free,
not a slave, free born, emancipated.
Acha (weka, andika), huru, set free,

HUBUMA

104

HUWA

emancipate. (Ar. Cf. uhuru,

and syn. mngwana, contr. mtumwa.
Htirti in card-playing means dia-
monds, Str.)

*Huruma, n. (i) sympathy, con-
sideration, fellow-feeling, kindliness ;
(2) mercy, pity, compassion. Mw-
enyi h., compassionate, sympathetic,
kind. Kuwa na h., to be kind
(merciful, &c). Fatty a h., ona h.,
ingia (or, ingiwd) h., have kindly
feeling. (Cf. follg. and syn. re-
hema, of which huruma is perh. a
form, by a common Swahili trans-
position of Arab, consonants. See
Rehema.)

*Hurumia, v. Ap. pity, have pity
(compassion, sympathy) for, have
mercy on. Ps. hurumiwa. (Ar.
Cf. huruma, and syn. rehemu!)

*Husu, v. (1) give a share (to),
assign as a person's share (right, due,
privilege, &c). Esp. in Ap. husia,
e.g. alimhusia kadiri yake, he as-
signed him his proper portion. (2)
Be assigned as share, be closely
(specially, exclusively) concerned
with, be the privilege (right, mono-
poly, peculiar property, quality) of,
belong to, be limited to, refer only
to, concern, be specially connected
with, be confined to. Adayetu aliyo-
tuhusu, the fee which is our special
privilege, which specially belongs to
us. Maneno yasiyomhusu, state-
ments which do not apply to him.
Nduguye aliyemkusu, his nearest re-
lative. Neno lililohusu bwana zao,
a peculiar privilege of their masters.
Often used also in the Nt. husika
in this sense. Ni mhalifu kwa neno
lililohusika, he is rebellious as re-
gards a special duty. Jina la ' m-
wenyitkambi ' limehusika kwa Mwe-
nyezi Mngu tu, the word ' sinner '
implies special reference to Almighty
God. Neno hili lahusika na watu
hawa tu, this word applies only to
these persons. (Ar. Cf. Aha.)

*Husudu, v. also Hasidi, envy,
grudge, be jealous (of), treat spite-

fully. Kumhusudu viali yake, to
grudge him his money. Ps. husu-
diwa. Ap. husud-ia, -iana. Cs.
husud-isha, -ishwa. (Ar. Cf.
hasidi, and syn. B. uwivu, kzjicho.)

*Husumu, v. strive, contend.
(Arab. Cf. hasimu, for common
shindana, teta, &c.)

*Husuni, n. fortress, fort, castle.
(Arab, for common ngome, gereza,
boma. Dist. huzuni.)

*Husuru, v. reduce to straits,
oppress, besiege. (Arab, for com-
mon onea, and for besieging cf.
funga, zunguka, mazingiwa.)

*Huthuria, v. Ap. be present (at),
be placed ready (for), attend a meet-
ing, form an audience. Enyi watu
waliohuthuria, opening words of a
speech, address to an audience, All
you who are present. Mahali pale
pakihuthuria chakula, that place is
prepared for food. (Ar. Cf. syn.
B. -wapo, e.g. enyi watu mliopo
hapa.)

*Huth.urungi, n. a yellowish-
brown calico, usually made in
Arabia, — a favourite material for
men's dress {kanzti) in Z. (Ar.)

*Hutuba, n. reading of the Coran,
preaching in a mosque, sermon,
Funga h., lit. arrange a reading (or,
service), and so of a betrothal or
marriage service. (Ar. Cf. follg.
and hatibu.)

*Hutubu, v. read the Coran pub-
licly, preach, give an address. Ap.
hutub-ia, -iwa, preach to (about, in,
for, &c). (Ar. Cf. prec.)

Huu, a. dem. this — agreeing with
D 2 (S), D 4 (S). (Cf. h-, huko, and
huyu.) Sometimes redupl. huu hutt,
this very one, this same.

Huule, a. dem. of emphasis, ' that,
that very,' for huu ule. (Cf. prec.
and huyule.)

Huwa, verb-form, it is (was, will
be) customary, i.e. hu of customary
action, and -wa, v. be. Commonly
used as adv. (1) regularly, commonly,
e. g. killa siku huwa wanakwenda,

HUYO

105

IBA

every day as a rule they go ; (2) per-
haps, it may be, possibly, sometimes.
(Cf. syn. labuda, huenda, kwenda.)

Huyo, a. dem. of reference, that
there, that yonder, that referred to,
— agreeingwith D 1 (S). Huyo I huyo !
there he is! That is he ! — in a hue
and cry after a thief, or chase after
animals. (Cf. huyu, and -0.)

Huyu, a. dem. this, — agreeing with
D 1 (S). (It includes the character-
istic letter h, with the variable vowel
u, and yu. See H and Yu.) Also in
the emphatic form huyule, for huyu
yule, that very, that. See Yule.

*Huzuni, n. grief, sorrow, distress,
mourning, calamity, disaster. -e-
nyi huzuni, sorrowful, depressed,
downcast. So -a huzuni. Kuwa
na h., to be sad, to be sorrowful.
Fanya (ona, ingia, shikwa na, &c.)
h„ feel sorrow, be distressed, &c.
(Ar. Cf. follg. and syn. hamu, ma-
jonsi, sikitiko, msiba, and for formal
mourning, mata?iga, maombolezo.)

*Huzunia, v. Ap. grieve at (for,
about, in, &c). Ps. huzuniwa,
be grieved, be caused grief. Nt.
huzunika. Cs. htiziin-isha, -ishwa.
(Ar. Cf. prec. and syn. sikitikia,
lilia.)

I.

I represents the sound of e in be,
and also that of i in in, i.e. of both
vowels in begin.

It is often difficult, esp. in un-
accented syllables, to decide whether
e or i best represents the sound heard,
esp. in words of Arabic origin, in
which they are not distinguished, e. g.
elimu or ilimu, ela or ila, -enye or
enyi, ekirahi or ikirahi, settini or
sittini, &c.

An i sound before a vowel is gener-
ally consonantal, heard and written
n%y.

I best represents the vowel sound
of n, where there is a tendency to
pronounce n as a distinct syllable.

Thus the pfx. of the 1 Pers. Sing, is
either n- or ni-, e. g. ninapenda or
nnapenda, nitalala or titalala. The
tendency is decidedly commoner in
Z. than in the Coast Swahili, e. g.
ingia not ngia, ingine not ngine,
inchi not nchi, wingi not ungi, inzi
not nzi.

Hence words not found under /
may be looked for under E, or Y,
or N.

The numeral nne, four, is a dis-
syllable beginning with a faint i
sound, represented by a double n,
and not wholly lost in the adjectival
forms of the numeral. / has been
used as the initial of imbu, mosquito,
because in this word m does not seem
to keep its usual affinity for a u
sound.

The a in certain pfxs., chiefly wo.-,
ma-, and ha-, when followed by an i,
as a rule coalesces with it to form an
e sound, e. g. ivaivi becomes wevi,
maino meno, akaingia akengia (but
not in pa-, ha-, -ta, -na, -nga, &c).

Final i always takes the place of
final a of a verb in the Pres. Indie.
Negat.

I, verb-form, is, are, — agreeing with
D 2 (P), and D 6 (S).

I- is a Pers. Pfx., subjective and ob-
jective, of verbs, agreeing with D 2 (P),
and D 6 (S). This pfx. is also often
used for general reference, and supply-
ing an impersonal form of the verb,
e. g. haifai, it is no good, nonsense.
Imekuisha, all is over.

I- (or E-) before the final a of a
verb forms the characteristic of the
so-called applied verb-stems, and
gives the simple root-meaning of the
verb a very varied range of applica-
tions usually expressed in English by
different prepositions following.

Iba, v. steal, thieve, embezzle,
kidnap, purloin, filch, &c. {Kiviba
is used as the root-form in some
tenses. See Isha.) Ps. ibiva, and
ibiwa, be stolen. Nt. ibika, be stolen,
be capable of being stolen. Ap.

IBADA

106

IMAMU

ibia, steal from, rob, e. g. amemwibia
mali yake, he has stolen his money
from him, — ibiwa, be stolen, be stolen
from, lose by theft. Thus tumeibiwa
may mean ' we have been kidnapped,'
or, ' we have been robbed.' Ibiana,
steal from each other. Cs. ib-isha,
-ishwa, e. g. cause to steal, incite to
theft. (Cf. utzij mwizi, mwibaji,
and syn. nyanganya.)

*Ibada, n. (i) worship, divine
service. Ameacha i., he has left off
attending the mosque. I.ya sanamu,
idolatrous worship. (2) Practical
religion, a religious life, religious
practices. Mtu wa i., a devout man.
Iblisi akamharibia i. yake, the devil
corrupted his religion. (Ar. Cf.
abudu, maabudu, and syn. dini,
utawa, usujii.)

*Iblisi, n. the devil, Satan. (Arab.
for usual shetani.)

*Idadi, n. reckoning, counting,
number, computation. Billa i., with-
out number, numberless. Desturi za
adabu nyingi, hazina i., rules of eti-
quette are numerous, in fact past count-
ing. (Ar. Cf. syn. kesabu, hasibu.)

*Idi, Idili. See Ada, Adili.

Ifu-ifu, a. ash-coloured, grey.
See Jifu, Kijifu.

Iga, v. (1) imitate, copy, but com-
monly (2) in the sense, ape, mock,
counterfeit, mimic, caricature. /.
inaneno ya kiswahili, try to talk
Swahili. /. kwa maneno, use mock-
ing expressions to. Hodari wa kuiga,
a clever mimic. Ps. ipwa. Nt.
igika. Ap. ig-ia, -iwa. Cs.

ig-iza, -izwa, and Intens. of copying
with effort, trying to imitate. (Cf.
mwigo, mwigaji, thihaka, and syn.
fuata,fuasa.)

*Intaji, Ihtiari, Ihtilafu, Ihti-
mu. See under Hitaji, &c.

*Ijara, n. pay, hire, salary, wages,
rent. Mtu wa i., a hired servant, —
not a slave. (Ar. Cf. ujira, ajiri,
and syn. mshahara, and rent, kodi.)

*Ikirihi, n. also Ekerahi. See
Kirihi.

Ikiza, v. Cs. lay across, set in
position (from side to side), spread
over. /. nyumba boriti, set up the
poles (or rafters) in a house, to carry
a concrete floor or roof. Also i.
mawe, i. dart, of same operation.
Also used of cookery, ikiza na sukari,
spread with sugar, and ktiku ya
kuikiza.

Iko, verb-form, it is (they are)
there, — Pfx. agreeing with D 2 (P),
D 6 (S), and locative -ko (which
see).

*Ila, n. defect, blemish, drawback,
disgrace, stain, blot. Mtu mzuri
lakini ana ila, a good man but he
has his faults. Also for conj. ilia,
which see. (Ar. Cf. syn. kipu-
nguo, hitilafu, kosa, waa. Dist.
hi I a.)

lie, a. dem. that, those, — agreeing
with D 2 (P), D 6 (S). (See I and
Yule. Dist. He as 3 S. Subj. from
la, eat.)

*Iliki, n. cardamom.

*Illa, conj. also Ela, Ila, except,
unless, but. Hana ilia mke m?noja,
he has but one wife. Havai kilemba
ilia amekwetida Makha, he does not
wear a turban, unless he has been to
Mecca. (Ar. Cf. illakini.)

*Illakini, conj. but, nevertheless,
notwithstanding. ■ (Ar. Cf. ilia,
and lakini.)

*Illi, conj. in order that, that.
Used with Subj. and Infin. Moods,
e. g. amekwenda mjini illi kutiunua
(or, anunue) chakula, he has gone
to town to buy food. (Ar. Cf.
ktisudi.)

*Ilmu, n. See Elimu, knowledge,
learning, &c. (Ar.)

*Ima, conj. See Ama.

Ima, v. be erect, straight, &c.
— a. B. verb, rare in Z. (Cf. simama,
simika, mwima, mwimo, ima-ima.)

Ima-ima, a. and adv., upright,
erect, steep, perpendicular. (Cf.
prec. )

*Imamu, n. the minister of a
Mahommedan mosque, who conducts

IMANI

107

INGIA

the prayers and gives an address
on Fridays. (Ar. Cf. muathini,
mwalimu, kathi.)

*Imani, n. (i) faith, trust, confi-
dence, trustworthiness, uprightness.
Maskini hana i., a poor man cannot
be relied upon. Upanga wa i., a
kind of double-handled sword. (2)
Religious faith, belief, object of belief,
creed. Imani kwa Muungn, faith
towards God. (Ar. Cf. amini,

amani, amana, &c, and for creed,
shahada.)

*Imara, n. firmness, compactness,
hardness, strength, stability, solidity,
— material and moral. Ukata huu
hauna i., this wall is not strong.
Mtn wa *., a resolute, brave, si/ong-
willed man. — a. firm, strong, hard,
unbreakable, solid, courageous, brave.
(Cf. follg. and syn. -gumn, thabiti,
hodari.)

*Imarika, v. Nt., be strong, be
firm, be solid, &c. Cs. imar-isha,
-ishwa. See prec.

Imba, v. sing, sing of. Ps.
imbwa. Nt. i?nbika. Ap. itnb-ia,
-iwa, -iana. Cs. imb-isha, -ishwa,
cause to sing, instruct in singing,
lead in singing, strike up a song.
(Cf. uimbo, ui?nbaji, &c.)

Imbu, n. a mosquito. (Also
written mbn, but in this word m
does not appear to have its usual
affinity for a u sound, though sounded
as a distinct syllable.)

Ina, verb-form, it has, they have, —
Pfx. agreeing with D 2 (P), D 6 (S),
and na, which see.

Inama, v. stoop, bend down, let
down, lower, bow, slope, decline,
sink, depress. Used Neut. and Act.
Ukuta hint umeinama, this wall has
sunk, or, slopes downwards. Inama
kichwa, bow the head. Mji wote
umcjiinama, the whole city is de-
pressed. Ap. hia?n-ia, -iwa, bow
to, incline towards, be directed to,
depend on. Ayi/mba hit imeiii-
inamia, this whole house rests on
me. Cs. ina??i-isha i -ishwa. (St.

form of a root ina, cf. inika, inna,
and cf. syn. shusha, tua.)

Inchi, n. (1) country, district, land,
region. /. yetu, inchi ya kwetn, our
country, fatherland. /. za barra, the
regions of the continent. /. za Ulaya,
the countries of Europe. (Cf. ulaya,
wilaya, tcpande.) (2) Land, ground,
dry land, i. e. i. kavu, as opp. to the
sea, bahari. Piga kalika i. (or
chini), throw to the ground, dash
down. Chini ya i., ndani ya i.,
underground. /. sawa, level country,
a plain. (Cf. barra.) (3) The earth,
the inhabited world. Pcmbe za i.,
the comers of the earth, i. e. remotest
parts of the world. (Cf. dunia,
tilimwengu.) (Cf. chini. Never of
the actual substance or materials of
the ground, i.e. soil, earth, which is
udongo. Cf. arthi. Obs. inchi is
sometimes heard for English 'inch,'
as/uti for a ' foot,' by measure.)

Inda, Inga. See Winda.

*Ingereza, n. and a., also Ingreza,
Ingrezi, -ngereza, an Englishman,
England, English. Mfalme I., the
king of England. Barozi /., the
British Consul. Ulaya Ingereza,
Uingeza, Ingreza, England. Wa-
ngereza, the English. Kiingereza, the
English language. Unaweza kusema
kiingereza ? Can you speak English ?

-ingi, a. sometimes -ngi {iiyingi
with D 4 (P), D 6 (P), chingi with
D 3 (S), jingi with D 5 (S), wengi
with D 1 (P), pengi with D 7)),
many, much, large (in quantity),
plentiful, abundant. Of persons, -ingi
is used with wa, i.e. bountiful in
respect of, giving (having, enjoying)
in abundance. Mwingi wa baraka,
giving many blessings. (Cf. wingi,
and syn. tele, marithawa.)

Ingia, v. sometimes Ngia, (1) go
in (to), come rn (to), enter, get in,
fall in ; (2) share in, take part in,
engage in ; (3) penetrate, pass into
(a condition, state, &c.) ; (4) be im-
ported. E. g. i. nyn?nbani (or ny-
timba, or katika nyumba), go into

•INGINE

108

IPTTA

a house. /. chomboni, go on board
a vessel, embark (also panda cho-
mboni). I. safarini, join an expedi-
tion, or, start on a journey. 7. baridi,
become cold. I. kutu, get rusty.
Esp. common of the feelings, e.g.
i. hofit, be affected by fear, feel fear,
be alarmed, and so with kiburi, fu-
raha, hasira, hazuni, uchungu, &c.
The passive construction is common
in same sense, ingiwa na, or ingiwa.
Ps. ingiwa. Nt. ingika. Ap.
ing-ilia, -iliwa, -ilika, -iliza, ~iliztua,
-iana, -ilizana, esp. of entry with
a purpose, e. g. go in for, pry into,
&c. Alimwingilia mwanamke, he
went in to see the woman, — hence
live with, cohabit with. Ingiliza
kazini, introduce to work, instal in
office. Waingiliani maneno haya?
What are you prying into these matters
for? Cs. ing-iza, -izwa, -is ha,
-ishzva, — the latter forms being usu.
intensive, i. e. ingiza, of causing,
allowing, procuring entry, ingisha,
of special effort or force in entry.
Vitu viingizwavyo, imports. Hence
ingizana. Rp. ingiaita. (Cf.

enda ndani, -j'a ndani, penya.)

-ingine, a. (but with some pfxs.
commonly -ngine. Thus with D I
(S), D 2 (S), D 4 (S) mwingine or
mngine, with D I (P) wangine, with
D 4 (P), D 6 ny ingine or ngine or
zingine, with D 5 (S) jingine or
lingine, with D 5 (P) mangine, with
D 7 pangine, with D 8 kwingine),
other, another, different, some, a
second. Wangine — wangine, some —
some, some — others, -ingine-ingine,
of different kinds, assorted, miscel-
laneous, of all sorts. Vingine, as
adv. variously, in another way. Vi-
ngine-vingine, in different ways (de-
grees, classes, sorts), in all sorts of
ways. Vinginevyo, in some other
way, in any other way, and so with
relative affixed to other forms, e. g.
mtu mwingineo, some other person,
any one else.

Ini, n. (ma-) , the liver. Sometimes

fig. of inmost seat of feelings, like moyo,
e. g. maneno yale yalimkata maini,
those words cut him to the heart.

Inika, v. (1) give a downward
direction to, lay over on one side,
give a cant (tilt, downward bend or
turn) to, let hang down, turn down
at the edge, &c. ; (2) fig. humble,
bring low, depress. I. chombo, ca-
reen a vessel (for repairs). Usiuinike
mzigo, do not let your load hang
down. I. h'chwa,Jiinika, hang down
the head (in grief or shame). Also
jiinika, make a bow, bow oneself
gracefully. I. mii, bend down a tree
(to get at the fruit). Nani awezaye
kumwinika mfalme? Who can hu-
miliate a king ? Ps. inikwa. Ap.
inik-ia, -iwa. Cs. inik-isha, -ish-
wa, -iza, e.g. mwalinm ameinikiza
watu kwa kusali, the minister taught
the congregation to bow down at
prayers. (Cf. inama, inua, and
syn. laza, laza upande.)

*Inshallah, adv. Used as the
commonest and most trivial form of
assent, ' oh yes, certainly, of course.'
(Ar. = if God wills, God willing.
See Allah. Cf. syn. vema, naam,
ndio.)

Inua, v. (1) set up, raise up, build
up, pile up, lift up, raise, hoist ; (2)
fig. inspirit, cheer, restore, cure, set
up. I. mzigo, raise a load (cf.
twikd). I. mtoto, lift up a child. I.
macho, raise the eyes. I. mgonjwa,
restore an invalid. Ps. inuliwa.
Nt. imika, e.g. inchi yote imeinuka,
the whole country is elevated, is a
table-land. Ap. inu-lia, -liwa.

Cs. inu-liza, -/izwa, e. g. inuliza
mzigo, help a man up with his load.
(Cf. inama, inika, and syn. pandisha,
kweza.)

Inzi, n. (ma-), a fly, — in general,
the common house-fly.

Ipi, a. interr. which ? what ? —
agreeing with D 2 (P), D 6 (S). See
-pi. Also generally, hama ipi? of
what sort? how? (Cf. -pi, wapi.)

Ipua, v. same as Epua, which

IRABU

109

ISTISKA

see. But this form seems in some
degree specialized, as meaning ' take
off the fire' (a cooking pot, &c).
Cf. tweka and tivika.

*Irabu, n. a vowel sign in writing
Arabic. (Arab.)

*Iriba, n. usury, money-lending.
See Riba. (Ar.)

*Iriwa, n. also Chiriwa, Jiriwa,
a (screw) vice.

*Isa, n. a proper name, not un-
common in Z. Also the only name
for Jesus Christ known to Mahom-
medans, — often with the addition bin
Maryamu.

Isha, v. end, come to an end,
bring to an end, make an end of,
finish, close, complete. (The .nfini-
tive form kwisha is frequently used
after some tense pfxs. of the indie,
mood, esp. na, ta, me, and after the
relative in a verb-form, e. g. ame-
kwisha, alipokwisha. On the other
hand, the initial i of the root often
coalesces with preceding a in other
pfxs. and forms the usual e sound,
e. g. wakes ha for wakaisha, they
finished, and with a preceding i is
often hardly heard, as in pumzi
limenisha, my breath has come to
an end, and akisha, upon his finish-
ing. It is preserved, however, after
li, e.g. aliisha, not alisha. For
similar use of the infin. form cf. ita,
ivd, iba, oga, uza.) Maneno yame-
kwisha, the debate has come to an
end. Akala akesha akaenda zake, he
ate and when he had done he went
away. Akapigana nao akawaisha,
he fought with them and killed them
all. Kwisha kazi, to finish a job.
Isha is constantly used as a semi-
auxiliary of time, expressing com-
pletion more emphatically than the
tense pfx. me. Thus used it is com-
monly followed by the root-form of
the principal verb, without the Infini-
tive pfx. kit. Amekwisha fanya, he
has already done it, he has com-
pleted it. Alipokwisha kuja, when
he had actually arrived, -a kwisha.

last, extreme, worst. Ps. ishwa.
Nt. ishika. Nimeishwa na fetha,
my money has come to an end. Hai-
ishiki, it cannot be completed. Ap.
ish-ia, -iwa. Mke wangu ameni-
ishia mali, my wife has used up my
money. Nimeishiwa wall, my dish
of rice has come to an end. Ngoje
niktiishie maneno, wait till I finish
my message to you. Also a further
Ap. form ish-ilia, -iliwa, -iliza,
-ilizwa, marking completion for some
special purpose or of a particular
kind. Wakaishiliza mwezi, they
waited for the month to come to an
end. So of mwaka, kazi, maneno,
when there is a particular object in
view. (Cf. ingilia, toshelea,pigilia,
&c.) Cs. ishiza, ishisha (seldom
heard). (Cf. mzoisho, and syn.
tnaliza, timiza, kamilisha, komesha.
Dist. ishi, in some forms identical,
e.g. haishi.)

*Isha, n. See Esha.

*Ishara, n. sign, token, signal,
mark, omen, indication, warning,
hint, crucial case, remarkable fact,
a wonder. Tumeona i. mwaka hint,
we have seen a wonderful thing this
year. Tia i., put a mark on. Toa i.,
make a signal. (Ar. Cf. ashiria,
and syn. dalili, alama.)

*Ishi, v. last, endure, continue,
live, remain. Aishi milele, may he
live for ever. Mti hun hauishi sana,
this wood does not last long. (Ar.
Cf. aushi, ??iaisha.)

Isivy o, verb-form, used as a general
Negat. Conj., as (in a way that) is
not, — corresponding to adverbial use
of forms in vi, vyo {hivi, vile, vivyo,
&c).

*Islamu, n. (i) (wa- and ma-~), a
Mahommedan ; (2) the Mahomme-
dan religion, Islam. Kiislamu, (of
the) Mahommedan (kind). (Cf.

Mwaslimu, Mwislamu, Msilimu,
also salamu, salimtt, &c.) Also
-islamu, a. Mahommedan.

*Istiska, n. dropsy. (Ar. Cf.

syn. safura.)

ITA

110

JA

Ita, v. call, call to, summon, invite,
name. (For use of kwita &c. in
some forms see notes on Isha.)
Amekwenda kumwita, he has gone
to call him. Ps. itwa. Unakwit-
wa, you are summoned, somebody
wants you. Amekwenda kwitwa,
some one has gone to call him.
Nt. itika, be called, obey a summons,
answer to a call, respond, acknow-
ledge a salute, reply. Alikwitwa
akaitika, he was called, and replied.
Ayote mwaitika Vuga, you all ac-
cept the supremacy of Vuga. Itika
rathi, give a favourable reply, assent.
Hence itik-ia, -iwa, answer for,
reply to, correspond to, and in music
accompany, follow the lead of, chime
in, and fig. correspond to, harmonize
with, suit, agree with. Itikiza,
cause to reply, teach harmony to,
also Tntens., assent to, give a reply.
Itikizana, reply to each other, all
shout together in response, acclaim,
correspond, harmonize, sing (play)
in harmony. Ap. it-ia, -iwa, call
to, summon for (by, in, &c). Aka-
taaye kuitwa, hukataa aitiwalo, he
who rejects a call, rejects what he is
called for. Cs. it-isha, -ishwa

(seldom used). Rp. itana. (Cf.
mwito, and syn. alika. Also taja,
name, mention by name.)

*Ita, v. cast in a mould (Str.).
(? Wita. Cf. Ar. subti, and kiwita.)

*Italassi, n. satin. (Arab.)

*Ithirti, v. sanction, allow, au-
thorize, assent to. Ps. ithiniwa.
Nt. ithinika. Ap. itkin-ia, -iwa.
Cs. ithin-isha, -ishwa. — n. sanc-
tion, permission, authorization, leave.
Akataka i. ya hupanda juu, he asked
for leave to go upstairs. Toa i.,
sanction, authorize. (Ar. Cf.

syn. ruhttsu, ruksa, kubali, rithia,
sahihisha.)

Iva, v. also Wiva, (i) become
ripe, get ripe, mature, become cooked
(done, fit to eat), come to a head;
(2) fig. come to a point, be ready
for action (or, execution), be fully

prepared. Embe zinaiva, the man-
goes are ripening. Nyama imeiva y
the meat is cooked. Ap. ivia.
Cs. iv-isha, -ishwa. (Cf. -bivzt,
-pevu, and tayari.)

-ivu, a f also -wivu, jealous, en-
vious. (Cf. muivu, and hasidi.
N. -ivu sometimes for -bivu, ripe,
and dist. ifu-ifu.)

Iwapo, verb-form, when (where)
it is, when (where) they are, — Pfx. i-
agreeing with D 6 (S) and D 2 (P),
-wa, from the verb ktewa, and rela-
tive -po, of place, time, or condition
generally. Used as a conj. when, if,
in case, supposing, even if, although.
Iwapo tina akili, ukae, if you have
sense, wait. See -wa, v., and po.

Izara, n. slander, disparagement,
backbiting. (Ar. Cf. aziri, for
common masingizio, &c.)

J.

J represents (1) in words of Arabic
origin the same sound as j in jar.
As in different Arabic dialects, J and
G are sometimes interchanged (cf.
ginsi, jinsi). (2) In words of Bantu
origin, a very similar sound in Zan-
zibar, which elsewhere may be better
represented by dy (cf. ch for ty, and
t at Mombasa), and is used for d, y,
and z, in some words common in
neighbouring dialects, and so par-
tially current in Zanzibar.

The sound of_/is often practically
indistinguishable from that of Ch.

Hence words not found under J
may be looked for under Ch, or G.

J-, for ji-, in nouns and adjectives,
before roots beginning with a vowel.
See Ji-.

Ja, v. (1) come; (2) of events,
happen, turn out, result. As in other
monosyllabic verb-roots the Infini-
tive form kuja is used as the root
form in some tenses (see Ku-), and
yu is commonly prefixed to 3 Pers.
Sing, of Pres. Indie, i. e. yuaja for
aja. The Imperative in this verb
only is irregular, viz. njoo, njooni,

JA

111

JAA

for 2 Pers. Sing, and Plur. Alikuja
nyumbani, he came to the house.
Naja kwako na bania hii, I approach
you with this letter. Umekuja ku-
shtakiwa, some one has come to accuse
you. Atakuja kiaiawa, he will come
to be killed, he will some day be
killed. A p. jia , jiwa , jika, jiana,
come to (for, about, at, in, &c).
Manejto tuliyojia kwako ni kayo,
that is the errand on which we came
to you. Siku uliyojia, the day on
which you came. Mgeni amenijia
leo, a visitor has come to me to-day.
The passive is used by itself of re-
ceiving visits, e. g. nimejiwa, I have
had a visitor, I have a friend with
me. Jika, be approachable . be
accessible. Mji huu haujiki, this
town is not to be entered. Rd.
jiajia, and ? jajia, of repeated or
troublesome arrivals. Wananijiajia
tu, they keep on bothering me with
visits. Also Rf.jijia, e. g. nikawa

kujijia zangu hatta ckini, and I just
fell anyhow (helplessly) to the
bottom. See Ji-. Hence a further
Ap. j ilia, jiliwa, jiliana, jiliza,
come to (at, for, &c.) with a special
purpose, in a special way. Cs.
not in use. Ja (like isha, and too)
is occasionally used as a semi-auxiliary
followed by a verb in its root-form,
e.g. amekiija twaa, he has come to
taking, he actually takes (or, has
taken). Atakuja ua watu, he will
come to killing people, he will posi-
tively commit murder. And it regu-
larly furnishes the formative element
ja in three forms of the Swahili verb-
system, viz. (a) in the Deferred
Tense, with a Negative Prefix pre-
ceding, e. g. hajaja, he has not yet
come, and (b) in its Subjunctive form,
e.g. asijelala, without his yet lying
down. Obs. also/a for_/<? sometimes
in the latter case, e. g. asijalala for
asijelala, asijawa for asijekuwa (cf.
nge-, nga-). Also ja is traceable
without a negative preceding, e.g.
ujaonapi? where have you yet seen?

Also there is a semi-auxiliary use of
-sija, -sije, e.g. wasije kuthurika,
lest they come to be hurt. Asije
kuja mtu mwingine akatuthurti , lest
another man chance to come and hurt
us. (c) In the ' tense of Possible
Condition ' (Str.),i. e. with the relative
-po, of time, place, or condition, e. g.
nijapolala, siwezi kugeitka, even if I
lie down, I cannot turn over. Wa-
japo kuja, even if they come. Wajapo
hawaji, though they do not come.
And n. ijapo, and even japo, used as
conjunctions simple, even if, sup-
posing that, although. (Cf. njia,
tijia,majilio, of arriving, jika, wasili,
and contr. enda, go. Ja appears to
be one of the few roots occurring
very widely in Bantu from Uganda to
Zululand, and also in Arabic?)

Jaa, v. (i) become full (of); (2)
fill up a given space, be plentiful,
abound, swarm. Used of any vessel
or space, and of its contents. Mtungi
umejaa maji, the pitcher is full of
water. Maji yamejaa mtungini, the
water fills the pitcher. Inchi imejaa
miti, the country abounds in trees.
Nzige walijaa kotekote, locusts swarm-
ed everywhere. Maji ya kujaa (ya
kupwd), high (low) tide. Ys.jawa,
be filled, be full, like Act. but esp. of
what are not the natural, suitable,
usual contents. Jawa na hqfu (wa-
zimti, kiburi), be filled with fear
(frenzy, conceit). Ap.ja-lia, -liwa,
be full lip to, jalia hatta juu (not
usual; dist. jalia from jali). Ja-
liza, -lizwa, -lizia, -liziwa, fill up,
cause to fill (or, be filled), make quite
full. Cs. jaza, jazwa, make full,
fill (the ordinary process, jali za indi-
cating.a step further, a more complete
(or additional) filling). (Cf. ujalifu,
ztjazi.)

*Jaa, n. rubbish heap, dunghill,
place where dust and refuse are
thrown. Mkutc ni jaa, ? a great
man is a dust heap. (Ar.)

*Jaa, n. the north, i.e. point of
the compass (Arab.). (The north-

JABALI

112

JAMBO

ward direction is in Z. kaskazini,
kibla.)

*Jabali, n. {ma-), (i) a rock, hill,
cliff, mountain ; (2) rock (as a sub-
stance), stone ; (3) raised line of
needlework across the back in a native
dress, kanzu. (Ar. Cf. mwamba,
m/zma,Jtive.)

*Jabari, n. Supreme Ruler, Ma-
hommedan title of God. (Arab.)

*Jadiliana, v. Rp. argue together,
reason with each other. (Ar. Cf.
syn. hujiana, bishana, semezana.)

*Jaha, n. honour, glory, prosperity.
Mtu alioshushiwaj., a man who was
granted good fortune. Kilango cha
/., the Gate of Paradise. (Ar.)

*Jahazi, n. ship, vessel, — of any
description. (Ar. Cf. chombo,

merikebu.)

*Jahili, a. reckless, foolish, rash,
precipitate, unthinking. (Arab.

Cf. mjinga.)

*Jalada, n. and Jelada, (1) cover
of a book, binding; (2) whip.
(Arab, leather. Cf. 7njeledi,jelidi.)

*Jali, v. give honour to, heed,
respect, reverence. (Ar. Cf. syn.
heshimu, sikia, kqfu.)

*Jalia, v. A p. grant (to), give
power (opportunity) to, enable, be
gracious (to), esp. of God's favour
and help. Muungu akinijalia, if
God helps me, God willing. Ps.
jalhva. Ntakwenda nikijaliwa, I
will go, if I can (if I am allowed,
if all is well, God willing). Lijali-
walo kuwa, halina uztao, what is
allowed to happen, there is no pre-
venting. (Ar. Cf. sayidia, bariki,
wezesha. Dist. jalia iromjaa, v.)

*Jaluba, n. small ornamental box
of metal. (Ar. ? Turkish. Cf.
ki/aluba.)

*Jamaa, n. a number of persons
gathered or connected together, family,
society, company, assembly, gather-
ing, meeting. Mtu wa /., member
of a family, kinsman. Enyij. walio-
huthuria hapa (on addressing an
audience), my friends here present.

Also of a single person, one of a
family, friend. Huyu ni j\, this
person is a connexion (friend) of
mine. — v. See Jamii. (Ar.
Cf. janiii, juma, and syn. ndugu y
nikutano.)

*Jamala, n. courtesy, good man-
ners, elegance, grace, gracious (kind,
obliging) behaviour. J. yako haiku-
potei, you will not lose by your kind-
ness. (Ar. Cf. syn. adabu, ma-
daha,fathili.)

*Jamanda, n. {ma-), a round
basket of plaited grass, usually with
a cover. Used as a blinker for camels,
hence ??iacko yangti yametiwa maje-
manda, kama ngamia, my eyes have
got blinkers like a camel. (Cf.
kijamanda, kidoto, and for baskets
generally kikapo.)

Jamani, a. also Jaman, Jerman,
German. See Dachi, which is more
usual.

Jamba, v. break wind with noise.
— n. {ma-), breaking wind. (Cf.
shuta, shuzi.)

*Jambia, n. also Jamvia, a
curved broad-bladed dagger, worn in
the belt by Arabs, often highly orna-
mented. J. lameta kumoja, the dagger
is bright on one side. J. kiunoni na
bakora mkononi, dagger at waist and
stick in hand.

Jambo, n. {mambo), (1) matter,
affair, circumstance, business, thing
(never of a concrete kind, which is
kitu) ; (2) matter of importance,
difficulty, trouble ; (3) for sijambo,
/iujambo,see below. J. hili gutnu
sana, this matter is a very difficult
one. Amenitenda killa j. la wema,
he has treated me with every possible
kindness. Mambo ya serkali, political
(public, official) affairs. Ulimwengu
una 7nambo, the world is full of
troubles. Ja?nbo (sometimes ya-
?nbo) is the commonest form of
greeting for all classes in Z. ' How
do you do ? ' and also the commonest
form of reply, ' I am quite well.'
Ja??ibo thus used represents in the greet-

JAMDANI

113

JARARI

ing hujambo (or strictly hunajambo,
though this is never heard), and hu-
jambo is the more correct and respect-
ful form, spoken interrogatively, i. e.
You have nothing the matter with
you? Nothing the matter? You are
well ? Similarly in the reply, jambo
is for the more correct sijambo, i. e.
sinajambo, I have nothing the matter,
I am quite well. Jambo with the
Negat. Pfx. of the Pres. Tense is used
as a verb, with the special sense of
being well or improving in health or
general condition, both of persons
and things, e. g. sijambo, I am well,
I am better, matters are improving
with me. Inchi yote sasa haijambo,
the whole country is now in a good
state. Haijambo, it (the weather) is
fine. Cf. the corresponding use of
the Negat. Pres. of weza, i. e. siwezi,
huwezi, &c, I am ill. Sometimes
jambo is thus used with other tense
pfxs.,e.g. umemtoa nyoka, htiktijambo
lolote, you got the snake out, but you
were none the better for it. Ha-
jambo, like hawezi, is sometimes used
adjectivally, e. g. nikapata hajambo,
I got well. Tukawa sote hajambo,
and we were all getting on well.
(Cf. amba, orig. speak, ji-ambo,
jambo, a subject of speech, thing
talked of, affair. Cf. neno, word,
matter, thing. Contr. kittc, a con-
crete thing, substance.)

*Jamdani, n. white brocade.
(Hind. See Nguo.)

*Jamii, v. (i) collect together, but
commonly Cs. jami-is/ia, -ishwa, in
same sense ; (2) copulate. — n.
.and Jamia, a collection of objects,
group, company, number, mass, body,
total, sum. J. ya watoto, a lot of
children. J. ya mali, the whole of
a sum of money. J. ya makathi,
bench of judges. J. ya watu, the
mass of men, most people, the public.
J. ya maneno, the words taken to-
gether, the whole sentence, context.
Also as adv., in a mass, collectively,
as a whole, all together. Wotejamii,

all the lot, the whole lot. (Ar.
Cf. jamaa, junta, and syn. kusanya.)

Jamvi, n. (ma-), a piece of floor-
matting, of the common coarse kind,
made of plaited strips of leaf, used in
houses, mosques, shops, &c. J. la
kutandika chini nyumbani, matting
to spread on the floor in houses.
(Cf. mkeka, msa/a.)

*Jamvia, n. See Jambia.

Jana, n. and adv., yesterday, day
before the present, period preceding
the present. Siku ya jana, yester-
day. Mwaka wa jana, last year.
(Cf.juzi, leo, &c)

Jana, n. {ma-), (1) a fine, large
child, e. g. jana dame, a very fine
boy. (Cf. mwana.) (2) A youth,
lad (cf. the common kijana in same
sense). (3) Grub, larva, young (of an
insect). Majana ya nyuki, bees in
the grub stage (cf. buu). Hamna
asili, twajitafunia majana, there is
no honey (in the comb), we are just
munching grubs. (From same root
as mwana, which see.)

*Janaba, n. pollution, defilement,
esp. ceremonial, according to Ma-
li ommedan rule. (Ar. Cf. una-
jisi, ujzisi, tichafu.)

Jangwa, n. (ma-), desert, wilder-
ness, waste, barren ground, bare
(desolate) country. (For ji-angwa
cf. wangwa, and syn. nyika, poli,
pululu.)

Jani, n. (ma-), leaf, blade of grass.
Majani, leaves, grass, herbage of any
kind, green vegetables. Rangi ya
majani, green, — as a colour. Dim.
kijani.

Japo, conj. also Ijapo, even if,
although. For japo as a tense sign,
and auxiliary, see -ja. (Cf. syn.
iwapo, kwamba^)

*Jarari, n. or Jerari, halliard, —
a rope running" through a pulley
(abedari) on deck, and another 'gojia')
attached to the thicker rope (henza),
by which the mainyard and sail of a
native vessel are hoisted. See Tanga,
and Eamba.

JAKIBU

114

JEMBE

*Jaribu, v. (i) experience, make
trial of, attempt, try, test, prove, —
only incidentally with any idea of
trying, in the sense of ' do one's best,'
' make an earnest endeavour ' (for
which see jitahidi, kaza, fatiya, bi-
dii, shika) ; (2) in moral sense, test,
tempt. Akajaribtt ktmlikisa mti,
he tried shaking the tree. J. safari,
attempt a journey. J. upanga, make
trial of a sword. Ps. jaribiwa.
Nt. jaribika, be liable (open) to test
(or, temptation). Ap. jarib-ia,
-iwa, -iana, make an attempt on,
have a try at (for, with, in, &c.)
Cs. jarib-isha. — n. (ma-), (1)
trial, proof, test, attempt ; (2) that
which tries (tests, proves the nature
or mettle), a trial, trouble, difficulty.
(Ar. Cf. syn. onja, angalia, ta-
zamia.)

Jarifa, n. (ma-), drag-net, seine, —
of European make. (Cf. juya,
kimia, wavu.)

Jasho, n. (1) sweat, perspiration;
(2) high temperature, sultriness,
heat, — causing perspiration. Haku-
laliki nyttmbani kwaj., it is too hot
to sleep indoors. Fanya (toka) /.,
perspire, sweat. (Cf. hari, moto,
mvuke.)

*Jasi, n. (1) a kind of soft friable
stone (chalk, gypsum, pumice)
rubbed on the fingers when plaiting
mats. (Ar. Cf. chaki.) (2) {ma-),
ornament worn in the lower lobe of
the ear, often a round silver plate.
(Cf. kiptdi, kipini, and for orna-
ments, ure?nbo.)

*Jasiri, v. be bold, dare, venture,
risk, make a brave (foolhardy, ven-
turesome) effort. Amejasiri njia
peke yake, he risked travelling alone.
Ps.jasirizva. Nt. jasirika. Ap.
jasiria, venture on, make a try at.
Cs. jasir-isha, -ishwa, and Intens.
— a. brave, venturesome, foolhardy.
(Ar. Cf. tijasiri, and syn. thubutu,
-giimu, shtijaa,jahili.)

Jawa, v. Ps. of Jaa, v., which see.

*Jawabu, n. (ma-), (1) answer,

reply, cf. jibn ; (2) affair, matter,
concern, cf.jambo. J. Hive lote, be
the matter what it may. Amefanya
j. kuu, he has done a great thing.
J. la kesho htiandaa leo, the business
of to-morrow one gets ready for to-day.

*Jaza, v. and Jazi, reward, make
a present to, grant favour to, give
maintenance (to), supply (to), re-
quite, punish. Muungu amemjaza
mengi, God has been bountiful to
him. Ap. jaz-ia, -iwa, -izilia,
-iziliwa. (Ar. Cf. tuza, lipa, -pa

Ihawabu, &c.) — n. (ma-) and

jazijjazo, gift, reward. (Ar. Cf.

baksh ish i, zawadi. )

*Jaza, n. Cs. of Jaa, which see.

*Jazi, a. sufficient, plentiful, com-
mon. Kitu hiki ni j. mjini, this
article is common in the town.
Vyombo vij., the vessels are nume-
rous. ( Ar. Cf. syn. -ingi, tele, mari-
thawa, &c.) — n. also Juza,

which see, and Jazo.

Je, interr. particle, How? Well?
What now ? Answer me ! Tell me !
Je, bwana, ktijambo ? Well, sir, how
are you ? Je? ni halali ? Tell me,
is it lawful ? Often affixed to verbs.
Amejibuje ? How did he answer ?
What is his reply? Kitmekuwaje
hziko ? How did matters go there ?
What happened? Nifanyeje? How am
I to act ? What shall I do ? (Cf.
nini, ginsi gani.)

*Jebu, n. (ma-), an ornament
worn by women hanging under the
chin, often from the veil. (Cf.

tire ni bo.)

Jego, n. See Chego.

*Jelidi, v. bind, — a book, esp.with
leather. Ps. jelidiwa. (Ar.

Cf. jalada, mjeledi.)

Jema, a. form of -ema, good
(which see), agreeing with D 5 (S).

*Jemadari, n. (ma-), command-
ing officer (of soldiers), general.
(? Hind. Cf. amiri, afsa.)

Jembe, n. (ma-), hoe, of native
make, the common instrument of cul-
tivation, — a flat pear-shaped piece of

JENEZA

115

JI

hammered iron with a spike (msuka)
passing through, and fixing it to,
a short stout wooden handle (kipini).
J. la kizungu, a spade. Piga j.,
hoe, use a hoe (or, strike with a hoe).
Dim. kijembe. (Cf. wembe.)

*Jeneza, n. a bier, i. e. kitanda
cha kiichukulia mtu aliyekufa, a bed-
stead for carrying a dead person (to
the grave). It has handles and a
frame to support a covering. Or an
ordinary kitanda is used, turned up-
side down. (Ar. Cf. machela,
tusi.)

Jenga. v. construct, build — a house
in the native way, of poles, sticks,
mud, grass, &c, not of masonry (see
Aka, Uashi), but also extended to
building in general. J. nywnbaya
miti na udongo, build a house of
poles and clay. Also /. merikebu,
build a ship (but this is more usually
undo). Ps. jengwa. Nt. jeng-
eka. Ap. jeng-ea, -ewa, build

for (with, in addition to, at, &c).
Nyumba hii imejengewa, this house
has been added to, enlarged. Cs.

jeng-esha, -eshwa, cause to build,
have built. (Cf. jengo, mjengo,
jenzi, mjenzi, njenzi, also aka,
unda.)

Jengo, n. (ma-), a building, a
building operation, material for build-
ing, a house, shed, enclosure. Toa
j., design, draw, make a plan of
a building. J. la mawe na chokaa,
a structure of stones and mortar.
Majengo, building materials. (Cf.
jenga.)

Jengua, v. Rv. of Jenga, take
a building to pieces, demolish, pull
down. (Cf. jenga, and the more
usual syn. bomoa, vunja.)

Jenzi, n. {ma), building, mode of
building. Ndio majenzi yao Wa-
doe, that is the way the Doe tribe
builds. (Cf. jenga, mjenzi?)

*Jeraha, n. (— , and ma-), a
wound, a sore, ulcer. Dim. kijeraha.
Tiaj., wound. Pataj.,be wounded.
(Ar. Cf. fqllg.)

*Jeruhi, v. be wounded. (Ar.

Cf. jeraha, majeruhi.)

*Jeshi, n. (ma-), a great company,
assemblage, host, troop, army. J. la
asikari, an army, — usually a larger
body than kikosi, or kundi. Fanya
(changa, kusanya) j., muster (levy,
enrol) an army.

*Jesila, n. See Jizla.

Jetea, v. rely on, trust to, be con-
fident in, be puffed up by. Jetea
ulimwengu, rest the hopes on this
world, of a worldly person (mli-
mzvengu). Rf. jijetea, be self-con-
fident, be self-reliant, be arrogant.
Mwanamke huyu anajetea iijana
%vake, this woman relies on her youth-
fulness, as her stock-in-trade. (Cf.
tegemea, egemea, turn aini,jiv una.)

*Jethamu, n. a kind of leprosy, or
elephantiasis. (Arab.)

*Jeuri, n. violence, outrage, bru-
tality, assault, injustice, oppression.
Mwenyi j., a tyrant, oppressor, ruf-
fian. Fanya I piga, tod) j., act in a
violent (brutal, outrageous) way.
— a. and -jeuri, violent, tyrannical,
&c. (Ar. Cf. tjeiiri, and syn.

uthalimu, thnlumu, shari, tikorofi,
and opp. tipole, haki, adili.)

Ji (before vowels often j-) a prefix
used as i. formative only, (a) initial,
before roots of (i) nouns of D 5,
when they would be otherwise mono-
syllabic in the Singular, e.g. jiwe
(plur. mawe, not majiwe), jicho
(plur. macho, not majicho), jino
(plur. meno, for ma-ino, indicating
an i in the root) ,jiko (plur. meko, for
maiko). (2) Declinable adjectives,
when the root is monosyllabic or be-
gins with a vowel, to mark agree-
ment with D 5 (S), e.g.jipya,jingi,
jike,jekundtt,jororo,jema, &c. (b)
Medial, between ki- diminutive and
the root of nOtfns, in both sing, and
plur. , esp. when confusion might other-
wise arise with a different word, e. g.
kijitu, dim. of mtu (not kitu, a
thing), kijiti, dim. of mti (not kiti,
a seat), kijiko (not kiko, a pipe),

I 2

JIA

116

JICHO

kijiwe (not hiwe), kijibwa (not kibwa).
It also occurs in dim. of neno, kiji-
neno for kinetio. (3) Terminal, at-
tached to nouns directly formed from
a verb, and commonly conveying the
notion of habitual, customary, general
action or condition, e. g. from iga,
imitate, mwiga, one who imitates,
and mwigaji, a regular imitator,
caricaturist, from omba, beg, mwomba,
one who begs, prefers a request, mw-
ombaji, a professional beggar. (Cf.
ulaji, gluttony, as a quality, habit,
and obs. such words as kinywaji,
that which is drunk, a beverage, in
contr. with kinywa, mouth, where ji
is mainly distinctive). 2. Amplifica-
tive, i. e. denoting relative largeness,
before any suitable monosyllabic
noun, and some dissyllables, e. g.
jitu,jibwa, jisu, jiguu, ju??iba {Ji-
umba, cf. nyumba), jombo (ji-ombo,
cf. chomb6),jivuli,jinywa. (Contr.
ki, as corresponding diminutive pre-
fix.) 3. Reflexive, in verbs (often
strengthened by a nafsi following)
and verbal nouns (e.g.jisifu, maji-
sifu, jivuna, majivuno, &c), and
either (a) simple, jiua, commit sui-
cide, jifi cha, hide oneself, jihathari,
guard oneself, jiweka vema, behave
oneself, or (b) with a range of mean-
ings both wide and delicately shaded,
mostly centring on such ideas as in-
dependence, wilfulness, selfishness,
interested action, personal aims and
objects, or again, carelessness, in-
difference, random or chance action,
&c, and capable of conveying alike a
gross insult, or a subtle inuendo.
A few examples are \~jienda, of easy,
automatic, perpetual motion. Ji-
endea, take a walk (for pleasure),
run amuck (like a madman). Jijia,
come on one's own concerns (inde-
pendently), jog along. Nikawa ku-
jijia zangn chini, so I simply fell
helplessly to the bottom. Jikohoza,
give a significant cough. Jigonjw-
eza, feign sickness, sham. Jiona,
be conceited. Jikalia, lead a life of

ease and idleness. Jupilia, go about
one's own devices. Kizee ajipitie
i?npendezavyo, the old lady can go
about her business as she likes. Ji-
being a prefix of such common use
and wide application, words not
found under ji- may be looked for
under the letter following ji-. (Obs.
sometimes a simple objective person
pfx. is used for the reflexive /'/-, e. g.
nikanywa mvinyo nikanilevya, and
I drank wine, and made myself
drunk. Umekuepztka na rehema ya
Muungu, you have shut yourself out
from God's mercy.)

Jia, v. Ap. of Ja, which see.

*Jibini, n. cheese. (Arab.)

*Jibu, v. answer, reply, respond,
retort. Ps. jibiwa, be answered,
receive in answer, &c. Nt.jibiha,
be answerable, admit of an answer,
&c. (also jibikana. in same senses).
Ap. jib-ia, -iwa, -iana, e. g.jibiana
kiva waraka, correspond (by letter).
Cs. jib-iza, -izwa, -is/ia, -ishwa,
•izana. Akamjibisha majibu, and
he compelled him to reply, or, and
he caused an answer to be given to
him (the other person). Jibizana,
e. g. of a class conducted by method
of question and answer. — n. {i?ia-),
answer, reply, retort, response.
Commonly in plur. let a majibu,
bring an answer. Pa (tod)j., give an
answer. (Ar. Cf. jawabu, ma-

jibu, rarely jibile, jibio. Dist.jiptt,
and wajibu.)

Jibwa, n. (ma-), a very large dog.
(Cf. mbwa, kijibwa.)

Jicho, n. (macho), (1) eye.
Fumba j., close the eye. Fumbua
/., open the eye. Finya j., half
close the eye. Kazaj., look fixedly,
rivet the eye. Tupaj. , cast a glance.
Agariza j., glare, stare. Pepesa
(jicho), wink. Macho is often used
of wakefulness, or being awake, and
fig. of vigilance, as n., a., and adv.
Ana macho, or yu macho, he is
awake. Kaa macho, remain awake,
keep watch at night (cf. kesha)*

JIFTJ

117

JINYWA

Walikuwa macho, they were awake.
(2) Spring, place where water bub-
bles from the ground. Jicho la
maji, a spring of water. (Cf. chem-
chemi.) (3) Bud of a flower, when
just opening. (Cf. ttimba, chipukizi.)
Macho y a mlama{?), husks of millet.
(Perh. cf. -cha, v. dawn, and, for
conditions of the eye, upogo, upofu,
chongo, makengeza, chamba cha jicho.)

Jifu,n. {via-), usu. in plur. ashes, —
of burnt material. (Perh. cf. jifya.)
-jifujifu, sometimes used as ' grey,
ash-coloured, ashy.' (Cf. ifu-iftc.)

Jifya, n. {mafya), cooking
stone, — one of the three used to sup-
port a cooking-pot over the fire.
Not usu. in Z. town. {Cf.jifn, and
seefga,ji£o.)

Jigamba, v. Rf. of gam b a (which

is not used), vaunt oneself, boast,

brag, show off. Ap. jigambia.

Other forms rare. (Cf. syn. jisifu,

jiona,jivnna.)

Jijiri, n. or chichiri. See Kijiri.

Jika, v. go to stool, — in Z. enda
chooni. See Choo.

Jike, n. {ma-), female — animal.
Punda j., an ass. Bata j., a duck.
(Cf. *ke, kijike, and contr. ndume.)

Jiko, n. {meko), fire-place,
hearth, kitchen. Often in the locat.
form, jikoni, the kitchen. Mtoto wa
jikoni, under-cook, scullery boy.
Mkaa jikoni, a stay-at-home. The
plur. meko is used most commonly in
Z. for the (three) stones which sup-
port a cooking-pot over the fire, i. e.
mawe yazuiayo chtingu cha kupika
katika moto. (Cf. jiga, and note,

jifya, and /?'-.)

Jilio, n. {ma-), coming, approach,
advent, usu. in plural. (Cf. jio,
jilia, Ap. form ofja.)

Jimbi, n. (ma-^, (1) a male fowl,
a cock. J. lazvika, the cock crows.
(Cf. syn. jogoo, pora.) (2) A plant,
of which both leaves and roots are
eaten (Colocasia edulis, Sac). (Cf.
mayugwa.)

Jimbo, n. (ma-), inhabited coun-

try, district, province. (Cf. wilaya,
which is used of the administrative
divisions of Zanzibar Island.)

Jina, n. (»w-), name, i.e. proper
name. J. lako nani'i What is your
name ? J. la kiipangwa, nickname
(borrowed name). Tia {-pa) j.,
give a name (to). Taj a mtu j.,
mention a person by name.

Jinamisi, n. {ma-), (1) bending
(oneself) down, bowing down, e.g.
mahali pa jinamisi, a place where
you must bend down. (2) fig. hu-
mility, self-humiliation. (3) Night-
mare. J. limenilemea, I am op-
pressed by a nightmare. (Cf. inama,
and ji-. )

Jingi, n. {ma-), one of the two
upright posts of a native frame for
rope-making, supporting a cross
board {bau lajingi). Also a form of
-ingi, agreeing with D 5 (S).

*Jini, n. {ma-), a spirit, genius —
a supernatural (created) being,
powerful and capricious, but not
always like shetani, malignant.
(Ar. See Pepo.)

Jino, n. {mend), (1) tooth; (2)
various objects resembling a tooth,
as projecting, gripping, catching,
e -g- co S (°f a wheel), ward (of a
lock), strand (of a rope), plug (of
tobacco), battlement (on a wall), &c.
Kamba ya meno matatu, a rope of
three strands. J. zima la ttimbako,
si kipande, a whole plug of tobacco,
not a cutting. Otaj., cut a tooth, —
of a child. Ngoaj., extract a tooth,
have a tooth out. Naumaj., I have
a tooth-ache, also /. laniyma. J.
la mbele, incisor, front tooth. J. la
nyuma, back tooth, molar. Toa
meno, show the teeth. Tafuna kwa
meno, gnaw, nibble, chew with the
teeth, -a meno-meno, battlemented,
jagged, serrateS. (Cf. chonge,

chego, pembe, kibogoyo.)

*Jinsi, n. sort, kind, quality,
class, — also commonly ginsi, which
see. (Ar.)

Jinywa, n. {ma-), a large mouth,

JIO

118

JIWE

esp. as an insulting term, e. g. ziba
jinywa lako, stop that great mouth
of yours, shut up. (Cf. common
kinywa, kanwa, and nya.)

Jio, n. {via-), coming, approach.

Seldom used. Jio la usiku, approach

of night, evening. (Cf. follg. zndujio,

jilio, njia, — also/m, Ap. form oij'a.)

Jiona, Jipevua, Jipotoa. See
Ona, Pevua, Potoa, and Ji-.

Jioni, loc. form of jio used as n.
or adv., evening, in the evening.
Jioni hivi (or, hii, or, leo), this even-
ing. (Cf. jio, and syn. kuchwa,
vishuko wajua, magaribi, and contr.
assubuhi.)

Jipu, n. {via-), boil, abscess. J.
laiva, the boil is coming to a head.
J. limetumbuka, the boil has burst.
J. litatoka usaha, the boil will dis-
charge. (Cf. upele, kidonda.)

Jipunguza, Jipurukusha. See
Punguza, Purukusha, and Ji-.

Jipya, n. new, — agreeing with
D 5 (S). See -pya.

*Jirani, n. {ma-), (i) neighbour,
one living near ; (2) anything near,
adjacent, adjoining, on the boundary.
Nyuviba yangii ni j. ya nyuviba
yake, my house is next to his.
Shaviba j., adjacent estate. (Ar.

Cf.iijirani, mpaka mmoja, pakia.)

*Jiri, v. come to pass, take place,
take effect. Haikujiri neno, it has
no effect. Cs. jirisha. Mfalme

akaijirisha sheria, the king gave
effect to the laws, enforced the law.
( Ar. for common tnkia, tokea,ja, wa.)

*Jiriwa, n. {via-), also Iriwa, a
screw vice.

Jisifu, v. Rf. of sifu (which see),
boast, brag, vaunt oneself, sing one's
own praises, advertise oneself. — n.
usu. in plur. majisifu, self-praise,
boasting. See Ji.

Jisingizia, v. Rf. of Singizia
(which see).

Jisu, n. {via-), a large knife.
(Cf. Hsu, kijisu.)

*Jitahidi, v. make an effort, exert
oneself, try hard, strain at. Cs.

jitahidisha, in intens. sense, make a
great effort. — n. effort, endeavour,
exertion. Jitahidi haiondoi amri ya
Muungu, human effort is powerless
against God's will. (Ar. -ji not
reflexive, cf. juhudi from same root,
and syn. fanya bidii, kaza, shika.)

Jiti, n. {via-), a large tree, a trunk
of a tree, a large piece of wood.
Unapoikamata ngoma, kamala jiti
lake, when you get hold of a drum,
see you get hold of its wooden part.
(Cf. mti, kijiti, and dist. kiti.)

* Jitimai, n. grief, sorrow, affliction.

Jito,n. {via-), also Juto, as from
a root uto, — large river, lake. Lake
Nyassa is sometimes spoken ofasjito.
(Cf. mto, kijito, and ziwa, lake.)

Jitu, n. {ma-), a very big man.
Anakuwa j. zima, he is becoming a
perfect giant. (Cf. mtu, kijitu, and
syn. pande, or pandikizi, la mtu, and
dist. kitu, a thing.)

Jivi, n. {ma-), (1) a great (notori-
ous, famous) thief. (Cf. vvwivi, ibd).
(2) A wild hog (Str.).

Jivu, n. (1) {ma-), ash, also Jifu,
which see ; (2) wooden socket in
which the handle of a native drill
turns. (Cf. keke.)

Jivuli, n. {ma-), great shadow,
shadow of large object. Jivuli la
mvumo, shadow of borassus palm.
(Cf. mz'uli, kivuli, &c.)

Jiwa, v. Ps. ap. of ja, be ap-
proached, be visited, have guests.
See -ja.

Jiwe, n. {mawe, or to indicate large
size majhve), a stone, a large stone,
a piece of stone, stone (as material).
Nyuviba ya mawe, a stone house.
J. la thamani, a precious stone.
Mawe is used as a contemptuous ex-
pletive, Rubbish ! nonsense ! humbug !
I don't believe you ! J. la kusagia, a
mill-stone. J. la manga (see Manga),
a hard close-grained stone, used as
a whetstone (kinoo). Piga, or pigia,
mawe, throw stones at, stone. Mtupo
wajiwe, a stone's throw. The stone
of Zanzibar is coral limestone of

JIZLA

119

JTJA

different ages. (Cf. mbwe, kawe,
kibwe,kikawe,kijiwe, and for different
sizes of stone, ?nwamba,jabali, kokoto,
changarawi, mchanga.)

*Jizla, n. also Jesila, Gesla, a
measure of weight, viz. 10 frasila or
60 pishi, about 350-60 lb. (Ar.)

Jogoo, n. (ma-), a male fowl, a
cock. Jogoo lawika, the cock crows.
J. la kwanza, first cockcrow, about
2 a.m. J. la pili, second cockcrow,
just before dawn, 4 p.m. Majogoo
ndio saa la shamba, the cock is the
clock in the country. (Cf. jimbi,
pora, kukti.)

*Johari, n. a jewel, a gem, a
precious stone, e. g. zumaridi, yakuli,
almasi , feruzi , lulu. Also fig. j. za
mtu ni mbili, akili na haya, the
most precious qualities are these two,
intelligence and modesty. (Ar.

Cf. kite.)

*Joho, n.( — ,and;;w-), (1) woollen
cloth ; (2) a long loose cloth coat or
cloak, open in front, and often richly
embroidered, worn by Arabs and well-
to-do people. (Ar. Cf./£a#s«, and
nguo.)

Joka, n. (ma-), a very large snake,
in general, — a serpent. (Cf. nyoka,
n. and v. Dist. choka.)

Joko, n. (ma-), oven, kiln, esp. of
potter's work, a place for baking
earthen vessels, i.e. mahali pa kuokea
vyungu. (From ji, which see, and
oka. CLjosko, and choko.)

Jombo,n.(»a-), ampl. of chombo,
i. e. ji-ombo, a large utensil, a large
vessel or ship. (Cf. chombo, ki-

jombo.)

Jongea, v. move (pass) on, make
a move, move, approach. Jongea
uvulini, move into shade. Jongee
huku, nipiske mimi, move aside and
let me pass. Ap. jong-elea, -elewa,
-eleza, -elezwa, -eleana, move to, ap-
proach, go up to, &c. Akanijongelea
hatta nilipo, and he came close up to
where I was. Cs.jong-eza, -ezwa,
-ezana. (Cf. enda, pita, sogea.

Dist. chongea.)

Jongo, n. (ma-), (1) a large, high
back, a ridge, high projection; (2)
a seam, — in sewing. J. nene, a large,
projecting seam. (For ji-ongo cf.
maongo, or maun go, and gongo,
mgongo (elsewhere mongo), back,
dorsal ridge, kijongo, kibiongo.)

Jongoo, n. (ma-), a very large
black millipede, Common in Z. and
destructive to crops. Mtupa jongoo
hutupa na mti wake, he who throws
away a millipede, throws away the
stick it is on as well.

Jororo, a. soft, — form of -ororo,
agreeing with D 5 (S). (See -Ororo,
and ji.)

Josho, n. (ma-), for ji-osho, or
same as chosho, i.e. ki-osho, a bathing-
place, a place for washing. (Cf.
oga, osha, and see Chosho.)

Joto, n. (ma-), for jioto, or same
as choto, i. e. ki-oto, great heat, in-
flammation, pyrexia. Pata joto (or
joto joto), get hot. (Cf. ota, moto.)

Joya, n. a white spongy substance
sometimes found filling the shell of
a cocoanut, instead of being deposited
as the usual lining of nutty hard
substance on the inside, — also the
nut thus filled. Joya la nazi, either
the substance or the nut. Hutazamwa
nazi, kama imefanya joya ndani,
a cocoanut is examined to see if it is
spongy inside. Kama j., spongy,
porous, full of holes. Nyumbayangu
ni j., atakaye huingia, my house is
like a spongy cocoanut, any one who
likes goes into it. (Cf. nazi.)

*Jozi, n. (1) a walnut ; (2) a pair,
brace, couple, — of anything. (Ar.
' nut ' in general. Cf. lozi. The
consonants are transposed of the Ar.
word for ' pair.')

Jua, n. (ma-), (1) the sun, sun-
shine, fine weather ; (2) time of day
(as judged by #ie position of the sun).
J. kali (jingi), hot sun, hot weather.
J. kichwani (vichwani), time of sun
overhead, noonday. J. kucha (ku-
panda, kutoka, kuchomozd], sunrise.
/. kuchwa (tua } shuka), sunset. J.

JUA

120

JUTA

linaaga miti, the sun is taking farewell
of the trees, i. e. is setting. Macho
ya j., sunrise, the Orient, the East.
Machweo yaj., sunset, the West. J.
lifjtekuwa alasiri (athutiri, ma-
garibi, &c), the time of day is after-
noon (noon, evening, &c). Katika
j. saa moja, at 7 a.m.

Jua, v. know, know about, under-
stand, be acquainted with. Najua
jambo hili (mtu kuyu), I know this
affair (this person). Sijui maneno
ya kiungtija, I do not know the
Zanzibar language. Najua kitfua
r/iuma, I know smith's work. Namhia
aliko, I know where he is. Ps.
juliwa. Nt.jti/ika, be known, be
knowable, be intelligible, and juli-
kaiia, in the latter sense. Ap.jtt-
ili.i, -iliwa, know about, &c. Ali-
mjuilia kama amekasirika, he recog-
nized that he was angry. Cs.
(rarely juza), ju-lisha, -lishwa, -li-
shana, cause to know, make known,
inform. Also juvya,juvisha (some-
times meaning ' make impertinent,
provoke to or teach impertinence.'
Cf. -juvi). Pp. ju-ana, -ania,
-anisha. Nimewajuanisha, I have
introduced them to each other.
(Cf. -jztzi, -juvi, tijuzi, &c, and syn.
Jahamu, tambtia.)

*Juba, n. ( — , or ma-), (1) a kind
of coat, vest, or jacket, open in front,
with collar and wide sleeves of cloth
or (unlike the johd) of calico and
linen. (Arab Cf. joho, kanzu,

' ngzio.) (2) A mortising chisel. (Cf.
patasi, c/zembeu.)

*Juhudi, n. effort, exertion, strain,
ardour, zeal, painful stress, agony.
Anaj.ya kazi, he is a zealous worker.
Fanya j., take great pains. J. si
pato, trying is not the same as suc-
ceeding. (Ar. Cf. jitahidi, and
cf. syn. bidii, kazi, nguvu.)

*Jukum, n. trader's risk, payment
for taking risk, insurance. Lip a /.,
insure (goods, in trading). Chukua
j., take the risk, guarantee. (Hind.,
used in commerce, cf. syn. bima.)

*Jukwaa, n. (ma-), also Jukwari,
scaffolding, staging, stage, scaffold.
(Hind.)

*Juma, n. (1) also Jumaa,
Friday, and more fully Ijumaa, i.e.
the day of assembly, e.g. Kwenyi
iiwapd) Ljwnaa, on Friday ; (2)
(ma-), a week. J. mo/a, one week.

j. zima, a whole week. The days
following are named from it, i. e.

Jtimaa (for Jtima ya) mosi, Saturday,

Jtwiaa pili, Sunday, Jumaa tatu,
Monday, Jumaa 'nne, Tuesday,

Jumaa tano, Wednesday. But Alha-
misi, Thursday. See Alhamisi.
(Ar. Cf. Jamaa, Jamii, jumla, and
see Siku. Juma seems also some-
times used for nj'umu.)

* Jumaa, n. See Juma. Moskiti
wa jumaa, the mosque of the con-
gregation. (Arab.)

Jumba, n. (ma-), a large house,
mansion, palace. (For ji-umba'

Cf. nyumba, chumba, kijuviba, &c.)

Jumbe, n. (ma-), king, chief, head
man, — also called locally diwani,
shomvi,pasi. (Perh.ji-umbe, from
ttmba, cf. kiumbe, and syn. sultani,
mfalme, mwinyi, mkuu, and dist.
mjumbe.)

* Jumla, n. (1) the sum, total, a
lot, all together; (2) in Arithm.
addition. Also adv. wholesale, in
lots. (Ar. Cf. juma, jamaa, and
syn. jamii, shelabela.)

*Jumlish.a, v. Cs. add up, sum up,
put all together. Ps. jumlishwa.
(Ar. Cf. jumla, and syn. jamiisha,
tia pamoja.)

Jungu, n. (ma-), a large cooking
pot, usually round, of red or black
earthenware, and with a cover. (For
ji-ungu, and cf. kijungu, kichungu,
ungu with pi. nyztugu, and for other
vessels, see Chungu, Chombo.)

*Jura, n. (ma-), also Jora, Gora,
a length of calico, calico in the piece
(of 30 to 35 yards). (? Ar.)

Juta, v. regret, feel the loss of,
miss, be sorry for, feel remorse for,
'referring to something past. Najuta

JUTO

121

JUZU

mimi nafsi yangu kufanya neno hili,
I am sorry myself for doing this
thing. Juta maovu, feel remorse for
wrongdoing. Ps. jutwa. Nt.

jutika, whence j 'utikana. Ap.jut-
ia, -iwa. Cs. jut-isha, -ishzva.
Hp.jutana, join in regretting. ^Cf.
juto, also toba, tubu.)

Juto, n. {ma-), (i) regret, remorse,
sorrow for what is past. Fanya (ona,
ingiwa na, &c.) majuto, feel remorse.
Shikwa (patwd) na majuto, have a fit
of remorse. Wakajuta sana majiito
makuu, they very bitterly regretted it.
Majiito ni mjukuu, mwishoive hnja
kinyume, remorse is a grandchild, it
comes at last. (2) A form of jito,
a large river. (Ci.juta, tob.z, and
mto.)

Juu, adv. and (with ya) prep., (1)
of position, — above, high up, over,
on, upon, up (to) above, from above,
upstairs, on the top (of). J. ya
nyumba, on the top of the house.
Aliyoko juu, mngojee chini, wait be-
low for the man who is above.
Panda j., go upstairs. Shaka j.
ya frasi, dismount from a horse.
Angenda j., hajikilii mbinguni,
though he soars high, he does not
get to the sky. Also of rank, dignity,
&c Aliye j. ni j., i.e. a great man
is out of reach. Juu, iliyo juu,
palipo juu, juu yake, is used of ' the
top ' of a thing. Hapa ndipo juu,
here is the top, the highest point.
(2) Resting on, dependent on, obli-
gatory on, morally binding on, the
business of, the duty of, &c. J. yako,
you are responsible, it depends upon
you. J. ya mfalme kutawala, it is
the king's business to rule. (3) Over
and above, in addition to, beside.
J. ya mambo haya, besides all this.
Umpe mpiaj.ya mshahara wake, give
him a rupee in addition to his wages.
(4) About, concerning, as to, in re-
spect of, with regard to. Mtoto
hufanya adabuj.ya mwalimu wake,
a pupil treats his teacher with all
respect. Fa?iya shauri j.ya safari

yako, make plans for your journey.
Alisema mengi j. yake, he talked
a great deal about him. (5) Against,
in opposition to, to the prejudice
(harm, loss) of. Huna nguvu j.
yangu, you have no power against
(over) me. Wakaleta vita j. ya
adui, they made war upon (against)
their enemies. (6) In an excited, per-
plexed, fluttered, alarmed state or
condition (of mind and feeling).
Moyo wake ni j. , yuna moyoj., he is
excited, has taken offence, is angry,
has lost his head, &c. The Rd.
form juujuu is also often used,
with different shades of meaning,
e.g. (1) high up, very high, exalted.
Tazama kijuujuu, take a birdseye,
synoptic, general view ; (2) proud,
arrogant, supercilious ; (3) super-
ficial, foolish, shallow, excited, per-
plexed, &c. Wakaulizwa ya juujuu,
they were asked the usual formal
(civil) questions. Mambo y a juujuu,
indifferent matters, gossip, topic of
the hour. Tukasemezana juujuu,
we had a chat together. (Contr.
chini.)

Juvisha, Juvya, v. Cs. See
Jua, v.

Juya, n. (ma-), a seine, drag-net,
made of native materials. {CLjarifa,
wavu, kimia.)

Juza, v. Cs. See Jua, v.

Juzi, n. (ma-), the day before
yesterday. J. na jana si kama ya
leo, yesterday, and the day before,
are not like matters of to-day.
Mwaka j., or wa j., the year before
last. Also used indefinitely, juzi,
or juzi juzi, a few days ago, lately.
J. hivi, the other day. Tangu
majuzi yale, some time ago. Mtu
wa j., a new-comer, a young person.
Kushindaj., three days ago.

*Juzu, v. be permissible, be allow-
able, be suitable, be fitting for, be
right for, be duty of. Nguo hit
hai7?ijuzu, these clothes do not suit
him, are not proper for him. Neno
hili lajuzu nami, this matter is right

JUZU

122

KA

for me, is my duty. Ap. juz-ia,
-iwa, be right for, be allowed to, be
obligatory for. Mwanamke huyu
anijuzia kumwoa, it is right for me
to marry this woman. So nime-
jnziwa ktimwoa. Also n. and a.,
of what is allowable, within one's
duty, and so (often) morally binding,
obligatory. (Ar. Ci.pasa,wajibu.)
*Juzu, n. {ma-), division, section,
chapter of a book, esp. of the Coran.
Anasoma j . ya thelathini, he is read-
ing the thirtieth chapter. (Ar. Cf.
kitabu, chuo.)

K.

K represents the same sound as in
English. The two different k sounds
in words of Arabic origin are not
commonly distinguished in Swahili.
For the sound of Arabic kh see
remarks on Kh- below.

K is often pronounced ch in Zanzi-
bar, esp. among the slave class and
new-comers from mainland tribes.

K is one of the commonest sounds
in Swahili speech, entering as it does
into the formatives ka, ki, ko, and
ku (which see), and the preps, kwa,
katika.

Words not found under K may be
looked for under Kh, H, or Ch.
For words beginning with ki- see
remarks on Ki-, below.

K-, before a vowel, sometimes
represents ka or ki, which see.

Ka, I. is a verbal connective pre-
fix, except in the cases noted below.
In general, it connects two or more
verbs together in such a way as either
{a) to carry on the construction (mood
and tense) of the first verb to those
following with ha-, or (b) to supply
in those verbs the construction ap-
propriate to the context. But most
commonly it is used (i) to connect
a verb in the Past (Narrative) Tense
Indicative with others following, or
else (2) to connect a verb in the
Imperative Mood with another in the
Subjunctive, or Imperative. Thus the

typical form of a narrative in Swa-
hili begins with a verb in the Past
(/z'-) Tense, and proceeds with verbs
having ka for It, e.g. paliondokea
sermala akaenda kuoa mke, there
was once a carpenter and he went
and married a wife. Palikuwa mtu
akawa tajiri, there was once a man
and he became rich. Hence ka-
may be said commonly to carry the
force of ' and ' before a Past (Narra-
tive) Tense. Similarly, the common
form of Imperative sentence with
more than one verb is njoo kaone,
or njoo ukaone, or njoo kaona, come
and see. Nenda kalete {ukalete,
kaletd), go and fetch (it).

Beside these uses, ka is regularly
employed (1) with a single Impera-
tive as a semi-connective, i. e. with
reference to something implied or
understood, e. g. leta, bring it ; kaleta
{kalete), bring it then. So kaseme
ati ! speak then ! Also nikaweie ?
Am I to call them then ? (2)
Prefixed to a verb -root, without
Pers. Pfx. with the force of the
3 Pers. Sing. Perf. Indie, e. g.
kafa, he is dead. Kenda zake, he
has gone away. Alikwenda mjini
kapanda punda, he went to town
on a donkey, i. e. amepanda punda.
(3) Affixed to the sign of the Future
ta, when ta would otherwise be re-
quired to bear the accent, as in
relative, forms, e. g. atakapokwenda
for atapokwenda, when he shall go.

In (2) and (3) ka has no connective
force.

There remain a number of cases
in which ka is less commonly used,
e. g. with a Present Tense, nikali,
and I am ; with or following the hu
tense, hujikia pale akala, he used to
go there and eat ; hutoka assubuhi
hukarudi, he used to go out in the
morning and come back ; with a
Future Tense, ntaenda nikapata
baraka, I will go and win a bless-
ing ; with a subordinate verb, nime-
kwenda kwake nikamtazame, I have

KAA

123

V

KABARI

been to his house to see him ; intro-
ducing a supplement especially to
negative expressions, e. g. asije akafa,
that he may not first come and die,
for asije kufa or asijafa, before he
die ; usinipige ukajtita, do not strike
me and then regret it (i. e. or you
will regret it) ; tusiende tukarndi, do
not let us go and then have to come
back again ; kwenda akaja leo, per-
haps he comes to-day.

Ka coalesces commonly with e or
o following, e. g. akenda, akoga, and
with i following forms e, as akesha,
for akaisha. AHka is often con-
tracted into ha.

2. is a Diminutive Prefix of nouns
and adjectives, more emphatic than
ki, e. g. katoto, a tiny child ; kajiwe,
a very small stone ; kagongo kafnpi,
a very short little club ; paka kadogo,
a very small kitten. Kadogo is used,
like kidogo, as adv., in a very small
degree, infinitesimally, to a very small
amount.

Kaa, v. (i) stay, stop, rest, remain,
wait ; (2) sit, sit down, take a seat;
(3) dwell, live (in), inhabit, reside
(at) ; (4) continue, last, endure.
Unakaa wapi ? nakaa shamba (mjini) ,
Where do you live ? I live in the
country (in the town). Kaa kitako,
sit on the haunches, squat, sit down.
Nimekaa, I am seated, — often a polite
rejoinder (whether seated or not) to
the invitation karibu, walk in. Aguo
hii imekaa sana, this dress has lasted
a long time, has worn well. Inchi
hii inakaa watu, this country is in-
habited, i.e. imekaliwa na watu.
Ps. kaliwa (rarely kawd). Nt.
kalika, and kalikana, be habitable,
&c. Ap. ka-lia, -lisha, -lishwa,

e. g. -liana, wait for (with, in, by, &c).
Akamkalia nabii Mtisa njiani, and
he waited for the prophet Moses in
the road. Kumkalia mtu matanga,
to join in the mourning for a person.
Ime?nkalia tamn, it has remained
agreeable to him. Akakalia nyele
zake, and he waited with (for) his

hair, i. e. he let it go untrimmed.
Wakakaliana karibn , and they settled
near each other. Cs. ka-lisha

(1 kaza) y -lishwa. (Cf. ukao,

kikao, makazi, mkaa, &c, and syn.
keti, shinda, ngoja, ishi, dumu.)

Kaa, n. (via-), (1) a piece of char-
coal, also extended to mean ' a lump
of coal.' Makaa, charcoal, coal,
embers. Mineral coal is sometimes
distinguished as makaa ya mawe,
stone coal. Makaa ya moto, live
embers. Makaa zimwe (ya zitnwe,
mazimwe), slaked embers, cinders,
dead (burnt out) coal. Makaa moshi
(yamoshi), soot. (Cf. masizi.) Choma
{oka, pika) makaa, make charcoal.
(2) ( — ), a crab, the most generic
term, including many varieties, e. g.
kaa makoko (ya pwani), chago,
ngadu, mwanamizi. (Dist. follg.)

Kaaka, n. also Kaa, the palate,
also kaa la kinwa.

Kaanga, v. fry, braze, cook with
fat, i. e. oka, kwa samli (or, kwa
mafitta). K. nyama, cook meat
with fat. K. moto, heat, warm.
Mayai ya knkaanga, poached (fried)
eggs. K. ngoma, warm a drum at
a fire to tighten the skin. Hence
ngoma ya kukaanga, fig. for delay,
i. e. a pause in a dance. (Cf.

kaango, kikaatzgo, zikaango, and for
cooking, pika.)

Kaango, n. ( — , and ma-), a cook-
ing pot, — of earthenware, properly
for cooking with fat, a frying-pan.
(Cf. kaanga?)

*Kaba, v. press tight, squeeze.
Ngao inamkaba mwili, his clothes
are too tight for him. Kaba roho,
seize by the throat, throttle, choke.
Wakamkaba roho hatta akazimia,
they throttled him till he fainted.
(?Ar. Cf. syn. bana, songa, kaza,
saki, shika, keujiata.)

*Kaba, n. or Kaaba, (1) lining of
the kanzu on neck and shoulders.
See Kanzu. Also (2) a kind of vest
with sleeves. (Ar. Cf.juba.)

*Kabari, n. (— , and ma-), a wedge

KABILA

124

KADIMISHA

(of wood or iron), e. g. to split logs
with.

*EIabila, n. (ma-), tribe, clan, —
a smaller division than taifa, and
larger than tifungu,jamaa.

*Kabili, v. (i) be in front, be
opposite, face (towards), front, point
to, correspond to, be directed towards,
be exposed to ; (2) incline towards,
tend to, be inclined to, be likely to,
have a propensity for ; (3) confront,
brave, defy, oppose, be contradictory
to. A T ikamkabili uso kwa uso, I met
him face to face. Mahali palipoka-
bili baridi, a place exposed to the
wind. Hakabili kuuza, he is not
inclined (likely) to sell. Ulimwengn
wiakabili nivua, the weather por-
tends rain. Hatuwezi kukabili ba-
hari He, we cannot steer for (navigate,
face) that sea. Wakakabili risasi
zetu, they boldly faced our bullets.
Ps. kabiliwa. Nt. kabilika. A p.
kabil-ia, -iana, be opposite, face each
other, have a mutual attraction,
correspond. Cs. kabil-isha, -ishwa.
Ntakukabilisha na wali, I will con-
front you with (present you to) the
governor. Kabilisha mtu, send a
man in a given direction. Kabilisha
barua, dispatch a letter, forward a
letter to its destination. Kabilisluz
moyo, set the heart on, resolve.
(Ar. Cf. kubali, kabla, kibula, and
syn. tekea, simamia, -zva ??ibele ya,
kutana na, shindana na, lingana na,
&c.)

Kabisa, adv. utterly, altogether,
quite, wholly, exactly. Njema kabisa,
as good as can be. Sitaki kabisa, I
absolutely refuse. (Cf. syn. kamwe,
haswa, halisi.)

*Kabithi, v. also Takabathi, (1)
take in the hand, receive, hold, lay
hands, on, seize, keep. Also (2) Cs.
(for kabithisha), cause to hold in the
hand, put in the hand (of), deliver
(to), hand over (to), give (to).
Amemkabithi mwenyi deni, he has
seized the debtor. Kabithi malt,
hoard, economize. Ulitakabathi tha-

mani, you received the price. Una-
kabithi watoto malt yao, hand over
this property to the children. Nika-
wakabithi fetha wale watumwa, I
gave the money to the slaves. Cs.
kabithiwa. Ap. kabith-ia, -iana.
Cs. kabith-isha, -ishwa, cause to re-
ceive, hand over (to), deliver (to).
(Ar. Cf. follg. and syn. (1) pokea,
karaata, shika; (2) salimu, toa, po-
keza, lip a!)

*-kabithi, a. economical, grasping,
close-fisted, miserly. (Ar. Cf. ka-
bithi, ttkabilhi.)

*Kabla, conj. and (withya) prep.,
before, — almost exclusively of time,
previously, antecedently, in advance
of. Followed by a verb in the nega-
tive, usu. the ja tense and often with
bado, or else a relative. A*, hajaja
bado, before he arrived. K. haiku-
tiwa nanga, before casting anchor.
K. atakapohnja (ajapo), before he
shall come (comes). K. ya kttja,
before arrival. K. ya siku chache,
before long, or, a lew days before.
(Ar. See Kabili, and follg. Cf.
mbele.)

*Kabla, n. purpose, object, ten-
dency, direction. Tukaona kabla
yao, we saw what they were going to
do. (Arab, seldom used. Cf.

kabili, kibula, kibla.)

*Kabuli, n. (1) acceptance, sanc-
tion. (Ar. Cf. the more common
kibali,tikubali). (2) An Indian dish
of rice, curry, &c. (Hind. Cf. pilau.)

*Kaburi,n. grave, tomb, sepulchre,
place of burial. Makaburi, or 7tiaka-
burini, a cemetery. Chungulia ka-
burini, have one foot in the grave.
(Ar. Cf. siara, kuzimu.)

*Kadamu, n. (ma-), also Mka-
damu, foreman, — used of the third
in authority of the men superintend-
ing work on an estate, the head man
being msimamizi, the second nokoa.
(Ar. Cf. takadamu, and follg.)

*Kadimisha, v. Cs. cause to go
before, send in advance. (Ar. Cf.
kadamu, and tangulia.)

KADIRI

125

KAIDA

*Kadiri, v. also Kadri, (i) esti-
mate, reckon, calculate, fix the value
of, put a limit on ; (2) form an opinion
on, consider, weigh, judge. K. mali,
make a valuation of property. Na-
kadiri maneno haya ni kzveli, I judge
that this statement is true. Ps.
kadiriwa. Nt. kadirika, e.g. be
limited, be measurable, be moderate
(in amount, behaviour, &c), be finite.
Kufa ni far at hi ya iliyokadiriwa,
death is a necessary condition of what
is finite. Anatakabari mno, haka-
diriki, he shows great arrogance, he
has no moderation. Maneno yasiyo-
kadirika, unmeasured (or, unintelli-
gible) language. Ap. kadir-ia,
-iwa. Cs. kadir-isha, -is/iwu, e.g.
put limit to, restrain, cause a valua-
tion (estimate) to be made, &c. — n.
(1) amount, measure, extent, capacity,
value, rank; (2) moderation, self-
control, temperance. K. ya watu
kwni wamekuja, as many as ten
people have come. K. gani? What
amount ? How much ? Kaa mahali
pa k. yako, remain in a place suited
to your condition. — as adv. conj.
and (with ya) prep, in various senses,
(1) about, nearly, up to ; (2) as much
as, as long as, as often as, whilst, when,
as; (3) moderately, on an average,
in a certain degree, e. g. k. ntakapo-
fanyiwa maovu uniite, whenever you
are badly treated, call me. K. akitia,
hukaza, as soon as he places it, he
fastens it. K. ya kukaa kitako, just
when he was sitting down. Common
also with -vyo following, e. g. k. awe-
zavyo, as far as he can, to the best
of his ability. (Ar. Cf. ukadiri,
and syn. gifisi, kiasi.)

Kadogo, a. invar, dim. of -dogo,
and more emphatic than kidogo,
exceedingly small, minute, infini-
tesimal, tiny. Also adv., in a very
small degree. (Cf. -dogo, ki- and
ka-.)

*Kafara, n. {ma-), an offering, a
sacrifice, a charm, — to avert evil.
Toa k., make an offering, sacrifice.

Chinja k., kill (an animal) as an
offering. (Ar. cover, atone. Cf.
kafiri, kufttru, and syn. sadaka,
thabihu.)

Kafi, n. (ma-), paddle, small
steering oar. Piga k., use a paddle,
paddle. (Cf. kasia.)

*K£fila, n. a caravan. (Arab,

rarely heard, for common msafara,
safari.)

*Kafini, v. cover up, wrap. Mtu
aliyekufa hukafiniwa kwa sanda, a
dead man is wrapped in a shroud.
(Ar. kafani, a pall ; rarely heard, for
common fimua, vika.)

*Kafiri, n. (ma-), one who is not
of the Mahommedan religion, an
infidel, an unbeliever, an atheist,
a pagan, an apostate. (Ar. Cf.
kiifuru, tckafiri.)

*Kafuri, n. camphor. (Arab.)

Kaga, v. protect by a charm, put
a charm on (in, near, &c), e. g. kaga
shamba (mwili, kaburi), protect by
charm a plantation (person, grave).
Cf. follg.

Kago, n. (makago and mago), a
charm (for protection or preservation).
K. la Jlsi, charm against a hyaena.
(Cf. kaga, and syn. kafara, dawa,
hirizi, talasimu.)

Kagua, v. inspect, survey, examine.
K. skamba, inspect a plantation.
K. asikari, inspect, hold a parade of,
troops. Ps. kaguliwa. Nt.

kagalika. Ap. kagn-lia, -liwa.

(Cf. mkaguzi, and syn. angalia,
tazamia.)

*Kahaba, n. (ma-), prostitute.
(Ar. Cf. ukahaba.)

*Kahawa, n. coffee, i. e. the
beverage, — the berry being buni, or
bnni ya kahawa, and the plant
mbuni. (Ar. Cf. mkahawafii.)

*Kahini, n. (ma-), also Kuh,ani,
priest, soothsayer, and sometimes in
bad sense, deceiver, swindler. (Ar.
Cf. mkohani, and kasisi.)

*Kahira, n. Cairo. (Arab.)

*Kaida,n. fundamental rule, canon,
pattern, standard, method, — same as

KAIDI

126

-KALI

kawaida, which see. (Ar. Cf.

syn. kanuni.)

*Kaidi, v. be obstinate, be head-
strong, rebel, refuse to obey, con-
tradict. Usimkaidi baba akisema
neno, do not contradict (disobey)
your father, if he says anything.
Cs. kaid-isha, -ishwa, e. g. incite to
disobedience. (Ar. Cf. follg. and
syn. halifu, asi.)

*-kaidi, a. obstinate, refractory,
disobedient, rebellious, &c. (Ar.
Cf. prec.)

*Kaimu, n. (ma-), superintendent,
guardian, vicegerent, viceroy. Ha-
kimu atakuwa k. wa shughuli He,
the chief will undertake that business.
(Arab. Cf. waziri, wakili.)

Kajekaje, n. small cords used to
fasten the sail to the yard, in a
native vessel. (Cf. chombo, and
kamba.)

Kajia, n. an extremely small path
or passage. Dim. of njia. (Cf.

njia, tijia, and ka-.)

Kaka, n. (ma-), (i) used occa-
sionally of an empty shell, e.g. of
an egg, or of the rind of a fruit, e. g.
of an orange, k. layai, k. la chungwa.
(But ganda is more usual, cf. fuvu,
fuu.) (2) Elder brother, generally
used playfully or colloquially, as
dada. (3) A disease affecting the
hand.

Kaka-kaka, adv. in a hurry, in a
rush (press, bustle). (Cf. kikaka.)

Kakamia, v. strain after, make a
sudden or violent effort to do, or get
something, e.g. k. maji, of a thirsty
man. (Cf. follg.)

Kakam'ka, v. make a muscular
effort, strain, — as in lifting a load,
breaking a stone, or in travail. Obs.
also Rf. jikakamua, in same sense.

Kakawana, v. be strong, athletic,
well knit, muscular. (Cf. syn.

shupaa, -wa na maun go!)

*Kaki, n. a thin hard-baked bis-
cuit or oake. . (Cf. mkate.)

*Kalafati, v. caulk (the seams of a
wooden vessel), — the tool used being

chembeu. Described as tia pamba
na mafuia yasingie maji, apply
cotton and grease to prevent water
getting in. Ps. kalafatiwa. — n.
caulking, material used for caulking.
(Ar.)

Kalala, n. also Karara, TJkalala,
the tough leathery sheath of the cocoa-
nut flower stem.

Kalam'ka, v. be quick witted, be
wide awake, be sharp (intelligent,
on the alert), have one's eyes open.
Ap. kalamkia, -iwa, (usually) be too
sharp for, outwit, deceive, cheat.
(Cf. kalanCzi, and amka, and syn.
danganya, punja, hadaa.)

*Kalamu, n. pen (made of reed).
Also any pen. Chonga k., point a
pen, make a pen. K. na wino, pen
and ink. (Ar.)

Kalam'zi, a. crafty, cunning,
sharp. (Cf. kalam'ka, and syn.
-janja, -erevu, ayari.)

*Kalasha, n. tusk of ivory, smaller
than buri. (Cf. pembe, buri.)

*Kalasia, n. small brass vessel
with narrow neck, often used for
milk. (Hind. Cf. kopo, sufuria,
for metal vessels.)

Kale, n. old times, antiquity, the
past, former ages. Watti wa k., the
ancients, men of old. Zamani za k.,
old times, past ages. Hapo k., once
upon a time, long ago. Kikale, of
the old style, old-fashioned, anti-
quated, -a k., old, ancient. -a
kikale, antiquated. (Cf. zamani,
and dist. uzee, old age.)

*Kalfati. See Kalafati. (Ar.)

-kali, a. (1) sharp, having a sharp
edge, cutting, e. g. kisu kikali, a
sharp knife, makali ya upanga, the
edge of a sword, opp. to butu ; (2)
sharp to the taste, acid, sour, bitter,
e.g. siki kali, sour vinegar, opp.
to laini, lamu, and cf. chungu ; (3)
sharp in temper, severe, stern, cross,
cruel, fierce, e. g. ngo?nbe mkali, a
fierce cow, opp. to -pole, -a huruma ;
(4) keen, intense, vehement, brave,
jua kali, tembo kali, strong palm-

-KALI

127

KAMASI

wine, scorching sun, watu wakali,
warlike people, opp. to -legevu, -vivu,
-oga. (Cf. uka/i.)

-kali, verb-form, used with Person
prefixes, nikali, tukali, &c, and I am
(was), and we are (were), &c. (Cf.
ka, and It.)

Kalia, Kalika, v. See Kaa, v.

*Kalibu, n. a mould, e. g. for bul-
lets, i.e. kidnde cha kusubia lisasi, a
thing for casting bullets in. Also of
that in which metal, &c. is heated,
a heating pot or furnace. (Cf. snbu,
ita,joko, tanmi.)

*Kalima, n. word. (Arab, for
common neno. Cf. mkalimani.)

*Kalme. See Galme.

Kama, v. squeeze, but e p. of
milking, e. g. kama ng'ombe maziwa,
milk a cow, or simply kama. Ps.

kamwa. Nt. kamika, kamikana.
Ap. kavi-ia, -iwa. (Dist. kamia,
threaten.) Cs. kam-iska, -ishwa,

e. g. kamisha ngombe za watte, act as
milkman, undertake milking. (Cf.
kamua, kamata, and songa, kaba,
shika.)

*Kama, conj. also Kana, (i) as
a particle of comparison in general,
(a) as, such as, like, as if, as though,
e.g. uwe kama mimi, be like me.
Ruka k. ndege, fly like a bird. Mtu
mfupi k. wewe, a man as short as
you. K. hivi (vile), as thus, like
this, in this way, for instance. With
a noun, often supplies a lacking ad-
jective, e. g. k. maji, like water, i. e.
liquid, fluid, also fluent, easy. K.
majani, . green. With nini, forms
an expletive or adv. of emphasis,
e.g. kubwa k. nini, wonderfully
great. Zuri k. nini, inexpressibly
beautiful, or in the form kamani !
wonderful ! marvellous ! With a verb,
kama is commonly followed by -vyo,
e.g. k. upendavyo, as you please,
k. ulivyosema, as you said, but also
k. wapenda, k. tdisema. (b) Like, as it
were, almost, about, nearly, of vague
comparison, e. g. of numbers, asikari
k. mia, about a hundred soldiers. Ny-

ingi k. si nyingi, a moderate number.
(c) In the definite comparison of two
or more objects, ' as compared with,
rather than, and not' (cf. kulikd),
e. g. afathali kuweka mali k. ku-
tumia yote, it is better to save money
than to use it all up. Yeye mkubwa
k. wewe, he is big as compared with
you, i. e. bigger than you. Heri
kupotea nikafa k. kuwa hai, better I
should be lost and die than live.
Bora thahabu k. fetha, gold is more
valuable than silver. (2) As a sub-
ordinate particle, {a) that, — of re-
ported speech, &c. Naserna k.
ndivyo, I say that it is so. Nimesikia
k.hajui, I understand that he does not
know. Aliamumk. aetide, he ordered
that he should go. (Cf. similar
use ofya kuwa, ya kwamba, kwamba,
and kama kwamba.) (b) If, sup-
posing that, though, i. e. conditional,
e. g. k. una homa nenda kwa mganga,
if you have fever, go to the doctor.
K. htitaki, bassi, if you do not want
to, there is an end of it. Also often
with Pres. Partic. , k. ukipenda, if
you like. K. fetha ikipatikana,
ntalipa, if the money is forthcoming,
I will pay. {c) Whether, if, e. g.
sijui k. yuko, I do not know whether
he is there. Alimtiliza k. ndivyo, he
asked me whether it was so. (Ar.
For comparative use cf. sawa na,
mfano wa, mithili ya, kaliko. For
conditional use cf. ikiwa, iwapo,
endapo, and the use of -ki- and -sipo
in verbs.)

*Kamali, n. a game played by
chucking small coin into a hole
(Str.).

Kamamanga, n. See Komama-
nga.

*Kamani, adv. wonderfully,
strangely, exceedingly. (For ka?na
nini? Like wh^t ! see Kama.)

Kamasi, n. (ma-), mucus from the
nose, catarrh. Siwezi k., I have a
cold in my head. (Cf. mafita,
kifua.) Futa ?nakamasi, wipe the
nose.

KAMATA

128

KAMUA

Kamata, v. take forcible hold of,
catch hold of, seize with the hands
(arms, claws, a trap, &c), grasp,
clasp, make a prisoner of, arrest.
Chui alimkamata kuku, the leopard
got hold of the fowl. Ps.kamatwa.
Nt. kamatika, e. g. maji hayaka-
maliki, water cannot be grasped in
the hand. Ap. kamat-ia, -iwa,
e. g. seize with, grasp at, get a partial
hold of, &c. Cs. kamatisha, also

Intens. hold fast. Rp. kamatana,

grapple, e. g. in wrestling. (Implies
some effort, difficulty to overcome.
Cf. shika, kabithi, guia, nasa. For
the termination cf. ambata, fzinibata,
nata, pata.)

Kamati, n. ball of wheat flour,
leavened with te??ibo, i. e. palm-wine
(Str.).

Kamba, n. cord, rope, — the most
generic term, properly of the native
kind, but made of twisted cocoanut
fibre (makttmbi). Hence k. ya
kumbi, kamba y a nazi, to distinguish
it from k. ulaiti, European, hempen
rope, and k. ya miwaa, rope of
plaited leaf strips. See TTkambaa.
Ukukuu wa kamba si tipya wa ukam-
baa, in a rope old fibre is better than
new leaf strips. Piga (fungd) k. , tie
with a rope, cord (a load), but also
like songa k., suka (sokotd) k., make
a rope by twisting or plaiting. The
ropes of a native sailing vessel have
various names, all of non-Bantu
origin, e. g. amari, baraji, hamarawi,
dasi, henza, jarari, demajii, goshi,
dakawa, mjiari, or ujari. Various
materials for binding are ubugu,
ugomba, tmg'ong'o, tmunn, ukindu,
and ?niwaa. (Cf. tfkambaa, also
ugwe, kitani.)

Kamba, n. a lobster, crayfish,
prawn, shrimp, sometimes distin-
guished as k. ya pwani, k. ya bahari,
also mkamba, — the common lobster,
and k. ya mtoni, crayfish. (Cf. m-
kamba, uduvi, kaa.)

Kambali, n. (ma-), also Kam-
bari, freshwater cat fish, with broad

flat head and fleshy feelers, — the only
freshwater fish common in Z., and
sometimes of large size (15 lb. to
20 lb.)

Kambi, n. (ma-), encampment, —
usually on enclosure occupied at
night in travelling on the mainland.
(? Eng. camp. Cf. kituo, boma.)

Kambo, n. baba (mama) wa
kambo, step-father (-mother), mtoto
wa kambo, step-child. (Perh. cf.
kambo, used (Kr.) for the shoot
sprouting from the roots of the ba-
nana (?7igombd), near but separate
from the chief stem.)

Kame, n. (ma-), barren land,
wilderness, desert, waste, unculti-
vated ground. (Cf. nyika,jangwa,
poll. )

Kamia, v. reproach, threaten,
dun (a debtor). Amemkamia sana
kumpiga, he threatened to beat him.
Mkamia maji hay any wi, he who
finds fault with the water will not
drink it. Jikamia, reproach oneself.
Ps. kamiwa. Nt. kaviika. Rp.
kamiana. (Cf. kamio, and ogofya,
lau?nu.)

*Kamili, v. complete, finish, make
perfect, also be complete, be finished.
But these meanings are usually taken
by the Cs. and Nt. or Ps. forms.
Ps. kamiliwa. Nt. kami/ika.

Ap. kamil-ia, -iwa, e. g. end off,
finish off. Alipokamilia nyumba ile }
when he finished off that house.
Cs. kamil-isha, -iskwa, e. g. nime-
kamilisha mwezi wangu, I have com-
pleted my month. — a. complete,
perfect, whole, entire, unimpaired.
( Ar. Cf. maliza, timia, timiliza, isha.)

*-kamilifu, a. same as Kamili, a.,
which see.

Kamio, n. (ma-), a reproach, a
threat. (Cf. prec.)

*Kampani, n. also Kumpani,
a commercial house, a trading asso-
ciation, a company. (From Eng.
company. )

Kamua, v. Rv. of ' kama with
similar meaning, squeeze, wring,

KAMUSI

129

KANDO

compress, squeeze out, e. g. k. nguo,
wring wet clothes ; k. chungwa,
squeeze the juice out of an orange.
K.jipu, make an abscess discharge.
K. 7nafuta, extract oil by pressure.
Ps. kamuliwa. Nt. kamulika.

Ap. kamu-lia, -liwa, e.g. akam-
kamnlia ndimu mwilini, and he
squeezed lime juice over his body. Cs.
kamu-lisha, -lishwa. (Cf. kama, v. )

Kamusi, n. a lexicon, a dic-
tionary. (Arab. ' ocean.')

Kamwe, adv. always with a nega-
tive preceding, (not) at all, (not) in
the least, (not) ever (i.e. never, by no
means). Si kitu kamwe, it is nothing
at all. Sitaki kamwe, I will have
nothing to do with it. (Cf. / ibisa,
halisi, hatta kidogo.)

Kan a, v. also Kanya, deny, nega-
tive, say ' no,' disown, refuse, e. g.
kwanza mwivi amekana, sasa au-
ngama, at first the thief denied it, now
he confesses. Baba alimkana mtoto,
the father disowned the child. Ps.
kaniwa. Nt. kan-ika, -ikana, e. g.
amekaniwa na watu si mwivi, it
was denied by the people that he was
a thief. Haikanikani kabisa, it is
absolutely undeniable. Ap. kan-ia,
-iana, forbid to, refuse to, deny to
(about, for, on the part of, by, at,
&c). Baba amemkania mtoto kniba
(or, asiibe), the father had forbidden
the child to steal. Cs. kan-isha,

-ishwa, also kan-usha, -yusha,
-ushwa, -ishia, -ishiwa, -ishana,
also Intens. deny emphatically, e. g.
amenikanushia haki yangu, he has
wholly denied me my rights. Mw-
anamke amektikajiisha mtoto wako,
the woman has induced you to dis-
own your child. (Cf. kanyo, ki-
kano, kataa, kataza.)

Kana, n. rudder handle, tiller, i. e.
mkono wa tisukani.

Kana, conj. See Kama.

Kanadili, n. {ma-), a projection
from quarter or stern of native vessel,
used as a closet (choo), — also quarter
gallery.

Kanda, v. knead with the hand,
press and work with the fingers,
shampoo. K. nnga, knead flour
(dough). K. udongo, knead clay, — as
a potter. K. mwili, of a kind of
massage, to give relief in pain or
weariness, or merely as a luxury.
Ps. kandwa. Nt. kandika. Ap.
kand-ia, -iwa. Cs. kand-isha,
-ishwa. (Cf. kandika.)

Kanda, n. ( — , and ma-), (i) a
bag of native (plaited) matting, — often
used for grain, broader at the bottom
than at the mouth. Dim. kikanda.
(Cf. kikapo.) (2) Leather thong,
strap, — also plur. of tikanda.

Kande, n. and Kandi, stores,
supplies, — for a journey, &c, esp.
provisions. Not usual in Z. (Cf.
masarufu, akiba, riziki.)

*Kanderinya, n. kettle, tea-kettle.

Kandika, v. of the operation of
covering the wooden framework of
a native hut with clay to form the
walls. Women bring water, while
men dig and knead the clay, and
apply it in lumps with the hand,
between the sticks and inside and out.
K. nynmba kwa udongo, plaster a
house with clay. Ps. kandikwa.
(Cf. follg. and kanda, kando, paka,y.)

Kandiko, n. (ma-), material for
native plastering, i. e. earth or clay.
(Cf. prec. and jengo.)

*Kandili, n. (ma-), lamp, candle-
stick, chandelier. (Ar. Cf.fanusi,-
kinara, taa, meshmaa.)

Kando, n. ( — , and ma-), side,
edge, margin, brink (esp. of river or
sea), bank, coast. K. ya (or la)
mto, the margin of the river. Used
commonly as adv. and (with la, ya)
prep., on one side, aside, by the
side, on the verge or edge, e. g. aliye
kando, haangukiwi na mti, he who
is on one side i* not fallen upon by
a tree. K. yetu, in our neighbour-
hood, near us. Sawasawa k., parallel.
Weka k. (or, kando-kando) ya, put
by the side of. K. zote, on all sides.
(Cf. ukingo, upande, and ukando.)

K

KANGA.

130

KAPI

Kanga, v. See Kaanga.

Kanga, n. (i) kanga la mnazi, the
fruit stem or stalk bearing the nuts
on a cocoanut tree, when stripped of
the nuts, the bare stalk, dry stem.
(The same when growing, and with
nuts on it, is utawi, cf. mnazi.) (2)
Common speckled guinea-fowl (cf.
kororo). (3) In commerce, scarf, —
piece of calico of all patterns and
colours, worn by native women and
men. Described as lesoya upande m-
moja. (Cf. shiti, kisuto, leso, nguo.)

Kangaja, n. (ma-), (1) small man-
darin orange, fruit of the mkangaja ;
(2) a sea-fish, with a disagreeable
smell.

Kango, n. (ma-), a frying-pan.
See Kaango.

*Kaniki, n. in commerce, blue
shirtings, — a dark blue calico, worn
by the poorer classes commonly as
an undergarment, or at work. See
K"guo.

*Kanisa, n. (ma-), synagogue,
temple, church. (Arab. Cf. msi-
kiti, hekalu.)

*Kanju, n. (ma-), fruit of the
cashew tree, mkanju, — which in Z.
is called mbibo. See Mbibo.

Kano, n. (ma-), large sinew or
tendon (of animals). (Cf. mkano.)

*Kantara, n. a bridge. (Arab.
Cf. daraja, bonth, ulalo.)

*Kanuni, n. that which is regular
(necessary, indispensable), a funda-
mental rule, a necessary condition,
a sine qua non. As adv. undoubtedly,
certainly, truly. (Ar. Cf. farathi,
sharti, kawaida, hakika, yakini.)

Kanusha,v. Cs.from Kana, which
see. Other forms are kanyusha and
kanisha.

Kanya, v. same as Kana (which
see), refuse a proposal, give a negative
answer.

Kanyo, n. (ma-), denial, refusal,
contradiction, negative answer. (Cf.
kanya, kana, mkano, and syn. katao,
katazo.)

Kanwa, n. (ma-), also Kanywa,

mouth (of man, and animals in
general). K. jumbe la maneno, the
mouth is ruler of speech. (Dim.
from nywa, see -nya, and cf. kinwa,
which is usual in Z.)

*Kanzi, n. what is kept in store,
a treasure, a hoard, also treasury,
store-room. Aweke mali kanzini,
let him put his belongings in the
store-room. (Ar. Cf. tunu, ha-
zina, and kandi, ghala, akiba.)

Kanzu, 11. the usual outer garment
of men in Z., a long-sleeved calico
gown, reaching from the neck to
the ankles, usually plain white or
yellowish-brown (huthurungi), with
or without lines of silk stitch-work,
red or white, on the neck, wrists, and
front, and fastened with a small button
or tassel at the throat. Worn over
a loincloth, often with a light doublet,
or under a coloured sleeveless open
waistcoat (kisibau) , or a cloth cloak
(joho). Worn also by women, but
then shorter, of coloured and varied
materials, and with red binding.
Kanzu are distinguished as ya ku-
ftita, plain, common, ya ziki, with
white cotton stitching at the neck, ya
kazi, with ornamental stitching, and
according to material, ya bafta, ya
huthurungi, &c. (? Cf. Ar. kasd,
clothe. For parts, &c, of the kanzu
see badani, taharizi, sijafu, kikwapa,
jabali, mhalbori, kaba, tiki, mrera,
kiboko, kinara, tarizi, mjusi, &c,
and for tailoring, shona, mskoni.)

Kao, n. (ma-), place of residence,
dwelling, habitation, — commonly in
the plur. makao. Also of mode or
act of remaining, residing, &c, situa-
tion, position, way of living, but thus
more often ukao, kikao. (Cf. kaa,
v., ukao, kikao, ukazi, makazi.)

*Kaoleni. See Kauli.

Kaomwa, n. and Kauma, ca-
lumba root, — mainly procured from
East Africa. Described as ' the root
of a creeping plant, like a sweet
potatoe, a tonic of bitter taste ' (Kr.).

Kapi, n. ( — , and ma-), (1) a

KAPO

131

KASHA

pulley, — consisting of a sheave (rodd),
enclosed in a block (makupa). (For
various sorts see Gofla, Abedari.)
(2) Chaff, husks. (Cf. kumvi,

wishwa, kumtnzi, macho ya mtama.)

Kapo (ma-), and Kapu, a large
basket (of plaited leaf-strips). See
Kikapo.

*Karaha, n. provocation, (giving)
offence, (causing) aversion. Mambo
ya k., provocation, cause of ill-feeling,
repulsion. (Ar. Cf. kirihi, also
ekerahi, ikirahi.)

*Karakoli, n. and Karakoni,
prison. Not usual in Z. (? Turkish,
introduced by Soudanese. Cf. gereza,
kif imgo. )

*Karama, n. (1) an honour, privi-
lege, valuable possession, gracious
act, generous behaviour ; (2) gracious
gift, esp. a gift of God in answer to
prayer. (Ar. Cf. karimu and

fbllg., and for gifts generally bak-
s his hi.)

*Karamu, n. a feast, banquet, fes-
tive entertainment. (Ar. Cf. prec.)

*Karani, n. (ma-), clerk, secretary,
amanuensis, supercargo. (Ar.)

Karara, Karasia. See Kalala,
Kalasia.

*Karata, n. card, playing card.
(? charta, card.)

*Karatasi, n. paper, a piece of
. paper. (Ar.)

*Karatha, n. money on loan, ad-
vance, credit. K. ya fetha, a cash
advance. (Arab. Cf. follg.)

*Karathi, v. and Karithi, (1)
lend money, esp. make an advance
for commercial purposes, accommo-
date with money or goods; (2) also
as Cs. borrow, get an advance.
Ps. karat hiwa. (Ar. Cf. prec.
and the commoner kopa, kopesha,
and azimu.)

*Karibia, v. Ap. come near (to),
go near (to), approach, move close
to, enter. Ps. karibiwa. Cs.
karib-isha, -ishwa, bring near, move
close, invite as guest, welcome, en-
tertain. Karibisha chakula (kiti),

invite to a meal (offer a seat to).
Tulikaribishwa vizuri, we were hos-
pitably treated. Rp. karibiana.
(Ar. Cf. karibn, and sogea.)

*Karibu, n. near relation, kins-
man. Watu haw a k. zangu, these
people are relations of mine. Also
mtu wa k., a relation. — adv. and
(with ya and net) prep. (1) of
space, near, close (to) ; (2) of time,
presently, shortly, lately, recently;
(3) in general, nearly, almost, about.
Hivi k., just lately. Alikuja k., he
came near, or, he arrived recently.
K. yangu, near me. Common as
reply to the inquiry Hodi ? i. e. Come
in, walk in, you are welcome. (Ar.
Cf. karibia.)

*Karimu, a. and -karimu, liberal,
openhanded, generous. Also v.
See Kirimu. (Ar. Cf. karama,

karamu, and syn. -paji.)

Karipia, v. Ap. use harsh lan-
guage to, reprimand, scold, chide.
Ps. karipiwa. (Cf. laumu, kemea,
shutumu. The Pr. form karipa is
also used.)

*Kariri, v. repeat, say over again
and again, recite, rehearse. Ps.
kaririwa. Nt. karirika. Ap.
karir-ia, say over to (for, at, &c).
Cs. karir-isha, -ishwa. (Ar. Cf.
syn. B. sema (soma) tena, or marra
ya pili, or marra nyingi).

Kasa, n. a sea turtle. (Cf.

ngamba, kobe.)

*Kasa, adv. also Kassa, less, less
by, short by, usually in connexion with
7-obo, themuni, or similar words, e. g.
rupia mbili k. themuni, two rupees
less four annas ; saa sit a k. robo, a
quarter to twelve o'clock (lit. six hours
less a quarter). K. robo, three quar-
ters (of a dollar), one rupee and
a half. (Ar. Cf. kasiri, n. and
kasoro.) '*

*Kasarani, Kasasi, n. See Ki-
sirani, Kisasi.

*Kasha, n. (ma-), box, chest, cup-
board, packing case. Kasha la fetha,
(1) a silver box; (2) a moneybox,

K 2

KASHABU

132

KATA

safe. (Cf. sanduku, bweta, — also
Ital. cassa, Fr. caisse.)

*Kashabu, n. a wooden rod, which
draws the threads of the web apart
in native weaving. (? Ar. Cf.
mfumo , fuma.)

*Kashifu, v. (i) reveal, disclose;
(2) show up, discredit, disparage, tell
stories of, slander. Ps. kashifiwa.
(Ar. for more usual chongea, singizia,
&c.)

Kasia, n. (ma-), an oar. Piga
(vutd) k., row. (Cf. kaji, a paddle.)

*Kasiba, n. barrel (of a gun).
Mdomo kama k., small round mouth,
— a point of beauty. (Ar. ' reed.'
Cf. mwanzi, mdomo?)

*Kasidi, n. Also Kusudi, which
see. (Ar.)

*Kasiki, n. ( — , and ma-), large
earthen jar (for water, ghee, treacle,
&c). (Cf. balasi, which is larger.)

Kasimele, n. cocoanut cream, the
thick oily juice squeezed from the
grated nut by a strainer, before any
water is mixed with it, i. e. maji ya
nazi yaliyokamuliwa ??ibele katika
kifumbu, — also called tui la kasi-
mele, or tui halisi. The same nut,
when mixed with water and strained
again, produces tui la nyuma, tui la
kupopolea, a white milky fluid. See
Tui.

*Kasiri, v. cause to be angry, vex,
provoke. Hayo ndiyo maneno yali-
yokukasiri, these are the words which
annoyed you. Sultani alimkasiri
mkewe, the Sultan vexed his wife.
But the Cs. is more common in this
sense (see below). Ps. kasiriwa.
Nt. kasirika, be angry, be excited,
whence kasirik-ia, -iwa, be angry
with. Ap. kasir-ia, -iwa. Cs.
kasir-isha, -ishwa, enrage, provoke,
exasperate, stir up violent feeling in,
incite, inflame. Rp. kasiri-ana.

(? Ar. Cf. hasira, and syn. ghathabu,
uchungu. Dist. hasara, hasiri and
also kasiri, n.)

*Kasiri, n. end. Alasiri k., late
afternoon, 5 p.m., i. e. mwisho wa

alasiri. As adv. less. K.ya, k. kuliko,
less than. (Arab., seldom heard.

Cf. kasa, kasoro, and the commoner
hatima, mwisho?)

*Kaskazi, n. (1) northerly wind,
north monsoon. K. inavuma, the
north wind is blowing. Cf. kusi,
south wind, and upepo. (2) Season of
the north monsoon, i.e. December to
March, the hottest part of the year in
Zanzibar, i. e. wakati wa jasho na
kukausha miti, also called musimu,
and sometimes chaka ; (3) northerly
direction, the north. Also called
Kibula Kibla. Kaskazini, in the
north, northwards. (Cf. shemali,
the Ar. word for 'north,' and_/atf.)

*Kasoro, adv. less (by), short (by).
Kasoro nussu, less by a half. Some-
times as n., defect, blemish. (Ar.
kasr. Cf. kasa, kasiri?)

*Kassa, adv. See Kasa.

*Kassi, adv. of intensity, used with
verbs, much, very, with energy (vehe-
mence, violence, &c), e.g. enda k.,
go with force, go quickly. Mto
tinapita k., the river runs quickly,
has a strong current. Also as a
noun, Ha {piga) k., apply force,
tighten. Sokota kwa k. , twist forcibly.
(Prob. Ar. ? Cf. kiasi, or kaza, kazi.)

*Kastabini, n. a thimble. (Per-
sian, for more common subana.)

*Kasumba, n. opium. (Hind.

Cf. syn. Ar. afiuni.)

*Kata, v. ( 1) cut, cut off, cut away,
cut short, cut up, or in pieces ; (2)
fig. divide, reduce, bring to an end,
decide, frustrate. The noun follow-
ing may define the thing cut, the
nature of the cutting, the effect
produced, or the instrument used.
K. miti, cut down trees. K. maji,
go up stream. K. kisu (or kiua
kisu), cut with a knife. K. nguo,
cut calico, often in the sense ' buy
a piece of calico, order a new dress
or suit. K. nakshi, carve (in wood or
stone). K.pesa, reduce (or, withhold)
a sum due. K. maneno, conclude
(break off, decide, settle) a discussion.

KATA

133

KATANI

K. hukwnu, decide a suit, give sen-
tence. K tamaa, bring hopes to an
end, despair, despond, be desperate.
K. kiu, quench thirst. K. shanri,
frustrate a plan. Ps. kattva, im-
plying an agent, as present or promi-
nent in the mind. Nt. katika, in
which the fact rather than the agency
is in view, e.g. huknmu imekatwa,
the judge has decided the case. Htc-
kumu imekatika, a verdict has been
given. Kusi imekatika, the south
wind is coming to an end. Hence,
katik-ia, -iwa, be cut off, &c. at
(for. in, &c), e.g. muhogo ulikatikia
mnmo, the cassava broke off where it
stood. Ugwe hukatikia pemba?7iba,
cord breaks at the thinnest part.
Also katikana, be capable of being
cut, &c, be possibly cut. Ap.
kat-ia, -iwa, -iana, cut at (into, off
from, a part of, &c), e.g. katia
hesabu, cut off from (deduct from)
an account. Katia mti, cut a piece
from, chop at, make a cut in (not,
cut down). Katia njia, cut into
(strike on) a road. Ni kiasi changu
kama nalikatiwa mimi, it fits me
exactly, just as if it was made for me
(or, I had been measured for it).
Tulikathva maneno, we have had
our matter settled. Katiana, settle
accounts together, strike a balance,
i. e. by striking out items on both
sides. Cs. kat-iza, -izwa, -izia,
-iziwa, -izana, cause to cut (be cut,
&c), or Intens. cut (end, decide)
abruptly (vigorously, sharply, &c).
Katiza 7?ianeno, break off (interrupt,
stop, apply closure to) a discussion.
Walikatiziwa vyakttla, their sup-
plies were deliberately stopped. Rp.
kataiia, e.g. wanakatana kwa visit,
they are fighting with knives. Also
Rf. jikata, jikatia, jikatiza, &c,
and Rd. of emphasis, katakata, cut
to pieces, make mincemeat of. (Ar.
Cf. mkata, mkato, kato, kata, mkatizo,
mkate, mkataa, and follg. Also syn.
tema, chanja, flastca, chonga, choma,
viinja, maliza.)

*Kata, n. also Kataa, a cutting,
piece, part, portion, section, fraction,
not of a literal cut or cutting, but fig.,
e. g. {a) part of a house, k.ya nyitmba,
a room, an apartment, one of the
screened-off divisions in a native hut,
or k. ya chnmba, an alcove, recess,
part of a room ; (b) k. ya kitabu,
part of a book, section, leaf, page
(cf.juzu, tikarasd) ; also of a country,
' quarter, district,' k. ya inchi (? cf.
7ntaa, kitad) ; (c) lengths of rope,
string, silk, &c, as sold in shops,
i. e. hank, skein, coil. (Ar. Cf.
kata, v., and kato, mkato, &c.)

Kata, n. (ma-),(i) a ladle, dipper,
scoop, used for drinking, or dipping
water from a hole, — usually a cocoa-
nut shell, with one end cut off, and fixed
to the end of a stick. (Cf. upcwa.)
(2) A round pad, usually of leaves,
grass, or a folded strip of cloth, worn
on the head when carrying a load,
water-jar, &c. ( Dist. mkata, tikata.)

Kataa, v. refuse, reject, decline,
say ' no.' Ps. kataliwa. Nt. kata-
lika. Ap. kata-lia, -liwa, -liana,
e. g. refuse, refuse credence to, de-
cline acceptance from, say ' no ' to,
&c. Cs. kata-za, -zwa, -zana,

prohibit, forbid, deter, cause to re-
fuse, refuse peremptorily, &c. Also
kata-zia, -ziwa, prohibit to (from,
by, &c). (Cf. katazo, kana, go-

mbeza, dakiza, teta, marufuku.)

*Kataa, a. final, decisive, con-
clusive. Neno hili k., this state-
ment is decisive. (Ar. Cf. kata,
mkataa.)

*Katabahu, lit. he wrote it, —
usually at the end of letters, with
the name of the writer, and some-
times bijedihi, by the hand of.
(Arab. Cf. kitabn, mkataba.)

*Katani, n. also Kitani, flax,
and what is made from it, linen,
string, strong thread, twine. Uzi
tua k., thread made of flax or hemp,
as dist. from uzi wa patnba, cotton
thread. (Ar. Cf. uzi, ugwe, kigwe,
kamba.)

KATAZO

134

KAURI

Katazo, n. (ma-), prohibition,
contradiction, objection. (Cf. kataa,
and syn. kindano, dakizo, teto.)

*Kathalika, adv. in like manner,
likewise, similarly, in the same way.
(Ar. Cf. aitha, thamma, and follg.,
and syn. B. vile vile, vivyo kivyo.)

*Kathawakath,a, a. and adv., thus
and thus, and so on, et caetera, many
other such, many more. Watu k.,
lots of people. (Ar. Cf. kathalika.)

*Kathi, n. (ma-), judge, — the
official term, magistrate appointed by
the Sultan to decide questions of law.
(Ar. Cf. hakimu, and mwamuzi.)

Kati, adv. and (with ya) prep.,
among, between, inside, in the middle
of, amidst, surrounded by. K. ya
nyumba, in the middle of the house.
Kata k., cut asunder (through the
middle). Also as n., the middle,
the centre, and -a kati, central,
middle ; wakati wa k., the inter-
vening period, interval; pa k., the
centre. Sometimes redupl. katikati
(yd), between, among, in the very
•middle (of), also kati na kati. (Cf.
katika, prep.)

*Katiba, n. ordinance, custom, na-
tural (or original) constitution, des-
tiny, doom, — from the idea of binding
and permanent force of Mahommedan
law as written in the Coran. (Ar.
Cf. follg.)

Katibu, n. a writer, scribe, amanu-
ensis, clerk. (Cf. karani, mwandi-
shi, katabahu.) — v. write, — seldom
used, e.g. in Rp. tukatibiane, let us
draw up a written contract. (Cf.
mkataba, kit aba, kit aba, and com-
mon syn. andika.)

Katika, prep, among, in, whether
(a) of place, — in, at, to, towards, into,
from (in), out of, away from ; (b)
of time, — in, at, during; (c) in general,
— in, engaged in, to, in the direction of,
from ; (d) in the matter of, in refer-
ence to, concerning, as to, about.
Very common in all senses. In local
use, equivalent to -ni. Sometimes
with k%va } when kwa with the word

following indicates a single idea or
object. Kufika katika kwa mfalme,
to arrive in the king's court or
presence. (Cf. kati, and the equally
common kwa.)

Katikati, adv. and (with ya) prep.
See Kati.

*Katili, n. a murderous person, a
bloodthirsty man, a ruffian. (Arab.
Cf. syn. B. mwuaji.)

*Kato, n. (ma-), a cutting, frag-
ment, thing cut or broken off. (Cf.
kata, mkato.)

*Katu, n. a kind of gum, imported
to Z., and sold in small dark -red
lumps chiefly for chewing with betel.
See Tambuu, Uraibu.

Katua, v. polish, brighten, clean
by rubbing. K. bundnki, clean rust,
&c. off a gun. Ps. katuliwa.

Nt. katuka. Ap. katulia. Majifu
ya kukatulia visu, ashes to clean
knives with.

Kauka, v. become dry, dry up, be
parched. Inchi imekauka, the earth
is parched. Sauti hnemkauka, his
voice is dried up, he is hoarse. Ap.
kauk-ia, -iwa. Sakafu imekaukia
maji, the water has dried off the roof.
Cs. kau-sha, -shwa, dry, cause to dry
up, parch. (Cf. -kavu, yabis, and
of drying clothes by exposure to sun
and air, am'ka.)

*Kauli,n. (i) sentence, expression;
(2) expressed opinion, narrative, ac-
count. K. tatu zilizosemwa, three
accounts were given. Tufnase k. ya
waalimu xvetu, let us follow the
opinion of our teachers. K. He ika-
muthi, the expression vexed him.
(Ar. for the common neno. Cf. ka-
lima and kauleni, double tongued,
untrustworthy, i. e. a man of two
stories.)

Kauma, n. calumba root. See
Kaomwa.

*Kauri, n. a cowry ("shell). For
various kinds cf. dondo, ktdulu, kete.
Kauri is also used to describe china,
vitu vya kauri, as opp. to earthen-
ware, vitu vya udongo.

-KAVTT

135

»KE

-kavu, a. {kavu with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), also -kafu, (1) dry,
parched, waterless, barren. Inchi k.,
dry land, terra fiwna, as opp. to
bahari, sea. Kuni k., dry firewood.
Nguo k., dry clothes. Prov. maji
mafu, mvuvi mkafu, at neap tides the
fisherman gets little. (2) Dry, humor-
.ous, satirical, amusing. Mtu mkavu,
a witty person. Maneno' makavu,
witticisms. (3) Brave, fearless, un-
concerned. Cf. the phrase -kavu wa
macho, -enyi macho makavu, of a
nonchalant, intrepid, dauntless look.
(Cf. kauka.)

Kawa, v. be delayed, tarry, linger,
delay, loiter, take a long time, be
behind time, be late. Ap. I iwia,
same as kawa ; also kawilia, delay for
(on account of, at, about, &c), and
so kaw-ilisha, -ilishwa, cause to
delay, keep back, make late. Cs.
kaw-isha, -ishwa, put off, make stand
over, adjourn, e.g. kawisha kodi, get
in arrears for rent. (Cf. usiri,
ahiri, chelewa, and ? cf. kaa.)

Kawa, n. ( — , and of size ma-),
(1) a dish cover, conical in shape,
made of plaited grass. Sahani isiyo
na k., a dish without a cover. Tuli-
ngane sawa sawa, kama sahani nak.,
let us suit each other (i.e. agree;, like
a dish and its cover. (2) Mildew,
mould (Str.).

*Kawadi, n. (ma-), a procurer.
(Arab.)

*Kawaida, n. also Kaida, regu-
lative principle, fundamental rule,
usage, custom, system, and so ' pattern,
standard, maxim.' K. kama sheria,
customary usage is like law. Hatuna
k. ya kuja mtu, we are not used to
a person coming, we do not allow it.
(Ar. Cf. desturi, kanuni.)

Kawe, n. a very small stone, dim.
of jiwe, kijiwe. {0,1. jiwe, mbwe,
and ka-.)

Kawia, Kawilia, Kawisha, &c.
See Kawa.

Kaya, n. (ma-), a kind of shell-
fish.

Kayamba, n. (1) a sieve; (2) a
rattle resembling a sieve, — dry grain
shaken inside a flat case of reeds.

Kaza, v. (1) fix, make fast, fasten,
tighten; (2) grip, hold tight, fit
tightly; (3) use force (in), exert
energy, act with a will, emphasize,
accentuate. K. kamba, make a rope
fast. K. mbio, run hard. K. kuimba,
sing with a will. Nguo ya kukaza,
tight clothes. Ps. kazwa. Nt.
kazika. Ap. kaz-ia, -iwa, e. g.
kazia macho, rivet the gaze upon.
Cs. kaz-isha, -ishwa. Rp. kazana,
(1) hold each other, make a mutual
effort ; (2) hold together, be compact,
be firm (stiff, hard). Kazana na,
adhere to, stick to. (Cf. kazi,

kazo, mkazo, and perh. kaa, v. Also
similar Ar. words denoting effort,
work, firmness.)

Kazi, n. (1) work, labour, em-
ployment, occupation, profession,
business, function, a job; (2) hard
work, toil, strain, effort, exertion ;
(3) normal action, regular duty,
routine. Mchezo huo ni k. burre, a
game like that is labour thrown away,
— a native view of athletics. A"dio
k.yake, that is what he always does,
or, he is responsible for it. Fanya
(tenda) k., work, be a labourer.
Nguo hii ni k. ya Wahindi, this stuff
is made by Hindoos. K. ya maka-
taa, contract work, task work. (Cf.
kaza.)

Kazo, n. pressing tight, holding
hard, grip. Also as a. -kazo, tight.
(Cf. kaza, mkazo.)

Kazoakazoa, n. a term of abuse
(perh. from zoa and ka-, which see),
i.e. wretched gutter-scraper.

-ke, a. (1) (also -a kike,jike), of
the female sex, female, feminine ;
(2") like a woman, timid, stupid.
Mke (PI. wake\ mtu mke (PI. watu
wake), mtu wa kike (PI. watte wa
kike), and most commonly mwana
mke (PI. waana wake, or waanake),
are all used of 'woman' generally, in
respect of sex simply. In relation to

KEFU

136

EERIMU

the male sex, mke has the definite
meaning 'wife, married woman,' and
is then clearly distinguished from
mwanamke, which denotes an irregu-
lar connexion, e. g. mkewe waziri ali-
kuwa mwanajnke wake Abunuwasi,
the vizir's wife was Abunuwasi's para-
mour. Mke ni nguo, a wife means
(the cost of her) dress. Wake, as
a noun, plur. of mke, often takes for
distinctness pronouns of the form in
z-, i.e. wake zake', his wives, rather
than wake wake. Watoto waanake,
or wa kike, girls. Batajike, a female
duck. Moyo wa kike, a womanly
(i.e. usually 'timid, stupid') character.
(Cf. jike, kike, hike, tike, and opp.
-ume.)

Kefu, int. also Kefule, expressing
disgusted surprise, indignation, aver-
sion. K. mimi killa siku, think of
me (being so treated) every day.
Miu ha??ifanyizii hiana mtu asio-
amini, kefu aliomwamini, a man
does not act treacherously towards one
he distrusts, much less one he trusts.

Kefya-kefya, v. tease, annoy, nag
at, depress, discourage, put out of
heart. (Cf. sumbua, tesa, chokoza,
uthi.)

Keke, n. a drilling tool, a drill,
consisting of a steel bit (kekee), fitted
into a wooden handle (msuka, m-
sukano), which is turned in a wooden
socket (jivu) by a bow and string
(tit a). Described generally as ki-
dude cha kuzulia mti, a tool for bor-
ing wood.

Kekee, n. (i) a boring tool, see
Keke ; (2) a kind of silver bracelet,
usually broad and flat, fastened by a
clasp or bolt. (Cf. kikuku, bana-
giri, and urembo.)

Kekevu, n. hiccup. (Cf. kikeu-
keu, and more usu. in Z. kwikwi.)

Kelele, n. (ma-), a shout, shout-
ing, uproar, noise. Piga k., shout,
give a shout. Nena kwa k., or,
kikelele, make a loud remark. Ma-
kelele, as an int. ordering silence,
i. e. Too much noise ! Be quiet ! Si-

lence ! (Cf. chub! huss! bun! nya-
maza ! (or, Plur., nyamazeni!
kimya ! Also cf. ukelele, kikelele.)

*Kem, interrog. adv. How much ?
How many ? e. g. in inquiring price,
kem ? wauzaje ? kiasi gani ? — all
meaning ' How much ? ' (Arab.
Cf. kima.)

Kemea, v. scold, rebuke, speak
loudly (roughly) to, snub. Ps.
kemewa. (Cf. karipia, laumu,

nenea, ambilia.)

Kenda, n. and a., nine. -a
kenda, ninth. (Cf. syn. Ar. tissia,

tissa, equally common.)

Kenda, v. for kaenda, he has
gone. See Ka-. Also for Infin.
kwenda, e.g. kendapi? for kwenda
wapi ? a general inquiry Where are
you (he, they, &c.) going ?

Kenge, n. a large water-lizard,
common in Z. (For other kinds
cf. mjusi, gurtigurti.)

Kengee, n. andUkengee, the flat
part of a cutting instrument, blade of
knife, sword, spearhead, &c. (Cf.
bapa, and contr. makali, edge, and
kipini, handle, of such instruments.)

Kengele, n. ( — , and of size ma-),
a bell. Piga k., ring a bell, ring.
(Cf. njuga.)

Kera, v. worry, tease, annoy, vex.
(Cf. kero, and syn. kefya-kefya, su-
mbua, tesa.)

Kereketa, n. cause an irritating
sensation, esp. in tongue or throat,
have a rough taste, cause a choking
feeling. Roho yangu yanikereketa
kwa sababu ya kula timibako, my
throat is irritated from chewing to-
bacco. Tumbako yanikereketa, the
tobacco has a harsh taste to me.
(Cf. syn. was ha.)

Kereza, v. (1) saw into, cut into
with a saw (rasp, file, &c), make
a cut or notch in ; (2) cut in a lathe,
turn. Zikerezwazo, turned articles,
turnery. (Cf. follg.)

Kerezo, n. also Keezo, a ma-
chine for turning, a lathe.

*Kerimu, v. See Kirimu.

KEKING'ENDE

137

KI-

Kering'ende, n. (i) a kind of
dragon-fly; (2) a red-legged part-
ridge (Str.) ; (3) ? a cricket.

Kero, n. trouble, annoyance, dis-
turbance, vexatious conduct. (Cf.
kera, and syn. ghasia, masumbtto,
uthia.)

Kesha, v. remain awake, keep
awake, stay up at night, not to sleep,
watch, keep watch. Ngoma ya vi-
jana haikeshi, a children's dance
does not last all night. Kesha
kucha, stay awake till the morning.
Ap. kesh-ea, -ewa, stay up for, keep
night watch with, nurse all night.
Cs. kesh-esha, -eshwa, -eza, -ezwa,
keep a person awake. Rp. keshana,
remain awake together. (Cf.

kesha, n. and kesho, and syn. keti
na macho, kaa macho.')

Kesha, n. night watch, vigil.
Nna k. yangu usiku kucha, I have
my watch all night long. Siku ya
k. ya mwisho, the last night of a
formal mourning (matanga). (Cf.
kesha, v., kesho, and dist. kesha for
kaisha, he has finished.)

Kesho, n. and adv., to-morrow,
the next day, the day after. K
kzichwa, the day after to-morrow.
K. yake, the following day. Ku-
shinda kesho ktichwa, the third day
(also called mtondo).

Kete, n. (1) a small kind of
cowry. Also a game played with
these shells. Meno kama k., teeth
like cowries, — a point of beauty.
(Cf. kauri.) (2) {ma-), a string (of
beads, &c). Two makete = one
timba ; ten makete = five timba =
one/undo. (? Cf. kata, n.)

Keti, v. (1) (in poet, keleti), sit
down, take a seat ; (2) dwell, live,
remain, stay, reside. Tafathali
uketi, please take a seat (cf. kaa
kitako, meaning strictly, squat in the
native way). Ps. ketiwa. Ap.

ket-ia, -iwa, e. g. kidude cha kuketia,
something to sit upon. Cs. keti-

sha, -shiva, e.g. cause to remain, keep,
preserve. (Cf. kiti, and syn. kaa.)

Kh-. Many Swahili words are
taken from Arabic originals begin-
ning with the sound of Kh-. These
will be found under H in this Diction-
ary, representing the simple aspirate
to which they all become assimilated
in proportion as they become natural-
ized among Africans. On the other
hand, the Kh sound is often more or
less retained by persons imitating
or influenced by Arabic pronuncia-
tion. Some of these words are : —
khabari, khadaa, khadimu, khajifu,
khaini, khaliftc, khatnsi (and deri-
vatives), khara, kharadali, khatari,
khati, khatia, khalima, khazina,
khema, kheri, kheza, khorji, khofu,
khubiri, khutuba.

*Khoja, n. a member of one of
the two chief sects of Mahommedan
Hindoos in Zanzibar, the other
being Bohora, which see. (Hind.)

Ki, verb-form, (it) is, agreeing
with D 3 (S), e. g. kiti hiki ki gha/i,
this chair is expensive.

Ki-, as an initial syllable, is in far
the greater number of words a forma-
tive prefix, and one of the commonest
formatives in the Swahili language, —
so common that no attempt is made
here to enumerate all the words be-
ginning or regularly formed with ki-.
Words not found under ki- may
be looked for (1) under the letter
immediately following ki-, or (2)
under Ch-, since ki- usually (though
not always) becomes ch- before a
vowel (e. g. chungu for ki-tmgu, but
kiitngo, not chungo), and moreover
ki- in any word is often heard pro-
nounced chi- among the lower classes
in Zanzibar. Ki as a formative
prefix is used (1) with verb-stems, to
form verbal nouns denoting usually
some concrete embodiment or special
manifestation &f the root-idea of a
non-personal kind. (Contrast the
characteristic use of u- in forming
abstract, and of m- in forming per-
sonal derivative nouns.) When ki is
prefixed, the verb-stem [a) may re-

. XI-

138

XI-

tain its final -a. In this case, which
is not common, the verbal noun is
often followed by another noun de-
pending directly on it, e. g. kipa
mkono, kifungua mlango (denoting
presents given on special occasions),
also kifa uwongo, and cf. kinywa,
mouth, kidonda, kifaa. ib) Changes
final a to o, si, zi, or is followed
by -ji, e. g. kitendo, kifungo, kituo,
kicheko, kiongozi, kikohozi, kinywaji,
kipaji. Obs. also kiunibe, and chum-
ba. This form (ki- with a verbal root
and termination -o) is not only com-
mon, but may practically be formed
at pleasure from any suitable root.
In some cases the word becomes
specialized and limited in meaning
(e. g. kifuo, a stake used for husking
cocoanuts), but seldom loses alto-
gether the power of including any
of the following meanings, — act, pro-
cess, time, place, method, instrument,
instance or case, i. e. some particular
embodiment of the idea conveyed by
the root. Instances of all kinds fol-
low in their place in the Dictionary,
e. g. kiango, limited to a kind of
lamp-stand ; kicko including a feeling
of fear, and an object feared ; kipendo,
meaning love, but strictly loving in
connexion with some occasion or
particular case either of the feeling
or of the object ; kikao, kifungo, with
a wide range of meanings. Ki- is
also used with other than verb-roots
with the same general (concrete non-
personal) meaning, e.g. kitu as
comp. with mtti, kivuli with mvuli
and uvuli, and even with reference to
persons in such words as kizee, kipofu,
kizixvi,kibeti, but see below (3). (2)
To form diminutives with noun-stems,
and as such may be used before any
suitable noun whatever, often dis-
placing an initial m or u, e. g. ki-
toto, kipande, kivuli, and sometimes
followed by a ji- or /-, especi-
ally with monosyllabic roots, e. g.
kijiti, kijibwa,kijiji, kijana,kijumba,
kijineno. Obs. that ki- may convey

the idea, not only (a) of relative small-
ness, but (b) of relative unimportance,
e. g. kishughuli, a small trifling
business ; of endearment, e. g.kipenzi,
darling ; and of secrecy or contempt,
e. g. kisHauri, a plot, kijtanbe, a
secret (or private) messenger, kijitu,
a mannikin. Obs. that relative degrees
of size may be conveyed in the case
of some words by placing them in
different declensions, D 3, D 5, orD 6,
e. g. kipete, a small ring ; pete, a ring
of ordinary size; pete (pi. mapete),
a large ring. (3) With noun -stems
and adjectives, to give them an ad-
verbial use, and also a peculiar use as
nouns, denoting the sort or kind
which the noun itself expresses.
E. g. amevaa kizungu, he is dressed
in European fashion ; alilia kisimba,
he roared like a lion ; asema kigeni,
he talks in a foreign way, like a
stranger. Kaa kitako, sit on the
haunches. Kiti cha kifalme, a royal
throne. Mambo ya kisasa, modern
ways. Vitu vya kikale, antiquated,
old-fashioned things (but vitu vya
kale, antiquities, ancient things).
When used independently, this form
often denotes the language of a place
or country, e. g. kiunguja, the lan-
guage of Zanzibar. To this use may
also be referred words like kizee,
kipofu, kilema, &c, commonly used
of persons, but meaning ' one of the
old generation, one of the blind sort,'
&c, and perhaps kinyozi, kiongozi
(see above (1)). Ki is also used as
follows: — (1) as the pfx. of all ad-
jectives and verbs (both subjective
and objective) corresponding to D 3
(S), e. g. kitu kiki changu kizuri
chakipendenza kitoto kile, this pretty
thing of mine pleases that little child.
(2) In verbs, ki is (a) the character-
istic of the Pres. Partic. corresponding
to the Eng. Partic. in -ing, and may
be translated according to the con-
text by such words as, ' if, supposing,
as, when, while, though, &c.' Obs.
that niki- in this use is often con-

KIA

139

KIBABA

tracted into hi, as nika- into ha. (b)
Sometimes inserted before the root in
Past Tense to denote an imperfect,
or continuing action or state, e. g.
alipokisema, while he was still talk-
ing; alikingoja, he was waiting.
(c) Sometimes used for ka as a con-
nective particle in narrative. So
strongly is the ki- sound identified
with its use as a prefix in Swahili,
that even when it belongs to the root,
as esp. in words of Arabic origin, it is
constantly treated as a pfx., and
changed to vi- in the Plur. of such
nouns, e. g. in the case of kitabu,
kiasi, kilele, kiberiti, and others.

Kia, n. (via), door bar. (Cf. ki-
wi, pingo, komeo.) Also as v., step
over. (Seldom in Z. Cf. kiuka,

chupa.)

*Kiada, adv. in an orderly, dis-
tinct, intelligible way. Sema k.,
speak slowly and distinctly. Nieleze
k., explain to me distinctly. (Ar.)

Kialio, n. (vi-), stick laid across
the bottom of a cooking pot inside,
to prevent what is cooked from being
burnt. Dim. of walio, or perh. for
kilalio. (Cf. tdalo, lala.

Kiambaza, n. See Kiwambaza.

Kianga, n. (vi-), and sometimes
Kiangazi, a burst of sunshine, ray of
light, reflected brightness, interval of
brightness, or fine weather. (Cf.

anga,.mwanga, angalia, &c.)

Kiango, n. (vi-), a small sus-
pended stand, carrier, or support (for
a lamp, &c). Dim. of mwango.
(Cf. anga, angika, and chango, a peg.)

Kiapo, n. (vi-), an oath, an ordeal,
a trial by oath or ordeal, a thing
sworn by, or used in ordeal. Fanya
(piga, shika) k., take an oath. Tilia
(pigisha) k., administer an oath.
Kula k., to submit to an ordeal.
Kama husadiki, tide kiapo, if you do
not believe, let us try ordeal. Viapo
thabiti, binding oaths. Peleka kia-
poni, compel to swear, require to
undergo an ordeal. Various kinds
of ordeal are kiapo cha moto, cha

mkate, cha sindano, cha mibano, cha
mchele, cha kibao, &c. (Cf. apa,
uapo, apiza, also yamini, zurit.)

Kiarabu, n. and adv., the Arabic
language, something of the Arabic
kind, in the Arab way. (Cf.

Mwarabu, and ki-.)

Kiasi, n. (vi-) and adv., also
Kassi, (i) measure, quantity, amount
(cf. kadiri, kipimo) ; (2) moderation,
self-control, temperance (cf. kadiri,
kujizuia) ; (3) a little, a small
(moderate) amount (cf. kidogo) ; (4)
the charge of a gun, cartridge.
Common in inquiring price, K.gani ?
How much ? What is the price ?
Mtu wa k., a temperate person, a
man of moderation. Alimpa k., he
gave him a little. As adv. of

quantity, time, or space, — 'a little,'
e.g. neno hili limeanzak., this business
began sometime ago. Alikwendak.,
he went a little way. (Ar., the

radical ki being treated as formative,
as in kitabu, &c. See Ki, and cf.
kidogo.)

Kiatu, n. (vi-) , native shoe, sandal,
— and used of any kind known in Z.
K. cha ngozi, leather sandal, flat
sole with cross strap and small thong
(gidamu) between the toes. (Cf. ku-
bazi.) K. cha mti, a kind of wooden
clog, worn indoors, and held on by
a peg (msuruaki) between the toes.
Known as mtalawanda, from the
wood used. K. cha kihindi (kizungu),
Indian (European) shoe. Mshona
viatu, or mshoni wa viatu, a shoe-
maker.

Kiazi, n. (vi-), a sweet potatoe, —
root of a kind of convolvulus.
Different kinds are known as kiazi
sena (white), k. kindoro (red). K.
cha kizungu, the common (European)
potatoe. K. kikuu, yam, — also k.

manga.

Kibaba, n. (vi-), (1) a common
dry measure, about a pint basin full,
or a pound and a half of grain. A
kibaba is half a kisaga, and a quarter
of a. pishi. K. cha tele, a full, heaped

KIBAKULI

140

KIBONDE

up measure. K. cha mfuto, a measure
full to top only. (2) Dim. of baba.

*Kibakuli, n. (vi-), small basin.
Also a kind of millet (mtama).
(Ar. Cf. bakuli, and chungtt.)

*Kibali,n. also Ikibali, Ukubali,
acceptance, sanction, favour, assent.
(Ar. Cf. kubali, and syn. urathi,
it hint.).

Kibanda,n.(z7-), small hut, hovel,
shed, workshop, — usu. covered, and
open at the sides. Dim. of banda.

Kibano, n. {vi-), small forceps,
split stick (for holding fish, &c. over
a fire to roast). (Cf. follg.)

Kibanzi, n. (vi-) and Kibanji,
splinter, chip. K. cha tikuni chali-
ruka, a chip from the firewood flew
up. Vibanzi vya shoka, chips made
by an axe. (Cf. banzi, bana, ki-
bano.)

Kibao, n. See Kibau.

Kibapara, n. (vi-), a pauper, des-
titute person. Used in contempt.
(Cf. bupuru, an empty shell, and syn.
maskini, fukara.)

Kibara, n. dim. of bara, a small
wilderness, a small patch of waste
land, &c. See Bara. •

Kibarango, n. dim. of mbarango,
a short thick stick, cudgel, club.
Also of a stumpy, thick-set person.
(Cf. bakora for different kinds of
stick.)

*Kibaraza, n. small seat, bench.
See Baraza.

*Kibarua, n. (vi-), (1) a small
written note, letter, ticket. Hence
commonly (2) a day labourer of any
kind, — from the ticket on presentation
of which each is paid. Dim. of
bartia, which see.

Kibata, n. dim. of (1) mbata,
which see ; (2) bata, i.e. a duckling.

Kibau, n. (vi-), a small board,
shelf, &c. K. cha kuezekea, roofing
shingle. Dim. of ubau, which see.

Kibawa, n. (vi-), little wing, small
feather, fin. Dim. oibawa, zibawa.

*Kiberiti, n. (vi-), sulphur, a
match, a firework. Washa kiberiti,

strike a match. Rusha viberiti, let
off fireworks. (Ar. CLfataki.)

Kibete, n. (vi-), undersized crea-
ture (man, beast, bird), a dwarf, a
bantam, &c. (Cf. mbilikimo.)

Kibia, n. (vi-), a small cooking
pot or pan, or its lid, an earthenware
cover. Seldom in Z. (Cf. bia, and
chungn.)

Kibibi, n. (1) dim. of bibi, a little
lady; (2) cramp (cf. kiharusi). Mguu
wangle timefanya kibibi, I have cramp
in the leg. (3) A name for the pea-
cock itausi).

Kibindo. n. mode of securing: the
loincloth round the waist, — by
crossing the two upper (opposite)
corners, and folding them back under
the cloth itself. This is described as
piga (fnnga, kaza) kibindo. Futika
kibindoni, tuck into the fold of the
waistcloth. (?Cf. kipindo, pinda,

pindo, npindo, and dist. nbinda,
uwinda.)

Kibinja, n. (vi-), a whistle (in-
strument). (Cf. zibinja.)

Kibiongo, n. (vi-), a person bent
by age or infirmity, bowed, round-
shouldered (Str.). (Cf. jongo, ma-
ong-o.)

*Kibla, n. north. See Kibula.
(Ar. Cf. kabili.)

Kibobwe, n. (vi-), a broad strip of
calico, wound tightly round the
waist for support during work or
exercise, esp. by women.

Kibofu, n. (vi-), a bladder.

Kibogoshi, n. (vi-), a small bag
made of a skin, a leather bag, used
to carry miscellaneous articles on a
journey, money, powder, &c.

Kibogoyo, n. a person who is
toothless, or has but few teeth.
(Cf. jino.)

Kiboko, n. (vi-), a hippopotamus,
also Boko. Viboko vya shingo, small
zigzag ornament embroidered in silk
on a kanzu round the neck. See
Kanzu.

Kibonde, n. (vi-), trench, deep
furrow, hollow between ridges. Dim.

KIBTJA

141

KICHOCHEO

of bonde. Kibondebonde, uneven,
undulating, rolling country.

Kibua, n. (vi-), a small kind of
fish.

*Kibula, n. also Kibula, and
Kibla, Kebla, the direction of
Mecca, the point to which Mahom-
medans turn in prayer, — in Zanzibar,
the north. (Ar. Cf. kabili, and

kaskazi.)

Kibumba, n. (vi-) , also Kipumba,
small packet, parcel, bunch, lump,
cluster, e.g. of earth, tobacco, thread,
flour. Dim. of bnmba. Also adv.,
in lumps, in bunches, &c.

Kibungu, n. (vi-), small earthen-
ware dish. Dim. of bangu. See
Chtmgu.

Kibunzi, n. (vi-), a sanded board,
used for predicting future events.
(Cf. ramli.)

*Kiburi, n. pride, arrogance, con-
ceit, haughtiness. Piga (fanya) k.,
show off, be ostentatious, play the
grandee. Mtu asiye na k. na watu,
one who does not treat people in a
discourteous (contemptuous, off-hand)
way. ( Ar. Cf. takabari, and piga
makuu, majivimo.)

Kibuyu, n. (vi-), (i) a small cala-
bash, nut of the tree vibuyu, used as
a jug or bucket. Dim. of buyu. (2)
A kind offish.

Kibuzi, n. (vi-), a small goat,
kid. Dim. of mbuzi.

Kibwana, n. (vi-), young master.
Dim. of bwana.

Kibwe, n. (vi-), small pebble.
Dim. of mbwe. (Cf. kijiwe.)

*Kibweta, n. (vi-), small box,
small case, e.g. writing-desk, jewel-
box, dressing-case. Dim. of bweta.

Kicha, n. (vi-), k. cha tikindu, a
palm leaf as sold in bundles, before
being slit into strips for plaiting.
(Cf. chana, and ukindu.)

Kichaa, n. craziness, lunacy, mad-
ness. Ana k., he is crazy. C7??iasi-
kini wake umemtia k., his poverty
has driven him mad. (Cf. syn.
wazitnu.)

Kichaka, n. (vi-), small clump of
trees, thicket, clump (or, heap) of
brushwood, bundle of sticks. Dim.
of chaka.

Kichala, n. (vi-), bunch, cluster
of fruit. K. chajnzabibu, a bunch
of grapes. (Cf. uchala, chana,
tana.)

Kichalichali, adv. on the back,
— of a supine position, i. e. mgongoni.
See Chali.

Kichane, n. (vi-), small splinter
of wood. See Chana, v.

Kiehangam'ko, n. (vi-), display
of gaiety, joyous outburst. (Cf.
changam ka.)

Kicheche,n. (z'z'-),dim. of cheche,
which see.

Kichego, n. also Kigego and Ki-
jego (which see).

Kicheko, n. (vi-), a laugh, smile,
giggle, grin. (Cf. cheka, cheko.)

Kichembe, n. (vi-), (1) dim. of
chembe, which see. Kichembe cha
moyo, the pit of the stomach. Also
(2) for kitembe, which see.

Kicbikichi, n. (vi-), small nut or
kernel contained in the fruit chikichi
of the palm-oil tree (mchikichi).

Kicbilema, n. (vi-), the heart of
the growing part at the top of a
cocoanut tree, — a soft nutty substance
used as salad and also cooked.
Called also moyo wa mnazi, kilele
cha mnazi. See Mnazi.

Kiehinjo, n. act (mode, operation,
&c.) of slaughtering, or sacrificing
an animal. Kiehinjo cha Ibrahimu,
Abraham's sacrifice (of Isaac). (Cf.
chinja, chinjo.)

Kicho, n. (vi-), cause (feeling,
act) of fear, danger, alarm, show of
fear. K. chake kikatnponya, his
panic saved him. (Cf. cha v.,

-cha, uchaji. T>ist. j'icho.)

Kiehocheo, n. (vi-), act, method,
or instrument of stirring up, e. g.
(1) a poker, making up a fire, stok-
ing ; (2) also fig. provocation, taunt,
provocative speech, &c. (Cf.

chocha, chochea, and follg.)

KICHOCHO

142

KIDOKO

Kichoeho, n. {vi-), sensation, ex-
citement, stimulus. Mwenyi k., in
an excited state. (Cf. prec.)

Kichochoro, n. (vi-), a narrow
alley or passage between native huts
as in Zanzibar city,, leaving room all
round for the projecting eaves and
for scaffolding if necessary. (Cf.
chochoro, mchochoro.)

Kichomi, n. (vi-), stabbing pain,
pricking sensation. (Cf. choma,

and follg.)

Kichomo, n. (vi-), act (process,
method, instrument, &c.) of stabbing,
burning, &c. Used of cautery.
(Cf. choma, mchomo, kichomi.)

Kichungu, a. bitter, of a bitter
kind. Majani kichungu, bitter herbs.
(Cf. -chtingu, zichungu.)

Kichupa, n. (vi-) also Kitupa,
small bottle, phial, flask. Dim. of
chupa.

Kichwa, n. (vi-), also, but less
commonly in Z., heard as kitwa, (i)
the head ; (2) the upper part, top ;
(3) principal thing, important part or
person, prime mover, leader, author,
beginning, chief point, source ; (4)
anything resembling a head ; (5)
pain in the head ; (6) obstinacy, pride,
headiness. K. wazi, bare head, bare
headed. Una k. ? tufunge mgomba,
Have you a headache ? let us apply
a banana leaf. Kuwa na k., kufanya
k., to be headstrong (presumptuous,
refractory). K. kikubwa, big head,
swelled head, pride, arrogance, ob-
stinacy. Jipa k., pata k., be proud,
&c. Mwenyi k., a proud, obstinate
person. Kwa k. kikubwa, in a pre-
sumptuous, headstrong way. Kichwa
kichzva, topsy turvy, upside down.

Kichwa-ngomba, n. (vi-) , turning
head over heels, a somersault. (Cf.
prec.)

Kidaka, n. (vi-), (1) a cocoanut
in the first stage of growth on the
flower stem, before it becomes kitale
(see Nazi) ; (2) a recess in the wall
of a house, a niche, cupboard (cf.
kishubaka) ; (3) of the uvuia, — called

kidaka tonge. (Cf. daka, and similar
name kinywa mchuzi, imperial.)

*Kidamu, n. front part of vessel,
bow, — but more usual omo, gubeti,
which see. — v. go before, go in
front. (Ar. Cf. takadamu, ka-

damu.)

Kidanga, n. (vi-) and a., of fruit in
a very early stage of formation, before
it is even changa, e.g. limau ki-
danga, embe k.

Kidani, n. (vi-), a neck ornament,
necklace, collar of gold or silver, —
often chainwork, with large open
links. (Cf. mkufu, and urembo.)

Kidari, n. (vi-), breast, chest, —
of men and animals. (Cf. kifua,
of man only.)

Kidau, n. (vi-), (1) a small kind
of native boat (see Dau) ; (2) a
small containing- vessel, pot, e.g.
kidati cha wino, an ink-pot. (Also
kidawa from Arab, dawat, ink-stand.
Cf. daivati, and follg.)

*Kidawati, n. small box of writing
materials, writing case. Dim. of da-
ivati (which see, and prec). (Ar.)

Kidevu, n. (vi-), chin. Ndevu
zamwota kidevuni, a beard is grow-
ing on his chin. (Cf. udevu, and
? -refu.)

Kidimbwi, n. (vi-) also Ki-
dumbwi, small pool, puddle, e.g.
on the shore at low water.

Kidinga, n. Kidingapopo, dengue
fever. (Cf. homa.)

Kidogo, from -dogo, which see.
Very common as (1) n. a small piece,
a morsel, a bit, a little. Nipe k. cha
mkate, give me a morsel of bread.
(2) adv. a little, in a small degree,
on a small scale, moderately, not
much, and of time ' presently, soon.'
Alifanya nguvu kidogo, he exerted
himself slightly. (3) a. in a small
degree, in a small quantity, a few,
a little, e.g. watte kidogo, a few
people. Mchele kidogo, a little rice.

Kidoko, n. (vi-), also Kidokezi,
(1) a click, smack. Piga k., give a
click with the tongue, smack the lips.

KIDOLE

143

KIFICHO

(2) A hint, sign, secret suggestion.
(Cf. dokeza.)

Kidole, n. (vi-), one of the ex-
tremities of the hand or foot, a-finger,
a toe. Distinguished as k. cha mguu,
a toe, and k. cha mkono, a finger ;
and these farther as k. cha gumba,
thumb ; k. cha shahada, fore-finger ;
k. cha kati or kikubzua, middle finger ;
k. cha kati ya kando, fourth finger ;
k. cha mwisho, little finger. (Cf.
dole, udole, rarely used in Z.)

Kidomo, n. {vi-), dim. of mdomo,
(1) a little lip (beak, mouth); (2)
daintiness in food. Yuna kidomo,
he is dainty.

Kidonda, n. {vi-), dim. of donda,
a small wound, sore, ulcer, bre rking
out. (Cf. donda, ? dondoa.)

Kidonge, n. {vi-) and Kitonge,
a small round mass, a small lump, a
little ball, a small mouthful (of food).
K. cha uzi, a ball of cotton. K. cha
dawa, a pill. Dim. of donge. (Cf.
donge, tonge.)

Kidoto, n. {vi-), blinker, — a small
patch or bandage of cloth, fastened
over a camel's eyes while working
a mill. Funga vidoto, blindfold.
(Cf. kijamanda.)

Kidude, n. {vi-), dim. of dude
(which see), a little what-do-you-call-
it, a nondescript thing. Kidude gani
hiki? What sort of a thing do you
call this?

Kidudu, n. {vi-), dim. of mdudu
(which see), a small insect.

Kidugu, n. and adv. (1) dim. of
ndugu, little brother (cf. kibuzi and
mbuzi, kigao and ngao) ; (2) in a
fraternal way, like brothers. Kufiend-
ana kidtigu, to love as brothers.

Kielezo, n. {vi-), act (process,
manner, means) of showing or ex-
plaining, explanation, pattern, model,
illustration, comment. Fuasa k.,
copy a pattern. Dim. of elezo. (Cf.
elezo, chelezo, elea.)

Kiembe, n. {vi-), arrow, — not
often in Z. (Cf. chembe and note,
and syn. mshale.)

Kiendeleo, n. {vi-), making a
forward movement, progress, process.
(Cf. enda, endelea, &c.)

Kieneo,n. {vi-), extending, extent,
extension. (Cf. enea, eneo.)

Kienezo, n. {vi-), something to
measure with, &c. See Chenezo.

Kienge, n. (vi-), dim. of mwenge,
small torch, kindlings, any small
thing burning or to burn.

Kifa, n. (1) {vi-), kifa uwongo,
the sensitive plant,— lit. the death-
shammer (cf. fa) ; (2) nipple of a
gun, pan of a matchlock.

Kifaa, n. {vi-), a useful thing, a

thing for use, personal belongings,

household necessaries, utensil. (Cf.

faa, v., and faa, mafaa, also riziki,

vyonibo, pambo?)

Kifafa, n. fits, convulsions, epi-
lepsy. (Perh. cf. -fa, kifa, i.e. a
a sort of dying.)

Kifalme. n. and adv., also Ki-
faume, (1) (vi-), dim. of mfalme,
a petty king; (2) royal state, of a
royal sort, e.g. kiti cha k., nguo za
k., a royal seat, royal robes; (3) in
a royal way, as a king.

Kifani, n. {vi-), and Kifano, a
similar thing, that which matches, a
fellow, a parallel, a match, an equal.
Haina kifani, it is unique, it is un-
equalled. (Cf. 7)ifano,fanana.)

Kifaranga, n. {vi-), young bird,
chick, chicken. (Cf. syn. kinda,
kidege, mtoto.)

Kifaro, n. {vi-), a rhinoceros, —
faro being seldom heard. Also (1)
a stick of thick hide, used to beat
slaves with, and (2) a blow with
such a stick, e.g. ntamtia vifaro
sita, I will give him six cuts. (Cf.
kiboko.)

Kifaume, n. (see Kifalme), royal
state, regal dignity, &c. Piga k.,
play the king. -*

Kificho, n. (vi-), act (process,
manner, place, &c.) of hiding, place
of concealment, a stealthy (under-
hand; manner. Kwa kificho, in a
secret way. Mambo ya kifichoficho ,

KIFIDIO

144

KIFTJNGUO

intriguings, underhand ways. (Cf.
ficha, ficho, and syn. setiri, siri.)

*Kifidio, n. (vi-), ransom, fine,
redemption money. (Cf.fdi.fdia,
and dia, ukombozi.)

Kifiko, n. act (time, manner, place,
circumstances, &c.) of arriving, arriv-
al, point arrived at, stage of journey,
destination. (Ctfka.)

Kifo, n. (vi-), act (circumstances,
place, manner, &c.) of dying, death.
Hawaknona k. chake alikofia, they
did not see where his death took
palace. (Cf. -fa, -fu, kifa, kifafa,
2l thing dying, kifu, a dead thing, tifu,
the state of being dead, and syn.
mauii.)

*Kifu, v. be sufficient (for) , suffice,
satisfy. Wanne hawakukifu, four
were not enough. Ap. kifia, -iwa,
e. g. amenikifia haja yangu, he satis-
fied my wish. — n. a sufficient
quantity, a full amount, abundance.
(Ar. Cf. syn. tosha, rithisha.)

Kifu, n. and adv. (i) (vi-), a dead
thing; (2) as if dead. (Cf. -y^and
syn. maiti.)

Kifua, n. (vi-), (1) breast, bosom,
chest, pulmonary region, — usu. of
man only (cf. kidari) ; (2) any chest
affection, cough, consumption, pleu-
risy, pneumonia. Hawezi kifua, he
has a chest complaint. (3) A small
round wooden platter, — used like
chano for washing things on, and
other purposes. (Cf. fua, beat,
thump, and mafua, pafu.)

Kifudifudi, adv. on the face, face
downwards, — of position. (Cf.

fudifudi, fudikiza, kifulifuli, and
contr. kitanitani, kichalichali.)

Kifuko, n. (vi-), dim. of mfuko,
fuko (which see), small bag, pocket,
purse.

Kifulifuli, adv. on the face, face
downwards. (Cf. kifudifudi.)

Kifumba, n. (vi-), dim. oifumba
(which see), a matting bag, sleeping
sack. (Cf. follg.)

Kifumbu, n. (vi-), small round
basket or bag used for squeezing

grated cocoanut in, and straining
out the juice (tui), a. strainer. (Cf.
fumba, kifumba, &c.)

Kifundo, n. (vi-), (1) a knot.
Piga k. cha nguo, make a knot of a
piece of calico, tie up in one's clothes.
(2) Protuberance, joint, — as resem-
bling a knot. K. cha mguu, the
ankle. K. cha mkono, the wrist.
Mwili wa kiftindo kifundo, i. e. with
small knot-like swellings on the
body. (Cf. fundo, fundua, and
perh. funda, and for ankle, wrist,
kiwiko.)

Kifungo, n. (vi-), a fastening, act
(process, method, &c.) of fastening,
something which fastens. Hence a
wide variety of meanings (see
Funga), defined by the context, or
by another word, e.g. (1) button,
stud, brooch, buckle, clasp, chain,
cord, or other contrivance for fast-
ening; (2) prison, place of confine-
ment, whether chain (minyororo),
fetters (pingu), stocks (mkatale), en-
closure or cell. Peleka kifungoni,
send to prison. (3) fig. bond, charter,
that which binds (seals, cements, &c),
e. g. Mahomet is called k. cha dini,
i. e. the force which holds religion
together, the corner stone of the faith.
Kifungo may also mean (4) a puzzle,
a poser, a dilemma; (5) an act of
fasting, &c. ; (6) bondage, slavery.
(Cf. funga, and for binding materials
ka??iba.)

Kifungu, n. (vi-), dim. of fungu,
a small heap (portion, part, &c).
(Cf. funga.)

Kifungua, n. (vi-), an opener, an
unfastener. A verbal noun governing
the word following, e.g. k. kopo, a
tin-opener. K. mlango, a present for
opening a door. K. kinwa, break-
fast. (Cf. funga, fungua, mfunguo,
and follg.)

Kif unguo, n. (vi-) , d i m . of ufunguo ,
a small key (cf. prec). Also of a
private key, a thief's key, skeleton
key (for which special meaning, see
Ki).

KIFTJNIKO

145

KIGTJGTJ

Kifuniko, n. (vi-), anything which

covers, (i) top, lid, cover, case, &c. ;

(2) fig. concealment, hiding. K. cha

siri, concealment of a mystery. (Cf.

funika.)

Kifurruo, n. {vi-), unfolding, un-
covering, revealing, &c, that which
unfolds, reveals, &c. (Cf. funua.)

Kifuo, n. a stake fixed in the
ground with a pointed end for ripping
off the husk of cocoanuts. Also dim.
of mfno, a small groove (line, mark,
&c). (Cf.fua, ufuo, zifuko.)

Kifupa, n. (vi-), dim. of fupa, a
small bone.

Kifupi, adv. and n. of a short,
abbreviated kind, in a brief way,
a short piece. (Cf. -fupi.)

Kifurushi, n. (vi-), dim of furu-
shi, a small parcel, packet, bundle.

Kifusi, n. rubbish, and esp. of
old materials fit for further use, old
stones and mortar, &c, — not used
like mawe in contempt. (Cf. fiisia.)

Kifuu, n. (vi-), (1) an empty
cocoanut shell ; also (2) a cuttle-fish
bone, i. e. kifuu cha ngizi. (Cf.
fuvu, and ufim.)

Kifya, n. (vi-), dim. form oijifya,
which see.

Kigae, n. (vi-), piece of broken
pottery, earthenware, china, glass,
&c, potsherd. K. cha paa, used of
a roofing tile. (Cf. gae.)

Kigaga, n. (vi-), dry hard scale,
scurf, scab, &c. (Cf. kikoko, ukoko.)

Kiganda, n. (vi-), dim. of ganda.
K. cha mkate, outside crust of bread
(opp. to nyama, the crumb.)

Kigawanyo, n. that which divides,
a divisor, distribution, division. So
kigawanyiko, that which is divided
or distributed, share, dividend. (Cf.
gawa, gawanya.)

Kigego, n. See Kijego.

Kigelegele, n. (vi-), a peculiar
high-pitched trill , shrill scream , — used
by women esp. as a sign of joy or
triumph, welcome on return, at a
birth, &c. (Cf. kelele, and sha-
ngwe.)

Kigereng'enza, n. (vi-), a very
small splinter, broken piece, frag-
ment, chip. (Cf. kigae.)

Kigeugeu,n. a. and adv., change-
able, fickle, unstable, wayward thing
or person, of a changeable kind, in
an uncertain fluctuating way. (Cf.
geuka.)

Kigoe, n. (vi-), instrument for
extraction, hooked stick, small hook,
crook, claw. (Cf. ng'oa, ugoe.)

Kigogo, n. (vi-), dim. of gogo, a
small log, a block of wood, a lump.
Also adv. lala k., sleep like a log.

Kigogota, n. (vi-), a woodpecker.
(Cf. gogota.)

Kigoli, n. (vi-), a girl,— of one just
growing up, almost marriageable,
between mtoto and mwali. Not often
heard in Z.

Kigomba, n. (vi-), dim. of mgo-
mba, small banana plant, banana
shoot.

Kigongo, n. (vi-), dim. of mgongo
and gongo, (1) small club, cudgel ;

(2) hump, hunch, ridge, projection.
Hence kigongo, or mwenyi kigongo,
a hunchback, a deformed person.
Kigongo cha mlima, mountain ridge.

(3) A seam, — in sewing.
Kigosh.0, n. (vi-), bend, crook,

curve, esp. when abnormal, a de-
formity. Nimeteketea moto nikafanya
k. cha mkono, I burnt myself, and
got a bent arm. Mtu mwenyi k.
(cha miguu), a knock-kneed man.
Fimbo hii ina k., this stick has a
crook in it. (Cf. kombo, kikombo,
kipindi.)

*Kiguba, n. (vi-), dim. of guba
(which see), a small bunch of aromatic
leaves, containing often rihani (sweet
basil) sprinkled with dalia (a fragrant
powder), and tied with a strip of
mkadi leaf, i. e. from the pandanns
tree (Str.). *

Kigudulia, n. (vi-), dim. ofgudu-
lia, a small jar or pitcher, small water
cooler of porous earthenware.

Kigugu, n. and adv. (1) a small
weed or wild plant (cf. gugii) ; (2) like

KIGUGUMIZI

146

KIJ AMANDA

a weed, like weeds, in a wild unculti-
vated way, e. g. nyumba hizi zime-
jengwa k., these houses are built like
weeds, — all huddled together. Panda
k., plant too close together.

Kigugumizi, n. stammering, stut-
tering, speaking in jerks or gulps, &c,
described as kigugumizi cha i?ianeno,
or maneno ya kigugumizi. (Cf.
gugumiza.)

Kigunda, n. (vi-), dim. of gunda,
horn, war-horn.

Kiguni, n. (vi-), dim. of guni, a
small strong matting bag, often used
for bringing dates to Z.

Kigutu, n. (vi-), stump of a tree,
also of a human limb, injured or
deformed. (Cf. kikono, kigtm.)

Kiguu, n. (vi-), dim. of mgtiu,
(i) a leg or foot disabled or shortened
by injury or disease, &c, a stump, a
clubfoot ; (2) a person so disabled
or disfigured, one who is lame,
crippled, unable to walk; (3) any-
thing like a leg or leg-shaped, e. g.
one of four ' little feet ' or projections
worked on either side of the mjusi
(lizard-ornament) on the front of a
native kanzu, — also called kipaji.
See Kanzu. (Kijiguu is also dim.
of mguu.)

Kiguzo, n. (vi-), dim. of nguzo,
(1) small post, pillar, stake, palisade,
prop ; (2) anything serving a similar
purpose, literally or fig. — support,
prop, comfort, assurance, &c.

Kigwe, n. (vi-), dim. of ugwe,
small cord, string, braid, piping on
the edge of a dress, a rein. (Cf.
kitani, uzi, kamba.)

Kihame, n. (vi-), a deserted house
(village, district). (Cf. hama, nia-
hame, -e being a passive termination.)

Kiherehere, n. (1) palpitation,
confused movement, e.g. k. cha moyo,
palpitation of the heart ; (2) trepida-
tion, bustle, anxiety.

*Kihindi, n. and adv. (1) the
Hindoo language, Hindostani ; (2) of
the Hindoo kind, -a kihindi, Indian.
(Cf. Mhindi.)

*Kihori, n. (vi-), dim. of hori,
(1) small gulf, inlet; (2) small
(Indian) canoe.

Kiinamizi, n. bending, stooping
down, — as for work. Nyama ya k.,
i.e. a butcher's perquisite of meat.
(Cf. inama, jinamizi.)

Kiini, n. (vi-), innermost part of
a thing, and so (1) kernel or stone of
fruit, e.g. the inner part of a clove
(garafuu), when the outer skin is
removed after soaking in water ; (2)
the yolk of an egg, kiini cha yai ;
(3) the heart or hard core of a tree, —
called also moyo wa mti, esp. if soft,
nutty, or pithy ; (4^, pupil of the eye,
cf. mboni. (Cf. ini, and syn.

moyo.)

Kiini-macho, n. (vi-), also Mk.,
a conjurer, a conjurer's trick, sleight
of hand, jugglery. Distinguished
from uganga, e. g. huyzi si mganga,
ni k., this man is not a real medicine
man, but a juggler. Mganga ame-
fanya k., the medicine man used a
jugglers trick. (Perh. cf. prec,
also inika for root, and jicho.)

Kiinua, n. that which raises up, —
verbal governing a word following,
e.g. kiinua mgongo, that which raises
the back, gratuity to one who has
been bending over his work. (Cf.
kinyosha mgongo, and ki.)

Kiisha, adv. for Ikiisna, also Ki-
sh.a, this ended, afterwards, next,
moreover, and besides, in fine, finally.
Huyu ni mbaya k. mchawi, this
man is a scoundrel and moreover a
wizard . ( From isha, v. Cf. mwisho,
hatima, baada.)

Kiitiko, n. (vi-), and Kiitikio,
response, musical refrain. (Cf.

it a, v.)

Kijakazi, n. (vi-), a young slave
girl, a poor slave woman. (Cf.
mjakazi, and mttimwa.)

Kijaluba, n. (vi-), small narrow
metal box, often used for aromatic
substances, and carried on the breast
by women.

Kijamanda, n. (vi-), small box

KIJAMBA

147

KIJITO

or basket of thick stiff plaited work,
made of leaf-strips dyed various
colours. Many come from Mada-
gascar. (2) A small basket-work
blinker, or cover fastened over the
eyes of a camel while at work. (Cf.
kidoto and kinga.)

Kijamba, n. (vi-), a small rock.
Dim, of mwamba, which see.

Kijana, n. (vi-), dim. of mwana,
meaning generally, a young person
male or female, but also with special
meanings, as youthfulness is viewed
' in reference to (1) age, (2) relation-
ship, (3) physical development, (4)
social position. (1) As to age, the
kijana has ceased to be an 77itoto
mchanga, and is not yet mtu mzima,
though still an mtoto. Mtoto akipata
miaka saba, amekuwa k. mwenyi
akili, when a child is seven years old,
he is a kijana and come to years of
discretion. Amekuwa k., aweza ku-
sema, he is a kijana, he can speak
for himself. Wewe k., sisi watn
wazima, you are a kijana, we are
grown-up people. (2) As to re-
lationship, kijana means merely son
or daughter. Wakaomba hwa Mu-
ungu knpata k., and they prayed to
God that they might have offspring (a
child). K. cha Sultani, the Sultan's
son. (3) As to physical development
k. means any one in full vigour and
capable of bearing arms, i.e. from
boyhood till past the prime of life,
as contr. with mtoto on one side, and
mzee on the other, and practically
synonymous with mzima. (4) As to
social relations, k. means a depen-
dent, servant, slave. It is also used
of the 'master of the house' with
reference to his own property (cf.
use of mwana for ' mistress of the
house,' i.e. perhaps heir of the house
and so rightful owner). (Cf. mwana,
jana, bwana.)

Kijego, n. (vi-), also Kichego, a
child which develops its upper teeth
first, and therefore considered un-
lucky, and often exposed or put to

death by the relations. Alikuwa k.,
alitangnliza kuota meno ya jnu, he
was an unlucky child, his upper
teeth grew first. (Cf. chego, and
jitio, also syn. timvi, timfi.)

Kijembe, n. (vi-), dim. of jembe,

(1) small cutting instrument, penknife,
lancet (cf. kijisu, andjembe, kiembe) ;

(2) ? fig. of cutting, sarcastic, ironical
language, i. e. maneno ya kijembe,
sema kijembe.

Kijia, n. {vi-), also Kinjia, dim.
of njia, little path, track, &c. (Cf.
njia.)

Kijiboko, n. (vi-), dim. of kiboko
(boko being seldom heard in Z.), a
small hippopotamus.

Kijicho, n. (vi-), dim. of jicho,
(1 ) a sly (sidelong, envious, malignant,
evil) glance ; (2) envy, malice, ill
will. Fanya k., be envious, be
jealous. Yuna k. rohoni, he feels
envious, he is jealous. Hana k. nawe,
he bears you no malice. Wangariza
wana vijicho sana, their eyes glare
with envy and hate. (Cf. uwivu,

hasidi, roho, tamaa.)

Kijiehwa, n. (vi-), dim. oikichwa,
a small head.

Kijiguu, n. (vi-), dim. of ?ngicu,
a small foot. (Dist. kiguu.)

Kijiji, n. (vi-), dim. of mji, a
small town, village, hamlet. (Cf.
syri. kitongoji.)

Kijike, n. (vi-), a young female,
human or other. (Cf. -ke, and jike.)

Kijiko, n. (vi-), dim. of mwiko,
(1) a small spoon ; (2) a small stove,
or fire-place. (Cf.jiko.)

Kijineno, n. (vi-), dim. of neno,
a silly little speech, child's prattle.

*Kijiri, n. (vi-), also Chichiri, a
bribe, hush-money. (? Ar. Cf.

ijara, ajiri, and syn. mhmgula,
rushwa.)

Kijiti, n. (&*'-), dim. of mti, a
small tree, bush, shrub, small pole,
piece . of wood, peg, stick. (Cf.
mti, and dist. kiii, a seat.)

Kijito, n. (vi-), dim. of mto,
small river, brook, stream, rivulet.

L 2

KIJITU

148

KIKAPO

(Cf. into, jilo, juto, and dist. kito, a
jewel.)

Kijitu, n. (vi-), dim. of intu, a
little man. Also in contempt, man-
nikin, or in disgust, e.g. Ewe kijitu
kiovu, Oh you wicked wretch. (Cf.
mtu,jitu, and dist. kitu, a thing.)

Kijivi, n. (vi-), n. and adv., a
thievish person, thief, brigand; and,
in a thievish (sneaking, underhand)
way. (Cf. mwivi, iba f and jivi.)

Kijiwe, n. and adv. (vi-), dim. of
jizve, a small stone, like a stone.

Kijogoo, n. (vi-), dim. oi jogoo,

(1) a small cock, a bantam cock;

(2) a kind of shell-fish (Str.).
Kijoli, n. (vi-), set of slaves be-
longing to one master, establishment,
domestic staff, domestics as a body.
(Cf. mjoli, tijoli, and mtumwa.)

Kijombo, n. (vi-), dim. of chombo,
a small sailing ship, a small vessel.
(For ki-ji-ombo, chombo being for ki-
ombo.)

Kijongo, n. (vi-), a hump-backed
person, &c, like kigongo. (For
ki-ji-ongo. Cf. jongo, mgongo, ki-
gongo, kibiongo.)

Kijoyo, n. (vi-), dim. like kimoyo,
small heart, slight inclination, han-
kering. (For ki-ji-oyo, kimoyo. Cf.
moyo with plur. mioyo, and nyoyo,
indicating a form uoyo for moyo?)

Kijukuu, n. (vi-), great-grand-
child, dim. of mjukuu, which see.

Kijumba, n. (vi-), a small house,
<dim. of jumba. (For ki-ji-umba.
Cf. jumba, nyumba, chumba, i, e. ki-
umba, kinyumba.)

Kijumbe, n. (vi-), a special or
secret messenger, a go-between, a
matchmaker. (Cf. mjumbe, jumbe,
-e being a passive termination. Cf.
mtume.)

Kijungu, n. (vi-), a small cooking
pot. (For M-ji-ungu. QS.jungu,
chungu, &c.)

Kijusi, n. (vi-), an act (case, in-
stance, &c.) of defilement, a particular
(legal, ceremonial, physical) impurity.
(Cf. -jusi, ujusi.)

Kijuto, n. (vi-), for usual kijito,
dim. of mto, a small river. (For ki-
ji-uto. Cf. kijoyo, for kimoyo?)

Kijuujuu, n. and adv. See Juu.

Kijuvi, n. (vi-), an impertinent
child, a bit of impertinence, a saucy
remark. (Cf. -jtivi,ujuvi,jua,\.)

Kikaango, n. (vi-), small frying-
pan. (Cf. kaanga, kaango.) ,

Kikaka, n. and adv. (vi-),(i) dim.
of kaka, a bit of rind or peel ; (2)
hastiness, bustle, hurry, in a hurry.
Mbona wafanya k. ? Why are you in
such a hurry ? (Cf. kaka?)

Kikalasha, n. (w'-),dim. of kalasha,
small tusk of ivory. (Cf.pembe, bori.)

Kikale, n. and adv., old style, an-
tique fashion, an antiquated thing, out
of date, of the past, -a kikale, old-
fashioned. (Cf. kale, and contr.
kisasa, up to date.)

Kikambo, n. the relation of step-
parent and child, e. g. babay a kikambo,
step-father. (Cf. kambo.)

Kikao, n. (vi-), act (place, time,
style, form) of sitting, dwelling, &c.
See Kaa. Hence various meanings,
e.g. (1) sitting, seat, dwelling-place,
habitat (cf. makao, makazi, masikani);
(2) stay, duration of residence, season
of residence ; (3) posture, position,
office, dignity(cf. mahali, cheo,daraja);
(4) style of living, social standing,
place in society, conduct (cf. maisha,
mwenendo) ; (5) society, club, mess,
set (cf. chama, jamaa), e. g. k. chake
Unguja, he lives in Zanzibar. K. cha
mizinga, the place where cannon are
kept, battery. Katika k. chao wali-
chokaa, in their company, at their
meeting. Sipendi k. chake, I do not
like the way he goes on. (Cf. kaa,
and syn. as above.)

Kikapo, n. (vi-), a wide-mouthed
flexible basket of plaited leaf-strips or
grass, with two small handles, used
for all purposes in Z., — made mostly
by Sheheri Arabs. (Other kinds
are kapo, kanda, jamanda, tunga,
dohani,pakacha, ungo,kiteo, kunguto,
kifumbu, and cf. mfuko.)

KIKARIRI

149

KIKOKO

*Kikariri, n. and adv., repetition,
repeated action, saying over and over
again, repeatedly. (Cf. kariri, and
for adv. ??iarra kwa marra, marra
nyingi, tena na tena.)

*Kikasiki, n. (pi-), dim. oikasiki,
small pitcher.

Kikawe, n. (vi-), a very tiny stone.
(Cf. kijiwe,jiwe, kawe, mbwe.)

Kikaza, n. (vi-), a thing which
tightens, strengthens, holds together,
but esp. of a board, pole, or beam
over a window or doorway. (Cf.
kaza, kazo.)

Kike, n. and adv. (seldom vike in
plur., for usual -a kike, or vijike), a
female of any kind, anything of femi-
nine style, womanly behaviour (usu-
ally meaning weakness, timidity, fool-
ishness), like a woman, in a feminine
way, e. g. watoto wa k., girls. Mtu
wa k., a womanish, weak, unmanly
person. Fanya k., act like a woman.
Sauii ya k., a shrill, treble voice.
— a. from -ke, agreeing with D 3 (S),
e. g. kijana kike, a young woman.
(Cf. -ke, jike, kuke, tike, kijike, and
contr. -iime, kittme.)

Kikebe, n. (vi-), dim. of mkebe,
small pot, mug, canister.

Kikeukeu, n. convulsive sobbing,
hiccup. (Ct. kekevti, and kwikwiT)

Kikingo, n. (vi-), something to
parry or defend oneself with, means
of warding off, screen, defence, fender.
(Cf. kinga, ukingo.)

Kikisa, v. speak in a hesitating,
confused, broken way, be unintelli-
gible or half- understood, puzzle,
mystify. Sema kwa kukikisa, talk in
a faltering uncertain way. Maneno
yake yamemkikisa, he cannot get out
his words clearly. Jambo hili la-
kikisa, this business is difficult, hard
to get at. (Cf. kigugumizi, gugu-
miza, gota, goteza)

Kiko, n. (vi-), tobacco pipe— of
the sort common in Z., consisting of
the kiko proper, i. e. a cocoanut shell
partly filled with water, and two
tubes of wood or reed (digali, mda-

kali), one leading from the bowl (bori)
holding tobacco (tumbako) into the
water, the other (shilamu) from the
kiko to the mouthpiece through which
the smoke is drawn. The bubbling
of the water is called malio ya kiko.
Other simpler pipes consist of a hollow
reed and earthenware bowl only, e. g.
tosa.

Kiko, verb-form, (it) is there, —
agreeing with D 3 (S),— the pfx. ki
and locative -ko, which see.

Kikoa, n. (vi-), (1) a meal eaten
in common, provided by each of those
who join in it by turns, a common
table, a mess, boarding together.
Ktila k., to have meals in common,
also kula chakula cha shirika, as is
done when food is scarce, weather
unseasonable, &c. Watu wala kikoa
majira ya masika, people mess to-
gether during the rainy season. Leo
k. changu, it is my turn to provide
the meal to-day. Nikila k., ntalipa
nitii mkata mno ? If I join the mess,
how shall I pay when I have not a
penny ? (Contr. kula bia, where each
person provides a share at each meal.)
(2) dim. of koa, small flat ring or
band of metal, — used of the orna-
mentation of scabbards, also of anklets
arid bracelets. (Cf. koa, nkoa, and
pete, kikziku.)

Kikofi, n. (vi-), the inside of the
hand, what would lie on the upturned
hand, a handful. (Cf. kofi, ukoji,
also chopa, konzi.)

Kikohozi, n. (vi-), a cough, fit of
coughing, — also of consumption,
phthisis. (Cf. kohoa, ukohozi, kohoo.)

Kikoi, n. (vi-), white calico with
coloured borders in cotton silk or
both, — used for loincloths in great
variety under many names. K. cha
Ulaya, bordered shirtings, — in trade.

Kikoka, n.'tyi-), blade or shoot of
a grass used as forage. See Ukoka.

Kikoko, n (vi-), dim. of koko,
mkoko, and ukoko (which see), a bit
of hard, dried stuff, and so of a scab,
or scurf. (Cf. kigaga.)

KIKOMBA

150

KIKUKU

Kikomba, n, (i) njaa y a kikomba,
or ya kukomba, ravenous hunger,
that makes a man scrape up and
sweep off everything (cf. komba).
Also kikomba cha njaa y i. e. makazo
ya njaa, intense hunger. (2) Dim.
of komba, a small galago.

Kikombe, n. (vi-), dim. of kombe,
a small dish, used commonly of a
cup or basin, or mug of any material,
k. cha chai, tea-cup. K. cha bilauri,
tumbler, wine-glass, also k. cha nuru,
i. e. transparent, bright, polished.
K. cha fetha, silver goblet. (Cf.
komba, kombe, i. e. a vessel scraped
or, hollowed out, -e being a passive
termination, also kopo, kikopo, and
for such vessels generally chombo.)

Kikombo, n. and adv., a small
crooked, hook-shaped, or curved
thing, e. g. a small curved gouge-
shaped tool ; also, a small bend,
curve, irregularity, deflection, defect,
fault, flaw. As adv., in a crooked,
irregular way. (Cf. komba, v.,

ko7nbe, ukombo, and syn. pindo,
mzingo, tao.)

Kikomo, n. (vi-), (1) stop, stop-
ping, stoppage, place or time of
stopping, cessation, end ; (2) k. cha
uso, forehead, brow, i. e. uso ulipo-
koma, pasipomea nyele, mbele ya uso,
juu ya macho, where the face ends,
the hairless part in front over the
eyes. (Cf. koma, ukomo, &c, and
syn. mwisho, kusimama.)

Kikondoo, n. and adv. (1) a small
sheep, lamb ; (2) like a sheep, un-
resistingly, meekly, calmly. Ktifa
kikondoo ndiko kufa kiungwana, to
die like a sheep is to die like a hero.
(Cf. kondoo.)

Kikongwe, n. (vi-), a person bent
and bowed with age, a very old per-
son, esp. (like kizee) an old woman.
Sometimes used, as intensive and
descriptive, with kizee. (Cf. konga,
kongwe, kongwa, and kibiongo.)

Kikono, n. (vi-),. dim. of mkono,
(1) small arm or hand, short or defec-
tive arm, stump of the arm, e.g. ana k. }

she has lost a hand (arm) (cf. kiguu) ;
(2) anything resembling a small
hand, e.g. projecting prow of a ves-
sel, guard of a sword-handle, small
stalk or tendril of plants and flowers,
tentacle or feeler of fish or insect.

Kikonyo, n. (vi-), like kikono,
e.g. of a stalk, vikonyo vya garafnu,
clove- stalks.

Kikope, n. (vi-), eyelid. (Cf.
ukope, kope, kopesa.)

Kikopo, n. (vi-), dim. of kopo,
small vessel, pot, jug, mug, esp. of
metal. Used of spouts for carrying
off water from a roof, &c.

Kikorombwe, n. (vi-), signal cry,
call, — made by blowing into the
hand or through the fingers.

Kikosi, n. (vi-), (1) the back of
the neck, nape, i. e. nyumaya shingo,
below the kishogo, nape, and kogo,
back of the head; (2) also kikozi,
company, band, troop, esp. of sol-
diers or armed men. (Cf. ukosi.)

Kikotama, n. (vi-), dim. of ko-
tama, small curved knife, garden- or
pruning-knife. (Cf. she?nbea, and
for knives generally kisu.)

Kikoto, n. (vi-), and Chikoto,

(1) a whip of plaited grass, leaf-
strips, or bark fibre, used, by school-
masters, overseers, &c. (cf. mjeledi) ;

(2) plait of hair. Piga (songa) vi-
koto, plait.

Kikozi, n. (vi-), and Kikosi,
company, band, troop, esp. of sol-
diers or armed men. (Cf.jeshi.)

Kikuba, n. (vi-), (1) see Kiguba ;
(2) dim. of kuba, small vault, dome,
cupola, arched roof. Also as adv.,
like a dome, &c.

Kikucha, n. (vi-), also Kikuchya,
Kikuchia, dim. of ukucha, a bit of
the nail, a little projection of the
nail, nail-paring.

Kikuku, n. (vi-), (i)ring, usually
of metal, worn on arm or wrist, arm-
let, bracelet. Also used of an ank-
let of same kind. K. cha kupandia
frasi, a stirrup. K. cha pingu, a
handcuff. (Cf. fiirungiit banagiri,

KIKUKUU

151

KILEO

kekee, and tire??ibo.) (2) Dim. of
kuku, a'small fowl, chicken, bantam.

Kikukuu, n. and adv., a thing
old, worn out, past work, use-
less, -a kikukuu, worn out. See
-Kukuu.

Kikulia, n. (vi-), a thing or person
that has grown up at a place, — not
born at a place, which is kizalia.
(From ki and Ap. form of kua,
kulia. Cf. kimelea.)

Kikumbatio, n. {vi-), embrace.
(Cf. kumbatia, and syn. ambiso.)

Kikumbo, n. {vi-), thrust, shove,
jostling. Piga k., thrust away, shove
aside, push by, nudge with the elbow.
Pigaiia vikumbo, of rough hustling,
horseplay. (Cf. kumba, and jjnga.)

Kikundi, n. (vi-), dim. of kundi,
small company, group, knot, herd.
(Cf. kikosi.)

Kikundu, n. (vi-), rump, dim. of
mkundu.

Kikungu, n. {vi-), dim. of mku-
ngu, small earthenware cooking pot,
also the lid of such a pot. (Cf.
chombo, c/ntngu.)

Kikuta, n. (vi-), dim. of ukuta,
small stone wall, parapet, masonry,
partition.

Kikuti, n. (vi-), dim. of kuti, the
tip of a cocoanut leaf, i. e. ncha ya
kuti. See Kuti. (2) Chance, hap,
luck, an incident, event, accident, oc-
currence. Kikuti che?na, a happy
chance. (Cf. kuta, v., and syn. tu-
kio, nasibu, bahati.)

Kikwapa, n. (vi-), (1) armpit.
Also various things connected with,
or resembling the armpit; (2) the
smell of the armpit ; (3) the per-
spiration of the armpit ; (4) the gore
of a native dress (kanzu) under the
armpit. Hence kisibau cha k., an
armpit tunic, i. e. sleeveless, stopping
at the armpit. Kikwapa cha tanga,
part of a sail.

Kikwata, n. and adv. (vi-), dim.
of kwata, small hoof, damaged or
maimed hoof. As adv. colloquially
' on foot.' Enda k. } go on foot. Sa-

fari k., a journey on foot, i. e. kwa

miguu.

Kilalo, n. (vi-), (1) camping- or
sleeping-place on a journey (cf. kituo,
kambi) ; (2) a sleeping-shelter, e. g.
a few sticks resting on forked up-
rights, and carrying some grass as a
covering. (Cf. lala, ulalo.)

Kilango, n. (vi-), dim. of m-
lango, a small door, narrow entrance,
small opening, pass, strait. K. cha
bahari, a strait. K. cha jaha, the
strait gate of Paradise.

Kile, a. dem. that, — agreeing with
D 3 (S). (Also Imperat. form of
-la, e. g. kitoto kile kikile kile kileji,
let that little child eat that cake. )

Kileji, n. (vi-), a round flat
wheaten cake (Str.).

Kilele, n. (vi-), top, point, peak,
pointed end, pinnacle, e. g. k. cha
mlima, the top of the mountain.
Also of plants and trees, k. cha
mnazi kikachanua, the shoot of the
cocoanut blossomed. (Dist. kelele.)

Kilema, n. (vi-), (1) a deformity,
defect, blemish ; (2) a deformed or
disfigured person. Si vema kucheka
k. , it is not well to mock at deformity.
K. wa jicho, a one-eyed man, i. e.
chottgo. (Cf. kiwete, kiziwi, ki-
pofu, kibiongo, &c.)

Kilemba, n. (vi-), (1) a cloth
worn as a wrapper round the head,
a turban, — the style of folding and
wearing being according to the rank,
dignity, &c. of the wearer, often of
silk, and costly. Piga k., wear a
turban. (2) fig. gratuity at the end
of a job, apprenticeship, course of
teaching, &c. (cf. ada, bakshishi,
ufilo), (3) Crest, e.g. k. cha jogoo,
cock's comb. (Cf. shtingi, ki-
s/wngi.)

Kilembwe, n. (vi-), great-great-
grandchild. "^Cf. kiningina, kiju-
kuu, mjukuti. s ,

Kileo, n. (vi-), (1) state or case
of intoxication, staggering, reeling,
&c. ; (2) anything intoxicating or
narcotic, e. g. ponibe, mvinyo, tembo,

KILETE

152

EIMA

bangl, kasumba, &c. K. kimempata,
he is under the influence of liquor.
(Cf. ulevi, levya.)

Kilete, n. (vi-) } (i) metal row-
lock, crutch, for an oar (cf. ki-
shward) ; (2) stick used for twisting
in native ropemaking. (Cf. kisongo.)

Kilicho, verb-form, which is, —
agreeing with D 3 (S), i.e. pfx. ki-,
li, is, and relative cho, agreeing with
same.

Kilifu, n. (vi-), also sometimes
Kidifu, and Wdifu, the cloth-like
envelope of fibre binding the young
leaves of the cocoanut round the
growing stem. (Cf. mnazi, and
madifu.)

Kilili, n. (vi-), dim. of ulili, a
small bedstead. (Cf. kitanda,)

Kilima, n. (vi-), dim. of mlima,
hill, eminence, rising ground, mound,
ascent. Also name of a kind of evil
spirit.

Kilimi, n. (vi-), dim. of ulimi,
(1) a little tongue ; (2) bad or
abusive style of speaking, -ki being
here depreciative as in kidomo. Ana
k., he uses abusive language. (Cf.
mlimi, mwambi.)

Kilimia, n. the Pleiades (con-
stellation). K. ikizama kwajna hu-
zuka kwa mvtia, if the Pleiades set in
fine weather, they rise in rain. (For
stars cf. nyota, sayari.)

Kilimo, n. (vi-), (1) hoeing, and
so the care of a plantation generally,
i. e. cultivation, agriculture ; (2) pro-
ducts of cultivation, produce, crop.
Mwaka htm watu wameongokezva na
kilimo, this year people have suc-
ceeded well in their cultivation.
Vilimo vinasongana, the crops are
too crowded, are planted too close.
(Cf. lima, mlima, mkulima, &c.)

Kilinda, n. (vi-), verbal noun of
linda, guard, protector, governing a
noun follg., e. g. kilinda chozi, the
tear-guard, i. e. the pendulous end of
a cluster of banana fruits, with a
pearly drop of moisture at the tip.
(Cf. linda, mlinzi, and kilindo.)

Kilindi, n. (vi-), a place of deep
water, a deep channel, a deep*. (Cf.
lindi.)

Kilindo, n. (vi-), (1) act (process,
means, &c.) of guarding, protection,
guard, charge, care. Tic katika
k. cha Muungu, we are in God's
keeping. (2) A watchman's platform
in a plantation ; (3) a shelter (from
rain, sun, &c). (Cf. linda, mlinzi,
Undo, and Ar. syn. hamaya.)

Kilinge, n. (vi-), mystery, puzzle,
trick. Maneno ya k., dark, unintel-
ligible utterances, i. e. maneno ya
/umbo, or ya mifano. K. cha mganga,
hocus pocus.

Kilingo, n. (vi-), (1) a notch cut
as a mark, a blaze on trees to show
the way ; (2) (? for kilindo) a watch-
man's platform, a shelter ; (3) a car-
penter's shed for shaping timber, logs,
&c. (Cf. linga, ulingo.)

Kilio, n. (vi-), (1) sounding, a
sound, crying, weeping, mourning,
a cry, scream, shout, dirge ; (2)
a subject for mourning, a sad thing.
Also dim. in contrast with mlio, lio,
i. e. kilio kidogo. Nyamazisha k. y
put a stop to mourning. Tia k. }
cause lamentation. Amepeleka k.
maiangani, he has contributed a wail
to the mourning.

*Killa, a. also Kulla, every (as a
rule with a singular noun only, and
unlike all other adjs. in Swahili with
its noun following it). K. mtn,
every one. K. sikti, daily, day by
day. K. aendako, wherever he goes.
K. atakapo, whenever he likes. Occa-
sionally with Plur. k. watu wakaenda
zao, all the people went away.

*Kiluth.u, n. velvet.

Kima, n. a kind of monkey.
(For other kinds cf. nyani, tumbili,
mbega, ndegele.)

*Kima, n. (vi-), (1) price, value,
e.g. kima chake kadiri gani ? How
much is it? and cf. kem. (2) Mea-
sure, stature, height, and cf. kimo.
(Ar. Cf. (1) kimo, kadiri, kiasi,
thamani ; (2) kipimo, urefu, ukubwa.)

KIMACHO

153

KIMBUNGA

Kimacho, adv. wide awake, in
a wakeful condition, on the watch.
Lala {had) k., lie (remain) awake.
(Ci.jicho, macho, kesha.)

Kimaji, adv. and a., like water, wet,
damp, watery, swampy. Also -a ki-
maji. (C f. maj'i, majimaji, rutuba.)

Kimanda, n. (vi-), an omelette
(of eggs, &c). (Cf. maandasi.)

Kimandu, n. (vi-), a strip of
wood, fixed inside a native door-
frame at top and bottom, with holes
in which the pivots of the door-valves
turn.

Kimanga, n. and adv., something
Arabian, of the Arab kind. Hence
(i) the Arab language, (2) a particu-
lar kind of grain. Sema (jna) k.,
speak (know) Arabic. Jiwe la k.,
a hard stone used for sharpening
tools on or grinding corn, &c, a
whetstone, a grinding stone, — also
jiwe la manga, and kimango. (See
Manga, and cf. syn. kiarabu.)

Kimashamba, n. and adv., some-
thing of a country kind, rustic vulgar
dialect, in a countryfied (rude, un-
polished) way. -a k., countryfied,
vulgar. (Cf. shamba.)

Kimbia, v. run, run away, make
haste, fly (from), escape (from).
Akimbiaye kawazi giza, wala haoni
jua, one who runs does not think of
the darkness, or see the sunlight.
Adui ivalikimbia, the enemy fled.
Mtoto amemkimbia simba, the boy
ran away from (escaped from) the
lion. Withy/, hide oneself away, be
hidden, be out of view, e. g. mji
uliojikimbia, a village concealed from
view. Ps. kimbiwa, be run from,
be escaped from. Nt. kimbika, e. g.
allow of running (escape, &c). Ap.
kimbilia, run to (for, in, after, &c,
but not as a rule, run away from),
overtake, take refuge with, have re-
course to, fall back upon, go on an
errand for ; e. g. mbzizi hao wata-
kimbia kukimbilia ma?na yao, these
kids will run off to find their dam.
Kimbilia roho, run for (to save) one's

life. Kimbilia pesa, run races for
money. So Ps. kimbiliwa, be run to
(for, after, &c.),be a refuge (asylum,
resource), and Nt. kimbilika. With
ji, e. g. watu wakajikimbilia, the
people took to their heels, — of a
promiscuous, shameful flight, every
one for himself. Hence kimbil-iza,
-izwa, cause to run on, make go
fast, hurry, hasten, do in a hurry,
do rashly (precipitately, carelessly) —
like endeleza, but more emphatic,
e. g. kimbiliza maneno, talk too fast,
talk recklessly (foolishly, at random,
without thinking). Kimbiliza jipn,
open an abscess too soon, treat it
prematurely. Kimbiliza ndongo, be
quick with the clay, before it gets too
dry and hard to use. Kimbiliza kazi,
hurry on the work. Cs. kimb-iza,
-izwa, cause (encourage, allow, &c.)
to run, put to flight, allow to escape,
help in escaping, drive away, pursue.
Alikimbiza roho yake, he saved his
life. Akimbiza mtoto asije kunawa,
he saves the child from being put
to death. Kimbiza punda, run in
front of a donkey, as a slave does
before his Arab master, when riding.
Hence kimbiz-ia, -iwa, e. g. ameni-
kimbizia watumwa wangn, he has
got all my slaves to run away from
me. Also kimbizana, e. g. watu
wakakimbizana kitenenda, the people
encouraged each other to push on
quickly. (Cf. mbio, on which kimb-
ia appears to be formed, mkimbizi,
kimbilio.)

Kimbio, n. and adv., at a running
pace, with speed, at full speed,
hastily, also kimbiombio. See Mbio,
and Kimbia.

Kimbizi, n. and adv., similar to
kimbio. Maji ya kimbizi, a swift
current. (Cf. prec.)

Kimbunga* n. (vi-), typhoon,
hurricane, — esp. the famous and ex-
ceptional typhoon at Zanzibar on
April 15, 1872, often used as an
epoch in reckoning time. Kimbztnga
kikaangusha minazi na majumba

KIMELEA

154

KINA

yote, the typhoon threw down all the
cocoanut trees and houses. (Cf.
thdruba, tufane, chamchela.)

Kimelea, n. (vi-), a plant which
grows of itself, a self-sown plant, an
indigenous plant, a parasitic plant
(growing on to some other). Jamii
ya vimelea, the whole flora (indi-
genous plant-life) of a place. (Cf.
mea, i?imea, also kikulia, kizalia.)

Kimeta, n. (vi-), also Kimete,
sparkling, sparkle, glitter, lustre,
shining. E.g. k. cha jua, sparkling
radiance of the sun. K. cha upanga,
the glitter of a sword. Also in the
form kimeti, kimetimeti, kimerimeti,
of anything sparkling, spangle, tinsel,
and esp. of fire-flies, glow-worms.
(Cf. meta, and kimulimuli, kianga.)

Kimia, n. (vi-), a circular casting
net — of light fine twine. Also used
to describe 'netting, network, lace,
cambric,' &c, i.e. nguo ya kimia.
-a kimia, of network, netted. (For
nets cf. wavu , jarifa.)

Kimio, n. (vi-), something in the
throat, and so (i) uvula; (2) a
throat affection, — used to describe
quinsy, croup, abscess in the throat,
enlarged uvula or tonsils, &c, — as
kifua, of chest affections generally.
(Cf. u?nio, and roho, koo.)

*Kimo, n. (vi-), (1) measure,
stature, height, depth; (2) a measur-
ing rod, tape, foot rule. K. cha mtti,
a man's height. Akupita k., he is
taller than you. Maji ya k., deep
water. K. cha mti, a piece of wood
to measure with. (Ar. Cf. kima,
of which kimo is a modified form. —
Dist. kimo, as verb-form, it is in (with-
in, inside), — pfx. >£z agreeing with D 3
(S), and locative -mo, which see.) ■

Kimoyo, n. also Kimoyo-moyo,
something affecting the heart, e.g.
(i) heart ailment, heart disease; (2)
a feeling, — esp. fear, indignation,
passion ; (3) term of endearment,
favourite, sweetheart (cf. kipenzi,
mchumba). (Cf. moyo.)

Kimrima, n. the dialect olMrima,

i.e. the dialect of Swahili spoken
on the coast adjacent to Z. (Cf.
Mri7?ia.)

Kimulimuli, n. (vi-), fire-fly,
glow-worm. (Cf. mulika, and ki-
meti.)

Kimwa, v. become wearied, get
cross, be disgusted, lose one's temper.
Kimwa kwa chakula (njia, kazi, &c),
be put out by one's food (travelling,
work, &c). (Cf. syn. more usual,
kinai, choka, szimbuka, chukiwa.)

Kimwitu, n. dim. oi.mwitu, small
forest, patch of forest, jungle. (Cf.
mwitu, kichaka.)

Kimwondo, n. (vi-), a shooting
star, i.e. nyota ya kuanguka, — sup-
posed to be fiery darts thrown by
spirits of the air (jini) (Str.).

Kimya, n. and adv. (1) silence,
stillness, absence of noise; (2) quiet-
ness, calm, reserve. As adv. silently,
without noise. K. kingi kina mshindo
mkuu, deep silence makes a loud
noise. Nya?naza k., hold one's tongue,
be perfectly silent. Sali k., pray in
secret. Mtu wa kimyakimya, a very
quiet, reserved person. Akasikia k.,
and he heard no reply.

Kina, pfx. or n. used as pfx.
(see note below) which with the noun
following denotes a person or persons
of a certain class, connected with
another person by resemblance, de-
pendence, or other social relation, or
a person with others so connected
with him. It is often heard as akina
(see note), and in plur. form wakina.
E. g. kina sisi, a kind of generalized
plural, — ' such as we, people like us,
the lot of us, we.' Akina nani hnyu ?
Who is this ? implying ' What are his
connexions ? ' whether as master or
dependent. Akina Abdallah may
mean (1) Abdallah's following gene-
rally, his people or dependents, or
(2) Abdallah himself alone, or (3)
Abdallah with his retinue. So Akina
bwana anakuja, the master is coming.-
Kina mwinyi 7?ikuu, the chief and
his court. Kina is also used (with

KINA

155

KINGA

a noun) as a generalized mode of
address, as well as reference, a polite
substitute for direct mention of several
or one, e.g. akina bibi, the lady- folk,
the ladies, my ladies, my lady. So
akina bwana, a slave's address to his
master's son, — akina baba, a master's
address half-playful to his slaves. It
may also be used with contemptuous
generality. Wa?nekwitwa watu wale
ivakina Turi, those people were
known as Turi's lot. (Perh. general-
ized from Ar. gan, pi. agina, slave-
born, a slave, or connected with the
pfx. ki.)

Kina, n. (vi-), a rhyme, a terminal
assonance, a similar final syllable.
Kuwa na vina, to have rhymes., — of
lines of poetry. Tia vina, make
rhymes, rhyming endings. Mashairi
ya vina, rhyming verses. (Cf. guni,
for absence of rhyme, blank verse.)

Kina, n. kina cha bahari, a deep
place in the sea. Bahari ina k.
sana, the sea is very deep. (Kilindi,
lindi, usual in Z.)

*Kinai, v. (i) be content, be self-
satisfied, be independent, want no
sympathy or help, be self-sufficient,
be self-contained. Hence often (2)
in a bad sense, of conceited, offensive,
independent, or active dislike, i.e. be
disgusted, be surfeited, dislike, have
a loathing. E. g. of food, amekinai,
he has had enough, he has had a full
meal, (or of a sick man) he has no
appetite, he revolts from food. Ji-
kinai, feel quite satisfied or secure,
be boastful, vaunt oneself. Sultani
ajikinai kwa ngtivu, the Sultan
shows his pride of power. Cs.

kinaisha, satisfy, surfeit, glut, disgust,
nauseate, revolt. Chakula hiki kina-
nikinaisha, this food revolts me.
Atakukinaisha siku tnoja, you will
have enough of him in one day.
Knjikinaisha ubora, to vaunt his
perfections. (Ar. Cf. -kinaifn, ki-
naya, and syn. shiba, skibisha, rith-
isha, chtikiza, and for boasting,/zV//«,
fivtma.)

*-kinaifu, a. one who has enough,
does not desire or need anything, and
so (1) moderate, self-controlled, sober,
independent; or (2) self-sufficient,
contemptuous, cold, supercilious, un-
sociable. (Cf. kinai, and kiasi,
upweke, baridi.)

Kinamasi, n. mucilage, slime,

slimy substance or fluid. Mafitta ya-

fanya k., the oil is getting thick and

sticky. Also of a wet slippery soil

(cf. utope).

Kinanda, n. {vi-), a stringed in-
strument of the kind commonest
in E. Africa, a kind of banjo or
guitar. Extended to include piano,
organ, and almost any similar Euro-
pean instrument of music. Pigak.,
play the banjo. (Cf. ngoma for

other instruments.)

*Kinara, n. (vi-), dim. of mnara,
(1) small pillar, column ; (2) candle-
stick ; (3) small ornament in the
embroidery worked in silk on the
collar of a native dress (kanzii), i.e.
vinara vya skingo. (Ar. Cf.

mnara.)

*Kinaya, n. self-content, independ-
ence, selfish isolation, a superci-
lious air, insolence. Neno la k.,
a contemptuous remark. (Cf.

kinai.)

Kinda, n. (ma-), young one, esp.
of birds, a chick, but also of animals,
e.g. k. la frasi, a foal, k. kibwa,
a young dog, cub, whelp, — not of
man. Sometimes a., e.g. mnazi
?nkinda, a young cocoanut tree.

Kinda, -kindani, Kiudano. See
Kinza, &c.

Kindu, n. (ma-), fruit of ,the
palm mkindu, a kind of wild date.
See also TJkmdu.

Kinena, n. (vi-), middle of the
body between the groins (manena).

Kinga, v. i? used of the effect of
what is interposed between two ob-
jects, and which acts offensively to
the one and defensively as to the
other. Hence (1) act as screen
against, ward off, parry, check, stop,

KINGAJA

156

KINI

interpose, get in the way of, intercept,
catch ; and (2) fig. contradict, op-
pose, obstruct. Also (3) act as
screen to, cover, be a defence to ;
(4) fig. help, assist, protect. Kinga,
jiwe hili litaangiika, guard (your-
self), or, ward it off, this stone is
going to fall. Nimekinga mwili
wangu kwa ngao, I interposed my
body as a shield. Muungu ameni-
kinga, God has protected me. Ki-
nga mvtia (jud), keep off the rain
(sun). Ps. kingwa, (1) be screened
(warded) off; (2) be used as a
screen ; (3) be screened (protected).
Nt. kingika. Ap. king-ia, -iwa,
e. g. ngao ya knkingia selaha, a
shield to keep off weapons. Cs.
kingiza, usually protect, defend.
Kingiza na mvua, protect from rain.
Ji'kingiza, defend oneself. Rp.

kingana, (1) protect each other;
(2) oppose each other, with argu-
ment, force, &c. (Cf. follg.)
— n. ( — , and Vinga), something in-
terposed, and which has different
effects .accordingly, e.g. (1) a check,
a stopper, a fender, a fence, a guard,
a screen, a shelter, — and so either
(2) protection, defence, assistance,
or (3) obstruction, difficulty, mis-
fortune, limitation. E. g. k. cha
moto, or k. only, a fireguard, i.e.
commonly a firebrand, brand used as
a guard, rather than ' a fender.' Cf.
kinga na kinga, ndifio moto tiwakapo,
firebrands make the fire burn. K.
cha maji, or k. alone, a long blade of
grass or leaflet tied round the stem of
a tree to collect the rain trickling
down and direct it to a water jar.
K. ya jicho, a blinker. Cf. kidoto,
also kijamanda. (Cf. kingama,
mkingiko, kinda, pinga, and epiisha,
bekua. For kinga = kunga, see
Kunga. )

Kingaja, n. (vi-), armlet or brace-
let of seeds, beads, &c. (Cf. kekee,
kiktiku, banagiri, and tirembo.)

Kingalingali, n. on the back,
face upwards. La/a k. } lie on the

back. Anguka k., fall backwards.
(Cf. kitanitani, kichaii.)

Kingama, v. (1) be interposed,
lie across, be in the way, act as a
screen ; (2) obstruct, baffle, thwart.
Gogo limekingama njiani, a log
blocks the road. Njia ngine inaki-
ngama njia ya mbele, another path
cuts across the road leading straight
on. Ap. kingam-ia, -iwa, e. g.

nyoka amenikingamia njiani, a
snake stopped me on the road. Cs.
kingam-isha, -ishwa, -iza, -izwa,
intens. frustrate, stop altogether,
block. Rp. ki?igamana, e. g.

tumekingamana mimi naye, he and
I had a (friendly or stormy) inter-
view, we encountered each other.
Hence kingaman-isha, -ishiva, cause
to get in each other's way, make diffi-
culties among. (St. form of kinga,
i. e. be in an interposed position.
Cf. -ama, simama, tuama, &c. Cf.
mkingamo.)

Kingio, Eingo, n. screen, hand-
screen, shade, lamp-cover. (Cf.
kinga.)

Kingoe, n. (vi-), dim. of ngoe,
a small hook. See Ngoe.

Kingojezi, n. (vi-), similar to
kingojo.

Kingojo, n. (zfc-), act (time,
place, &c.) of watching, watch,
guard, guard-station, post, sentry-go,
turn of watching. E. g. linda k.,
keep watch. Keti k., remain on
watch. (Cf. ngoja, kilindo, zainul)

Kingozi, n. the old dialtct of
Swahili, esp. as formerly spoken at
Melindo, Patta, and the northward
towns of the Zanzibar coast, now
only poetical and hardly intelligible.
Hence now used of ' difficult, half-
understood speech.' Maneno ya k.,
antiquated, meaningless terms.

Kingubwa, n. (vi-), spotted
hyaena. (Ci.jisi.)

*Kini, Kinika, v. be sure, be
certain, be ascertained, — apparently
from Ar. yakini (which see), treated
mistakenly by Swahilis as a form

KINING'INA

157

KINYONGA.

of a verb kini. E. g. yamkinika (or,
yamkini) Sultani kusajiri kesho, it
is certain as to the Sultan that he
will set out to-morrow. (Ar. Cf.
yakini, and dast. yamkini.)

Kining'ina, n. (vi-), great-great-
grandchild. (Cf. kijukuu, ki-
lembzve, and ninginia, rock, dandle.)

Kinjurinjuri, n. a particular way
of cutting the hair, leaving one long
tuft, i.e. kukata kinjurinjuri (Str...

Kinofu, n. (vi-), a scrap of meat.
(Cf. mnofu.)

Kinono, n. (vi-), a fatted animal,
a fatling. (Cf. 11011a, -nono, and
nenepa.)

Kinoo, n. (vi-), a whetstone, i. e.
jiwe la kunolea, a stone to sharpen
things with. ;Cf. noa, noo, noleo,

and cherehe, a grindstone.)

Kinu, n. (vi-), a wooden mortar,
made of a hard block of wood hol-
lowed out in the centre, used for
pounding and cleaning grain, and
crushing and mixing vegetable food
generally. Also for extracting oil.
The wooden pestle is called niche,
and the operation usually kutivanga.
See Mche, Twanga. It is extended
to metal mortars, e. g. k. cha chuma,
an iron mortar, and also is used of a
mill of any kind, e. g. k. cha moshi,
a steam mill, k. cha kushindikia, a
crushing mill, whether of oil seeds or
sugar-cane. K. cha mkono, hand
mill. K. cha kusagia, grinding
(flour) mill.

Kinubi, n. (yi-) and adv. (i) a
kind of harp, used in their dances by
the Wanubi, i. e. Soudanese (or
(Nubians) settled in Zanzibar. Also
(2) the Soudanese language ; (3) in
the Soudanese style, -a kinubi, of
the Soudanese kind.

Kinundu, n. (vi-), dim. oinundic,
a little hump, knob, lump. Hence
kinundunundu, to describe a rough,
lumpy surface, as of plaster, &c.

Kinwa, n. (vi-), also Kinywa and
Kanwa, the mouth (as organ of
drinking) of man, animals, insects,

&c. (of birds, usually mdomo). Also
1 something to drink, a beverage,' but
this is usually kinwaji. K. mchuzi,
the hair on the under lip, the im-
perial, place where the imperial
grows, lit. gravy drinker. K. ivazi,
open mouth, with open mouth, open
mouthed. (Cf. nya, kinwaji, ka-
nwa, and follg.)

Kinwaji, n. (vi-), also Kinywaji,
and rarely Kinweo,Kinwewa , some-
thing to drink, a beverage, liquid for
drinking purposes.

Kinweleo, n. (vi-), a pore (of the
skin). (Cf. nya, nyweleo.)

Kinyaa, n. (vi-), excretum (liquid
or solid), urine, excrement, dung,
filth. (Cf. nya, nyesi, kinyesi,

also ukojo, mavi.)

Kinyago, 11. (vi-), anything used
at an unyago (which see), but esp.
a dressed-up grotesque figure, mock-
ghost or scarecrow. Cheza k.,
lit. play at unyago, play at ghosts,
dress up, — of any kind of acting,
theatricals, farce.

Kinyama. n. (vi-), dim. of nyama,
small animals. Vinyama vya viwi-
tu wakaona kiu, the lesser wild
animals grew thirsty.

Kinyamkela, n. (vi-), (1) a kind
of evil spirit, to be propitiated at
crossways, a storm-devil ; (2) of a
whirlwind, i.e. pepo za kinyamkela.
(Cf. chamchela.)

Kinyefu, n. (vi-), and Kinye-
nyefu, a tickling or tingling sensa-
tion, itehing. (From nyea, cf.
nyegi.)

Kinyegele, n. (vi-), name of a
small animal, skunk (Str.).

Kinyemi, n. and a., something
good, pleasing, acceptable. Kipya
kinyemi kingawa kidonda, a novelty
has its charms, even a new sore.
(Cf. Ar. nee ma!)

Kinyesi, n. (vi-), excretum, —
like kinyaa. Also in plur. manyesi.
(From nya.)

Kinyonga, n. (yi-), (1) hip-com-
plaint. (Cf. kifua, kimio, &c).

KINYONGE

158

KIOSHO

(2) Chamelion. (Perh. both from

nyonga, wriggle, twist.)

Kinyonge, n. and adv., from
-nyonge, state of wretchedness, ab-
ject destitution, degradation, &c.

Kinyongo, n. (w-), of a mental or
moral twist, (1) fancy, scruple, fad;
(2) ill-feeling, grudge, bitterness,
spite, resentment. Usifanye kazi
kwa k., do not work unwillingly,
as if against the grain. Mpenzi
hana k., a lover has no scruples
(doubts, hesitation). Mwenyi k.,
a hypochondriac. (Cf. nyonga, ki-
nyonga, unyonga, also syn. mfundo,
kikombo, chuki, uchungu.)

Kinyozi, n. {vi-), a barber, one
who shaves. (From nyoa.)

Kinyuma, n. and adv. (also Ki-
nyume commonly), the back part,
the rear, behind, backwards, after
time, late, in a contrary way. Kwa
kinyunie, backwards, to the rear.
H 'atari ya k., later, subsequent news.
Kinyunie changu, behind me. Kuja
k., to arrive late. Maneno ya k., a
kind of puzzle -language, the last
syllable of each word being made the
first. (Cf. nyuma, and baada.)

Kinyumba, n. {vi-), an unmar-
ried woman, living with a man as
his wife. (Cf. nyumba, mchumba,
suria, hawaa.)

Kinyumbu, n. {vi-), dim. of
nyunibu, a small mule.

Kinyunya, n. {vi-), a little cake,
a bit of a cake, a sweetmeat. (Cf.
nyunyiza, sprinkle, and nyunyo.)

Kinywa, Kinywaji, Kinyweleo.
See Kinwa, Kinwaji, Kinweleo.

Kinza, v. object, contradict, deny,
oppose, rebel. Rp. kinzana, object,
stand in the way, oppose, contradict.
Kinzana na mtu, dispute with a per-
son. (Not often heard. Cf. follg.
and kinga, kingana, pingana.)

-kinzani, n. refractory, combative,
obstructive. (Cf. prec. and ukinzani.)

Kinzano, n. {ma-), objection, ob-
struction, contradiction. (Cf. prec.
and kinzana.)

Kioja, n. {vi-), something that
astonishes or terrifies, an oddity, a
curiosity, a portent, a bugbear, a
monster. (Cf. kitisho, shani, ajabu,
a fa.)

Kiokozi, n. {vi-), act (means, way,
&c.) of recovering, and so, reward
for finding something lost or in
danger. Also of persons, one who
saves, rescuer, preserver. (From
okoa. Cf. mzvokozi, twkozi.)

Kiolezo, n. {vi-), a pattern,
sample. (Cf. oleza, and syn. namna.)

Kiongozi, n. {vi-), act (means,
way, &c.) of directing; but usually,
guide on a road, director, leader of
a caravan. (Cf. t?ikuu wa genzi.)
Also, reward for such service, guide's
fee. (From ongoa. Cf. mwongozi,
uongozi. )

Kiongwe, n. {vi-), a kind of
donkey from the mainland, — mostly
from the Unyamwezi country ; used for
carrying loads, i. e. punda kiongwe.'
(Also as a., obstinate, refractory (Kr.).
Cf. m bis hi.)

Kionja, verbal noun from onj'a,
governing another noun, ' that which
tastes.' K. mchuzi, the imperial, or
under lip, i. e. gravy taster, — like
kinwa mchuzi. (Cf. onja, and follg. )

Kionjo, n. {vi-), a little taste,
a small sample, a trial. (Cf. onja.)

Kionyo, n. {vi-), secret warning,
hint, suggestion. (Cf. ona, onyo.)

Kioo, n. {vi-), a piece of glass,
looking-glass, mirror. A', chetipe^
clear, white glass. K. cha ktwna,
transparent glass. K. cha kutazamia
uso, a looking-glass. (Perh. conn,
with ona, i.e. kiono.)

Kiopoo, n. {vi-), anything used
for taking up, fishing up, as from
a well or pit, — a pole, stick with
fork, hook, gaff. (From opoa.)

Kiosha, verbal noun from osha,
that which washes, e. g. k. migtiu,
that which washes the feet, — name of
a wedding fee for particular service.
(Cf. kifungua mlango.)

Kiosho, n. {vi-), act (place, means,

KIOTA

159

KIPAKA

&c.) of washing. (Cf. osha, and
josho.)

Kiota, n. {vi-), also Kioto, sitting-
place of a bird, nest, roost, fowl's
laying place. (Cf. ota, oteo, moto.)

Kioteo, n. (w-),' ambuscade, am-
bush, lurking-place. (Cf. ota, otea.)

Kiowe, n. {vi-), shout, cry for
help. See Kiyowe.

Kioza, n. state of a putrid thing,
putridity, gangrene. Mtu htiyu yuna
k. ndani, this man is rotten inside.
(From oza.)

Kipa, n. verbal of pa, act of giving,
that which gives, e. g. k. mkono,
a fee given at a wedding for special
attendance (cf. kifungua miaiigo,
kiosha miguu). K. iniara, that
which gives strength. {Ci.pa,kipaji,
kipawa.)

Kipaa, n. (vi-), dim. of paa, (i)
a small roof, roof a shed, &c. ;
(2) one of the sides of the four-sided
roof of a native hut, usually one of
the smaller slopes, overlapped by the
larger ones (inapaa). K. cha mbele
{cha nynmd), the front (back) slope
of a roof; (3) also kipara, which see.

Kipaji, n. {vi-), (1) a presenta-
tion, a present, donation, gift. K. cha
Mutmgu, a gift of God. (From -pa,
cf. kipa, tipaji, -paji.) (2) Part of the
forehead {paj'i), brow, eyebrow, e. g.
kunja vipaji vya uso, knit the brows,
frown. Also (3) a sweet-scented
cosmetic, applied to the brows, an
ornamental patch of colour, a brow
ornament (cf. urembo). (4) A small
projection on the side of the mjiisi
worked on the front of a native dress
{kanzu), also called kiguu. See
Mjusi.

Kipaka, n. {vi-), dim. of paka,
a small cat, a poor cat, a kitten.

Kipakacha, n. {vi-), dim. of
pakacha, a small kind of basket, of
plaited cocoanut leaf-fronds. (For
other kinds see Kikapo.)

Kipaku, n. {vi-), small spot,
speck, patch of colour or coloured
stuff, e. g. used of the mottled or

speckled colouring of animals and
birds, -a k., or k. alone, mottled,
speckled, e. g. kuku k., a speckled
fowl. Also kipakupaku, in same
sense. (Cf. paku, and perh. paka,
v., also waa, doa.)

Kipamba, n. {vi-), dim. from
pamba (cotton), a small bit (tuft,
plug, patch) of raw cotton (cotton
wool, lint), e. g. for medical applica-
tion.

Kipambo, n. {vi-), an ornament,
ornamental work, a fitting, furniture
of a house. Nyumba hii haina k.,
this house is unfurnished, e. g. of a
poor man's dwelling. (Cf. pamba,
v., pambo, also syn. kifaa, choinbo,
zirembo, ttztiri.)

Kipande, n. {vi-), (1) a small bit,
piece, slip, part, of anything (cf.
fungti, se/iemu, kitambo, kidogo, kato) ;
(2) an instrument, tool, utensil (cf.
chombo, kitu, samani). K. cha
nyama, a scrap of meat. K. cha
?ntu, a diminutive man, a mannikin
(contr. pande la mtu, pandikizi).
Vipavde vya kupimia, surveying
instruments. (3) Used esp. of a
light wooden rammer, used in harden-
ing a concrete floor or roof. (Cf.
pande, upande, mpande, pandikizi,
? all conn, with panda, v. plant, — the
constant common occupation.)

Kipanga, n. {vi-), (1) dim. of
tcpanga, a small sword ; (2) a large
bird of prey.

Kipango, n. {vi-), dim. of pango,
a small cave, den, hole, mouse-hole.
(Cf. kitundu, kishimo.)

Kipao, n. {vi-), act (means, way)
of mounting up. (Cf. paa, v.)

Kipapatiko, n. {vi-), little flap-
ping object, feathery waving end, e.g.
of fin or feather. (Cf. papatika.)

Kipara, n. {vi-), and Kipaa, a
clean-shaved rJ&tch, a bald place on
the head, tonsure. Mtu wa kikoa
asilipe ana kipara cheupe, a member
of a mess, if he does not pay, has
a bald patch, i. e. is a marked man.
(Cf. tipaa, upara, and ? paa, roof.)

KIPATO

160

KIPIWDUPINDU

Kipato, n. (vi-), dim. of tipato, a
small metal gong, usually of brass,
with edges turned in, a metal tam-
bourine, or dish of similar shape.

Kipawa, n. (vi-), (i) dim. oipawa,
small ladle; (2) gift (but not so in Z.).

Kipele, n. (vi-), small pimple,
pustule, sore, breaking-out. Vipele,
skin eruption, erysipelas. (Ci.upele.)

Kipendi, n. (vi-), like kipenzi, a
beloved object, a favourite, darling.
(From penda.)

Kipendo, n (vi-), act (trait, mani-
festation, &c.) of affection, kindness,
love. (Cf. pendo, -itpendo.)

Kipengee, n. (vi-), (1) side-path,
by-way, way round, side-channel, out
of the straight or usual course ; (2)
evasion, subterfuge, shift, indirect
means of obtaining an object. Ma-
neno yake haya vipengee, these state-
ments of his are evasive (shuffling, de-
ceitful). (Also pengee.)

Kipenu, n. (vi-), a shed or side-
room built against the side of a wall
or house outside, a lean-to, a cabin
in a ship. (Cf. upenu.)

Kipenyo, n. (vi-), a hole through
which something is passed, a thing
which is passed through, e. g. the
peg of a top, axis of a globe, &c.
(Cf. penya.)

Kipeo, n. (vi-), (1) highest or
furthest point, apex, top, end, cul-
mination ; (2) ideal, best example,
standard of excellence, chef-cTcenvre.
K. cha macho, furthest limit of vision,
horizon. (Cf. pea, upeo, pevuka.)

Kipepeo, n. (vi-), (1) dim. of
pepeo, a small fan : (2) a butterfly ;
(3) a kind of flat fish. (Cf. upepo,
pepea.)

Kipete, n. (vi-), dim. of pete, a
small ring, ferrule, circlet.

Kipeto, n. (vi-), bag (with flap or
cover) , case, receptacle, cover, parcel,
packet. K. cha barua, letter case,
envelope. (Cf. peto, peta, pete, and
syn. da has ha.)

Kipi, n . (vi-) , or Kipia, cock's spur,
i. e. kucha la (or mwiba wa) nyuma

katika kisigino cha jogoo, the spur
behind at the cock's heel.

Kipigi, n. (vi-), also Kipiki, a
little stick to beat with or throw.
(Cf. piga, and follg.)

Kipigo, n. (vi-), stroke, blow, shot.
T^embo alianguka kwa kipigo cha heri,
the elephant fell by a lucky shot.

Kipila, n. (vi-), a curlew. (Also
called suluhi.)

Kipilipili, n. and adv., like black
pepper-corns. Nyele za k., hair of
a short woolly kind, growing in small
tufts. (Cf. pilipili, and ttele.)

Kipimo, n. (vi-), thing for measur-
ing, a measure, a weight, amount mea-
sured. (Cf. pima, and for measures
inkono, shibiri, wari, wakia, ratli,
pishi, frasila, kibaba, kisaga, &c.)

Kipinda, adv. Ktifa kipinda, die
a natural death. (Cf. pi?ida, n.)

Kipindi, n. (vi-), (1) a portion of
time, period, e.g. killa k., k. chote, all
times, at all times, constantly, always.
K. cha athmiri, noon. Kwa vipindi,
at times, periodically ; also, by fits
and starts, irregularly, -a vipindi,
periodical, regular, irregular, -a ki-
pindi, temporary. Also adv. kipindi,
for a time, for a short time. (Cf.
kitambo, kidogo, and kipande.) (2)_
A fixed time, a regular hour (cf.
sad). Tangu assubtihi hattajionini
vipindi kumi na mbili, from morning
to evening there are twelve hours.
Vipindi vya kusali, the five regular
Mahommedan hours of prayer. (Cf.
sala.) (3) Fit, turn, attack, paroxysm
of sickness, anger or emotion gener-
ally. Homa ya vipindi, recurrent
(or, intermittent) fever. K. cha hasira,
a fit of anger. (Cf. pinda, v., turn,
and pindi, upindi, kitambo, saa.)

Kipindo, n. (vi-), a. wrapper, esp.
a folding cloth for a corpse before
placing it in the shroud (saanda).
Also, a fold (in a garment), pocket,
purse, &c. (Cf. pinda, upindo, and
kipeto.)

Kipindupindu, n. (vi-), descrip-
tive of a violent seizure, convulsions,

KIPINGILI

161

KIPUMBA

cholera, or other disease, — from its
effect. (Cf. pinda, kipindi, and
wad da.)

Kipingili, n. (vi-), ring marking
a knot or joint in a plant, e. g. in
sugar-cane. Also the part between
two knots or joints, e. g. part of the
leg between the knee and ankle, the
shin. (Cf. pingili.)

Kipingo, n. (vi-), bar, pin, peg
(keeping something in place), barrier,
obstruction. (Ci.pinga, kipingwa,
and follg.)

Kipingu, n. {vi-), dim. of pingu,
a small fetter.

Kipingwa, n.(z/z'-),adoor-bar, bolt.
(Cf. pinga, and syn. komeo, kiwi.)

Kipini, n. (vi-), (i) handk, haft,
holder, — of tools, knife, sword, &c.
(cf. mpini, and for other handles
mkono, utanibo) ; (2) small stud or
button-like ornament, worn on the
nose or ear. (Cf. kipuli, jasi, and
urembo.)

Kipipa, n. (vi-), dim. of pipa,
small barrel, small cask. Kipipa
cha baruti, barrel of gunpowder.

Kipira, n. (vi-), dim. of mpira,
a small ball. Also ? (2) a carpenter's
moulding-plane, k. cha mviringo
(cf. randa), and (3) a projecting
moulding.

Kipito, n. (vi-), a passing by or
through, a way through, passage.
(From pita, v.)

Kipofu, n. and adv. (1) blindness,
a blind person, in a blind state or
way, blindly. Mtoto k., haoni, macho
yake yamepofuka, the child is blind,
he does not see, his eyes are sightless.
K. wa macho, bereft of sight, blind.
Mtn hnyu ana k., this man is blind.
Also (2) for kibofu, a bladder. (Cf.
-pofu, pofnka, and kiziwi, kilema.)

Kipokee, adv. by turns, by taking
turns, e. g. chiikua (twad) kipokee, of
carrying a load, a corpse to the
grave, &c. (From pokea.)

Kipolepole, n. (vi-) and adv. (1)
a kind of butterfly; (2) from -pole,
i. e. in a very slow (calm, gentle) way.

Kipondo, n. (vi-), dim. of pondo,
small pole, esp. of pole for punting,
propelling a canoe in shallow water.
(Cf. pouda, mpondo, and follg.)

Kipondwe, n. (vi-), food consist-
ing of something pounded or crushed,
a mash, e. g. of cleaned grain and
grated cocoanut mixed together in a
mortar {kinu). (From ponda, with
pass, termin. -we.)

Kiponya, n. (vi-), verbal ofponya,
something which preserves or cures,
a remedy. K. cha njaa, the remedy
of hunger, i. e. food.

Kipooza, n. (vi-), verbal of pooza,
paralysis, deadness, a paralysed per-
son, a withered, dried-up thing. Also
adv., in a withered (dead, helpless)
state. (Cf. viapooza.)

Kipopo, n. (vi-), dim. of popo, a
small bat (the animal).

Kipopoo, n. (vi-), dim. of popoo,
a little ball, a round lump, e.g. of
tobacco, sweets, bonbons, &c.

Kipora, n. (vi-), dim. of pora, a
young cockerel.

Kipuku, Kipukupuku, adv. in
showers, in numbers, wholesale, like
leaves falling, e. g. of the effect of an
epidemic in killing people, i.e. mara-
thi ya kipuku (pitkupuku). Watu
zvanakufa kipuku, people are dying
like sheep. (Qi.pukusa, and follg.)

Kipukusa, n. (vi-), also Kipu-
kuba, (1) something shed, cast,
dropped, e. g. horns, but esp. of leaves
or fruit self-detached or early shed.
Also (2) dim. of pukusa, a small
present, esp. of congratulation. (Cf.
follg.)

Kipukute, n. and a. Ndizi ki-
ptikute, also kipukusa, a favourite
species of banana. See Ndizi, and
prec.

Kipuli, n. (vi-), a small trinket,
often crescen^shaped, worn in the
ear as a pendant, ear ornament. (Cf.
a.\so j'asi, shamili, kipini, puliki, and
for other ornaments urembo.)

Kipumba,n. (1) (vi-), also Bumba,
dim. oipumba (bumba), a small clod,

M

KIPUMBTT

162

KIBTJKIA

lump (perh. same as kibumba,
which see) ; (2) n. and adv., a foolish
act, a fool, folly. Kuwa k., to be a
fool. Fanya k., to act as a fool.
(Cf. pumbaa, -pumbafu, zipiwibafu,
which are usual in Z.)

Kipumbu, n. {vi-), scrotum. (Cf.
pumba, pumbu.)

Kipumziko, n. (vi-), act (place,
time, means, &c.) of taking rest,
resting-place, recreation time, refresh-
ment, relief. (From pu??izika, pn-
muzi, pumu. Cf. baridi, maburudu^)

Kipungu, n. name of a fish, and
also of a bird of prey.

Kipunguo, n. {vi-), act (case,
means, &c.) of lessening, diminution,
defect, deficiency, short allowance.
(From pungua. Cf. -pungiifu, upu-
nguo.)

Kipupa, n. and adv., unseemly
haste, greediness, over-eagerness. K.
cha kula, and kula k. (or kwa k.),
voracious eating. (Cf. pupa.)

Kipupwe, n. the cold season, i.e.
June, July, and August (when the
barometer in Z. falls at nights to 75
or even 70 ), cold weather. See
Mwaka and Pembe.

Kipusa, n. {vi-), same as kipu-
kusa, which see.

Kipwa, n. {vi-), rock, dry patch
(left by receding tide), a shallow
place. (C{.pwa,pwani,mapwaji.)

*Kirahi,n. also Ekerahi, Ikirahi,
being offended, disgust, aversion,
causing offence, provocation, insult.
(Ar. Cf. kiriki.)

Kiraka, n. and adv., a piece, spot,
patch different from the rest or the
surroundings, colour in spots or
patches, e.g. nguo ya k., patched,
ragged clothes. Mapwaji ya k.,
patches left by receding tide. Kira-
karaka, anything variegated, mottled,
dappled, speckled, spotted, e. g. of
birds and animals. (Cf. raka, doa,
kipaku.)

Kirembo, n. {vi-), anything orna-
mental, esp. of personal adornment.
(Cf. tirembo, remba, and pamba.)

*Kiri, v. acknowledge, admit, ac-
cept, assent, state formally, confess,
allow, aver, ratify. Often in legal
documents, e.g. nimekiri nimekubali
kwamba, I do hereby formally ac-
knowledge and agree that, &c. K.
makosa, confess offences. K. deni,
admit a debt. Ps. kiriwa. Nt.
kirika. Ap. kir-ia, -iwa. Cs.

kir-isha, -ishwa, e.g. obtain formal
consent, extract confession, allow
ratification, &c. Rp. kiriana.

(Ar. Cf. kubali, ithini, ztfigama.)

*Kiriba, n. {vi-), water-skin, i.e.
the skin of an animal made into a
bag, and used for carrying water.
(Ar., the ki belonging to the root, as
in kitabu.)

*Kirihi, v. (1) loathe, hate, abo-
minate, feel aversion (disgust, dislike,
&c.) ; (2) give offence, provoke, in-
sult, disgust, treat disrespectfully, &c.
Ps. kirihiwa. Nt. kirihika. Cs.
kirih-isha, -ishwa, e.g. offend, aggra-
vate, exasperate. (Ar. Cf. ekerahi,
kirahi, makeruhu, and syn. chukia,
chukiza, kasifisha.)

Kirimba, n. (vi-), cage (for bird
or animal). Also describes a meat-
safe. (Cf. kitundu, tundu, kizi-
mba.)

*Kirimu, v. also Kerimu, Kari-
mu, treat hospitably, entertain, feast,
give a present (to). Tumkirimu
mgeni, let us entertain our guest.
Amemkirimu ng'ombe, he has made
him a present of an ox. Ps. kiri-
miwa. Nt. kirimika. Ap. ki-
rim-ia, -iwa, e.g. make a present to,
be generous to. Cs. kirim-isha,
-ishwa. (Ar. Cf. karamu, kara-
ma, -karimu, — also karibisha,pokea.)

Kiroboto, n. {vi-), flea. Formerly
used as a nickname for irregular
Arab soldiery at Z.

Kiroja, n. {vi-), same as kioja,
which see.

Kirukanjia, n. {vi-), name of a
kind of mouse. (Cf. panya.)

Kirukia, n. {vi-), name of a climb-
ing plant.

KIRUNGU

163

KISHOGO

Kirungu, n. (vt-jj dim. of rungu
(lungu), a small club, knob-kerry.

*Kisa, n. (vi-), (i) story, account,
report, history, narrative ; (2) state-
ment of case, reason alleged, cause,
explanation ; (3) affair, matter, busi-
ness, subject of report. E.g. nipe k.
chako, tell me your story, i.e. all
about yourself. Visa vingi, many
stories, a complicated business, end-
less difficulties. Hakumfanyiza k.
hatta kimoja, he did nothing what-
ever to hurt him. (Ar. Cf. hadithi,
habari, neno.) Also (4) like kiini,
the innermost part, e.g. kisa cha koko,
the kernel inside a stone (of fruit).

Kisaga, n. (vi-), a dry measure of
about a quart, equal to two kibaba
or half a pishi. Nimempimia ki-
saga cha mahindi, I have measured
him a quart of maize. (2) ? a weevil.
(Cf. saga.)

*Kisahani, n. (vi-), dim. of sa-
hani, a small dish, saucer. (Ar.
Cf. chombo, chungu.)

Kisasa, n. and adv., a thing of the
present day, a modern fashion, what
is up to date. Vao la k. , fashionable
dress ; maneno ya k. , current phraseo-
logy- (Cf- sasa, and contr. kikale,
kale.)

*Kisasi, n. (vi-), also Kasasi, ven-
geance, revenge, retaliation, requital,
compensation for harm done, damages.
Toa (lipa) k., suffer vengeance, pay
(for harm done). Toza (lipiza, twaa)
k., take revenge on, retaliate upon,
extort compensation for. Twaa k.
cha ndngu, avenge a brother.

*KIsetiri, n. (vi-), and Kisitiri,
a cover, screen, screening wall, para-
pet, partition, hiding place, retiring
place, closet. (Ar. Cf. setiri, stara,
kifuniko, kificho, kiwa?nbaza.)

Kisha, adv. and Kiisha, after-
wards, moreover, in fine. See Ki-
isha, and Isha.

*Kishada, n. (vi-), dim. of shada,
(1) tassel, bow, rosette; (2) a small
cluster or bunch, e.g. of beads on
strings, bunch of flowers, or fruit,

nosegay, &c. ; (3) a tailless kite.
(Ar.)

Kishaufu. n. (vi-), anything showy,
bit of finery, trinket, personal orna-
ment. (Cf. shaua, kipambo, ki-
rembo.)

Kishenzi, n. and adv., anything of
a barbarous, rude, uncivilized kind,
esp. barbarous language, up-country
dialect, -a k., barbarous, uncivilized.
(Cf. -shenzi, ushenzi, and contr. ki-
ungwana.)

Kishiku, n. (vi-), stump of a tree,
log. (Cf. shiku, kisiki, kigogo.)

Kishimo, n. and adv. (vi-), dim.
of shimo, a little pit, hole, under-
ground passage, sudden fall, precipice.
(Cf. genge, tundu, chimbo.)

Kishina, n. name of a dance
(itgoma). Also dim. of shina.

Kishinda, n. (vi-), verbal from
shinda (which see) in various senses,
(1) that which conquers, baffles, is
too much for another, e. g. watu
hawa ni vishinda waganga, these
people are a match for the medicine
men. (2) A residue, a remainder,
esp. of what is left in a vessel, dry or
liquid, a quantity less than half of
the content, e.g. kishinda cha maji
mtungini, of a water-jar less than
half full. Also a vague measure,
a suitable amount for pounding in
a mortar (kinu), e.g. vishinda vi-
ngapi umetia ? How many measures
have you put in ? Kinu tele ni ki-
shinda kimoja, one measure makes
a full mortar, i.e. enough to pound
at one time. (Cf. shinda, shindika.
Perh. kisinda is the same word.)

Kishindo, n. and adv. (vi-), dim.
of shindo, shock, blow, outburst,
sudden noise, sound of steps (guns,
blows, &c), an agitation, a sensation.
Habari ina k., news always comes
with a kind of shock. (Cf. shinda,
shindo, mshindo.)

Kishogo, n. (vi-), nape of the
neck, back of the head. Kifo ni
karibu, ni kishogoni mwako, death is
near, it is close behind you. Aku-

M 2

KISHOKA

164

KISUA

paye kishogo si mwenzio, he who I
turns his back on you is not your
friend. (Cf. kogo } kikosi.)

Kishoka, n. (vi-), dim. of shoka,
a small axe.

Kishoroba, n. (vi-), dim. of sho-
roba (which see).

*Kishubaka, n. (vz-), dim. of shu-
baka, a small recess, niche, pigeon-
hole, loop-hole.

Kisbungi, n. (w'-),dim. oishungi,
(i) a small tuft of hair, crest of
feathers, plume ; (2) ends of a cloth,
lappet, fringes. (Cf. matamvua.)

Kishwara, n. (vz-), a loop of rope,
used to hold an oar (like a rowlock)
in a boat, or to lift by. (Cf. ki-
tanzi, and shalaka.)

Kisi, v. (t) also Gisi, consider
critically, estimate, calculate, make
a guess, form an opinion on, guess.
K. maneno, weigh a statement. K.
mtama, set a value on (judge the
price of) millet (cf. fikiri, kadiri,
bahatisha, hesabu). (2) As nautical
term, shift, make a change in. K.
mtanga, shift the sail over, tack, put
about. (Cf. pindua, bisha.) Seldom
in deriv. forms.

Kisibau, n. (vz-), a waistcoat,
worn open in front. Described as k.
cha mikono, i.e. sleeved; k. cha ki-
kwapa, or cha kwapa, i. e. sleeveless, —
the usual kind, k. cha vitana, i.e.
lined; k. cha kufnta, i.e. in common
plain style. Made of all kinds of
materials and colours, and worn over
the kanzu.

Kisigino, n. (vz-), heel, elbow,
further distinguished as k. cha mguu,
and k. cha mkono. (Cf. kifundo,
kiweko.)

Kisiki, n. (vz-), log, stump, trunk
of fallen tree. (Cf. kishikzi, gogo,
shina.)

Kisikusiku, adv. and n., at night,
in the dark. (Cf. usiku, szku.)

Kisima, n. (vz-), well, water-
hole, water-pit, place where water
is drawn. (Perh. altered from Ar.
kathima.)

Kisimi, n. (vz-), clitoris. (Cf.
simika.)

Kisinda, n. (vz-), and ? Kishinda,
Kizinda, hymen. Weka k., preserve
virginity. Tomoa k., deprive of vir-
ginity. (Cf. bikira.)

Kisirani, n. also Kisarani, Kasa-
rani, used of what is awkward, un-
pleasant, causing difficulty, &c, e.g.
(1) mishap, unfortunate incident,
hitch, awkward meeting, &c. ; (2)
ill-humour, awkward temper, grudg-
ing, rancour, caprice, spite, &c. Piga
k., make a hitch, cause a difficulty.
Sina k. moyoni mwatzgu, I am quite '
agreeable. (Cf. kifundo, hitilafu,
kimoyo.)

Kisiwa, n. (vz-), an island. (Cf.
siwa, a large island.)

Kisombo, n. (vz-), a dish of beans,
cassava, &c, beaten or mashed up
into a thick soup or paste. (Cf.
kipondwe, kibumbwi, viseto^)

Kisongo, n. (vz-), act (mode,
means, &c.) of twisting, esp. an
instrument for twisting, whether
wood or metal, tourniquet, — also
that used in rope-making, turned by
the kileti, and itself attached to the
rope. (Cf. songa.)

Kisonono, n. gonorrhoea, —
various phases being distinguished as
k. cha mkojo (urine), k. cha usaha
(pus, matter), and k. cha damzi
(blood). (Cf. sonotzeka.)

Kisozi, n. (vz-), name of a small
bird (Str.).

Kisu, n. (vz-), a knife, of any sort,
often used with such verbs as toa, take
out, draw, tza, apply, noa, sharpen,
futika, stick in the girdle, put
up, and a. -kali, sharp, butu, blunt,
dull. Wave kisu, sisi nyama, you
are the knife, we are the victims, i. e.
do what you will with us. K. cha
kukunja, a pocket-knife, a clasp-
knife. (Cf. Jisu, kijiszi, also ja-
mbia, shembea, kotama, kijembc.)

Kisua, n. (1) a kind of fine cloth,
used as a turban, a kind of kitambi,
also called bura. Nimekwisha ku-

KISUGULU

165

KITANDA

jipajiiba ktva kisua na selaha, I have
finished arraying myself with a turban
and weapons. Also (2) to describe
a person well dressed, of striking
appearance, yeye ni kisua kuivako
duniani, he is a fine figure, if there
is one in the world.

Kisugulu, n. (vi-), mound, heap
of earth. (Seldom heard, ? a Yao
word for ant-hill.)

Kisuli, n. and adv., also Kizuli,
giddiness. See Kizuli.

Kisusi, n. (vi-), one of the smaller
slopes of a thatched roof, running up
under the edge of the larger. (Cf.
paa, kipaa.)

Kisusuli, n. (1) a kind of kite
(cf. shada, buratangi, tiara) ; (2)
anything whirling about, and dazing
the eye, a whirling gust, a windmill.
(Perh. a redupl. form = kisulisuli,
and so cf. kisuli, sulika, maszia.)

Kisutu, n. (vi-), a large piece of
printed calico, forming a woman's
dress in Z. In commerce, 'scarves,' of
plain colour, red, blue, white, &c.
K. cha Mombee, of Indian manu-
facture, k. cha Ulaya, of European.
(Cf. shiti and nguo.)

Kitaa, n. (vi-), dim. of mtaa, dis-
trict, quarter, parish. K. cha i?namu,
the district allotted to a Mahommedan
minister.

*Kitabu, n. {vi-), a book. (Ar.,
the ki being part of the root. Cf.
mkataba, katiba, katabahu, and syn.
msahafu, chuo.)

Kitakataka, n. (vi-), a particle of
dust, a speck of dirt, a very small
(trifling, worthless) thing, a mote.
(From taka, n. Cf. takasa,takaiifu.)

Kitakizo, n. end-piece, at head
and foot of a native bedstead (ki-
tanda, which see).

Kitako, n. and adv. (1) part of
the body between the buttocks (ma-
tako), the fork of the legs ; (2) as adv.,
on the base, or lower end, e. g. weka
pipa k., set the barrel on its end.
Kaa k., (1) sit down, take a seat, in
the native way, — the usual expression,

— also (2) remain settled, settle,
reside. (Cf. tako )

Kitale, n. (vi-), a young cocoanut
in the second stage of development,
between a kidaka and a dafu. See
Nazi.

Kitalu, n. (vi-), a stone fence,
walled enclosure, wall (of a yard,
court, &c).

Kitambaa, n. (vi-), a piece of cloth
or calico, a strip or scrap of any kind
of textile fabric for any use, a small
cloth, e. g. napkin, towel, duster,
handkerchief, bandage, tablecloth,
— often with a defining phrase, k.
cha meza (cha kuftitia mikono, cha
kupangusia, &c). (Cf. kitambi,
iitambi, tambi, kitambo, ta?nbo, tam-
baa, utambaa, mtambo, tamba, and
others, which however do not seem
referable to one root-meaning. See
Tamba.)

Kitambi, n. (vi-), (1) a length or
piece of cloth, usually of the kind
used for head-wear, as a kind of
turban, — defined as k. cha kilemba,
— also worn round the waist, and as
a loincloth. (2) K. cha tambo, the
mesenteric membrane. (Cf. iollg.
and kitambaa?)

Kitambo, n. and adv. (1) a piece,
a little — often of time, a short
period, e. g. alikaa k. or mtida k.,
he remained a short time. K. kidogo,
after a little, soon, presently (cf.
kipandc, kidogo, and kitambaa). (2)
Also of stature, length, a certain
length or height, — mtu wa k., a man
of some height, a tall man. (Cf.
tambo, pande.)

Kitana, n. (vi-), a small comb.
(Cf. tana, chanuo, shamto.)

Kitanda, n. (vi-), a wooden frame
for stretching something on, esp. a
native bedstead, i.e. a frame con-
sisting of two^ide-pieces (infumbati),
two end-pieces (kitakizo), resting on
four legs (tendegu, via-), and with
cord of cocoanut fibre or plaited
grass-strips interlaced across it. The
head is called mchago, the space

KITANDIKO

166

KITEMBWE

underneath (2 ft. to 3 ft. from the
ground) mvungu. Usually a mat
only (mkeka) is spread on it, some-
times a mattress (godoro) and pillows
(into). Kitanda cha mfumi, a wea-
ver's frame, a loom, parts and instru-
ments of which are mdoshi, faraka
or mfariki, marufaa, kashabu, niladi.
(Cf. tanda, tandika, and for other
kinds of bedstead, ulili, samadari.)

Kitandiko, n. (vi-), a spreading,
a thing spread, a mantle, anything
worn as a covering. (Cf. tanda,

kitanda, tandiko.)

Kitanga, n. {vi-), (1) a small piece
of matting, usually circular, used as
a praying mat (cf. msald), to lay out
food on, or goods for sale. Muungu
hufufua nyama kitangani, God saves
even animals at the place of slaughter.
(2) The palm of the hand, k. cha
mkono. (3) The scale or pan of a
balance, k. cha mizani. (4) A kind
of dance, k. cha pepo (cf. ngoma).
(Cf. tanga, n. and v.)

Kitango, n. (vi-), (1) gadding
about, idling, loitering (cf. tanga, v.),
e. g. hana kitango, he is no idler, he
sticks to his work, he is steady. (2)
Dim. of tango, a kind of small cucum-
ber. (3) A bit of string, lace, shoe-
lace, tuft on a mattress, used for fas-
tening things up or together.. (? Cf.
changa, mchango.)

Kitanguo, n. (vi-), act (means,
way, &c.) of abolishing, doing away,
bringing to nothing. (Cf. tangua,
mtangtw.)

*Kitani, n. flax, string, linen.
(Ar. See Katani.)

Kitanitani , adv. on the back , back-
wards, — of position. (Cf. tamia,
stretch out, spread out, and kichali.)

Kitanzi, n. (vi-), dim. of tanzi,
small loop, noose, halter, snare, gin,
e. g. loop for a button, snare for ani-
mals or birds. (Cf. tanzi.)

Kitao, n. (vi-), dim. of tao (which
see), a small curved (arched, bent)
thing. K. cha pingu, the ring of
fetters.

Kitapo, n. shivering, shaking,
trembling, quivering, — from cold,
fear, illness, &c, e. g. the cold stage
of fever, kitapo cha homa. (Cf.
tapa, e. g. mwili wanitapa, my body
shakes.)

Kitara, n. (vi-), a curved sword,
scimitar. (Cf. upanga, sime,jambia.)
(?Hind.)

Kitasa, n. (vi-), (1) a box-, door-,
or cupboard-lock (cf. kufuli, a pad-
lock), a buckle, fastening of a belt ;
(2) dim. of tasa, small metal pot.

Kitata, n. (vi-), (1) tangle, com-
plication, mess (cf. tata); (2) a splint
(for bandaging a broken limb, &c).
(Cf. kigango.)

Kitatange, n. a bright-coloured
sea fish with spines, a sea porcupine
(Str.).

Kitawa, n. and adv., devout life
(act or character), in a religious way.
Nguo za k., dress of a devotee, habit
of a monk, &c. Fanya k., act as a
devotee. Kaa k., lead a secluded
life. (Cf. tawa, utatva.)

Kitawi, n. dim. of tawi, a small
branch, twig, cutting, bunch or cluster
of fruit on a stem ; (2) a kind of
weed ; (3) a tool used in weaving.

Kitaya, n. jaw (cf. tayd). Hatamu
yatiwa kitayani, the bridle is attached
to the jaw.

Kite, n. (1) a cry of pain, a moan,
a groan. JPiga kite, give a groan.
(2) Trust, liking, affection. Hana
kite naye, he has no liking for him,
he does not trust him.

Kitefutefu, n. also Kitetefu,
sobbing, as before or after crying.
(Cf. kikeukeu.)

Kiteku,n. an iron tool, — for break-
ing up floors, digging up stones, &c,
a pickaxe. (Cf. tekua.)

Kitembe, n. and adv., a defect in
speech, a lisp, thick utterance. JPiga
(sema) kitembe, speak with a lisp, in
a thick indistinct way, as if there
was something in the mouth. (Cf.
utembe.)

Kitembwe, n. (vi-), a vegetable

KITENDAWILI

167

KITORIA

fibre. (Cf. titembwe, also uzi, mzizi,
ugomba, nnanasi, &c.)

Kitendawili, n. (vi-), riddle,
enigma, puzzle, charade, conundrum.
The common word for propounding
a riddle is tega, e. g. Kitendawili !
Here's a riddle ! Tega ! Out with
it ! Nyttmba yangu kubwa, haina taa,
my house is large, but has no lamp.
(Ans.) Kaburi, the grave. (? From
ki-tenda-wili, i. e. pili, acting in two
ways.)

Kitendo, n. (vi-), act, deed, ex-
ploit. (Cf. te7ida i tendo, titendaji,
Sec.)

Kitengele, n. (vi-), also Kichen-
gele, stripe, band of colour, &c.
(Cf. more usual mfuo, mlia.)

Kitengenya, n. (vi-), ? name of a
bird.

Kiteo, n. (vi-), dim. of uteo, a
small flat basket used for sifting.
(Cf. ungo, and tunga, more usual
in Z.)

Kitete, n. (vi-), small hollow reed,
small pipe. (Cf. titete.)

Kitetemo, n. (vi-), trembling,
quivering, shaking, quaking. (Cf.
tetema, and kitapo, tikisika.)

*Kithiri, v. get to be more, do in
addition, cause to be more, increase,
grow. Mtende wnekithiri kuzaa, the
date tree has borne more than ever.
Ap. kithir-ia, -iwa, e. g. kukithi-
riwa mapenzi, to be loved more
than others. Cs. kithiri-sha, -shwa,
make more, increase, &c. (Ar.

Cf. syn. zidi, more usual in Z.)

Kiti, n. (vi-), a native stool, seat.
Hence a seat or chair of any kind.
K. cha kifalme, a throne. K. cha
frasi, a saddle (cf. seruji). (Cf.

keti, and perh. mti, kijiti, kiti.)

Kitimbi, n. (vi-), also Kitimfi,
a mischievous act, trick, artifice,
stratagem. (Cf. timfi, and syn.
hi la.)

*Kitimiri, n. (i) name of the dog
in the Seven Sleepers story; (2) name
of an evil spirit. The consonants are
sometimes written as a kind of charm

on letters to ensure safe delivery.
(Ar.)

Kitinda, n. (vi-), verbal of tinda
(i.e. the root of tindika). Kitinda
mimba, the last, youngest child, lit.
the ending of conception.

Kitisho, n. (vi-), terrifying, some-
thing terrifying, a terror, a menace,
a fearful thing, an overwhelming
danger. (Cf. tisha, tisho, titisho,
and syn. a/a, kioja.)

Kititi,n. and adv. (1) dim. oititi,
nipple (of the breast) ; (2) a small
hare, leveret; (3) kititi cha bahari,
the depths of the sea. As adv. (1)
fully, wholly, altogether, all at once ;
(2) straight up, upright, in an erect
position. Genge limesimama k., the
cliff rose up perpendicularly. Mti
u/nesimika k., the tree stood straight
up, was perpendicular.

Kitiwanga, n. chicken-pox, — also
called titiwanga, and tete kwanga.
(Cf. ndui.)

Kito, n. (vi-), a precious stone,
gem, jewel. (Cf. johari, fusfus.)

Kitobwe, n. (vi-), hole — e. g. one
bored by an insect or tool, dimple on
the chin. (Cf. toboa, — pass, form
in -e, and syn. kitundu.)

Kitoma, n. (vi-), a small round
pumpkin, the outer rind or shell of
which is dried, hollowed out, and
used as a vessel for liquids ; (2) de-
scriptive of orchitis, hydrocele. (Cf.
boga, pumpkin, — usual in Z.)

Kitone, n. (vi-), dim. of tone, a
small drop (of liquid), a small spot.
Kanga ni ndege wa vitone-tone, the
guinea-fowl is a speckled bird.

Kitongo, adv. sideways, ob-
liquely. Tazatna kitongolongo, look
askance. (Cf. tongoza, kitongoji,
and syn. upande, jnshathari.)

Kitongoji, n. (vi-), small village,
hamlet. IWete walio nje mashamba
vitongojini, all who were out in the
country villages. (Cf. tongoza,

kitongo, and syn. kijiji.)

Kitoria, n. (vi-), edible fruit of
the mtoria (a kind of Landolphia).

KITOTO

168

KITWA

Eitoto, n. and adv. {vi-), dim. of
mtoto, a small child, baby, like a
child, foolishly.

Kitovu, n. (vi-), the navel, the
umbilical cord.

ELitoweo, n. (vi-), and Kitoeo,
anything eaten as a relish with other
food, — meat, fish, curry, &c, — the
third common ingredient being m-
chuzi, gravy. (Cf. toweza, and

kiwigo.)

Kitu, n. (vi-), (i) a thing, esp.
a sensible, material object, but also
what is an object to the mind ; (2)
substance, what a thing is made of,
matter. Mtu ni k., lakini si k., a
man may be regarded as a thing, but
he is not (only) a thing. Pana k.
hasira ? Is there such a thing as
anger? Si k„ it is nothing, no mat-
ter (cf. haithurti, mamoja). Ha-
pana k., there is nothing, nothing at
all, nought. K. gani hicho? What
is that ? K. chake ni chuma, its
substance is iron. (Cf. mtu, and
utu. The idea of ' substance ' is
often conveyed by the abstract forms
beginning with -tt, and nyama is
also used, chiefly of organic sub-
stances.)

Kitua, n. (vi-), (1) a small tree,
shrub, bush, branch; (2) shade of
a tree, shaded spot. Tuketi kituani,
let us sit in the shade. (Not usual
in Z., cf. kijiti, kivuli, which are the
common words.)

Kituko, n. (vi-), a feeling (object,
cause, &c.) of fear, a terror, horror,
fright, alarm. E. g. inatia watu
vituko vya Zio/u, it causes people
alarm. Mtu yuna (avuingiwa no)
kituko, the man is frightened. Vi-
tuko vikutishavyo , terrors which
alarm you. (Cf. tukia, tukio, of
incident, accident, and so special
sensational alarming occurrence. Or
cf. shtuka (stuka, situka), shtuko,
of what is startling, alarming. For
syn. cf. kitisho, kioja, a/a.)

Kitulizo, n. (vi-), a quieting in-
fluence, a soothing force, a comfort,

relief, anodyne. (From tua, tuliza.
Cf. ututulivu,faraja, baridi.)

Kitumba, n. (vi-), dim. of m-
tumba, tumba, (1) a small bag, case,
cover ; (2 ) a small bud. Gunia ni k.
cha Hindi, a gunia is an Indian bag.

Kitumbo, n. and adv. (1) dim. of
tumbo, small stomach, protuberance,
swelling ; (2) obesity, a large abnor-
mal stomach (cf. kikono, kiguu, of
malformation or maiming); (3) as
an adv., lata k., lie stomachwise, on
the stomach. (Cf. tumbua, m-
tumba, ? mtumbwi.)

Kitumbua, n. (vi-), a small pan-
cake, a fritter. (Cf. prec.)

Kitumwa, n. and adv. {vi-), (1)
dim. of mtumwa, a little slave ; (2)
service, what is servile or degrading.
Fanya k., act as a slave, -a k., of a
slavish, servile kind. (Cf. tuma,
mtumwa, &c.)

Kitunda, n. {vi-), (1) dim. of
tunda, a small fruit; (2) a chess
pawn (Str.).

Kitunga, n. {vi-), dim. of tunga,
a small round flat basket.

Kitunguu, n. {vi-), an onion.
Kitunguu somu, garlic. {Stem is

Ar. for garlic.)

Kituo, n. {vi-), (1) stopping,
resting, cessation, respite, remission,
quiet; (2) a stopping-place, encamp-
ment, time for rest, stage in a journey ;
(3) a stop, a pause (e.g. in talking,
music, &c), a note of punctuation,
end of a sentence. Roho yake haina
k., his spirit is always uneasy. Hana
k., he is always on the move (cf. opp.
kitangd). Maneno yasiyo na k., talk
without breaks or pauses. Figa
kituo, form an encampment. Ki-
swahili hakina k., the Swahili lan-
guage has no fixed standard. (Cf.
tua, utulivu, tuo, and simama, pu-
7>izika.)

Kitupa, n. (vi-), dim. of (1) tupa
(i.e. chupa in Z.), a small bottle,
phial, flask; also of (2) tupa, a
small file.

Kitwa, n. {vi-), usually in Z.

KITWANA

169

KITJNGTJJA

sounded more as kichwa (which
see), head.

Kitwana, n. (vi-), a boy or youth
of the slave class. Dim. of mtwana,
and contr. kijakazi, a slave girl.

Kiu, n. absence of water, drought,
want of water, thirstiness, thirst.
Kuwa na k., kuona k:, to be thirsty.
Komesha k., quench thirst. K. ya
maji, lack of water.

Kiua, n. (vi-), (i) verbal from
ua, v., that which kills; (2) dim. of
ua, a small enclosure, or, a small
flower. Also (3) name of a fish
(perh. from (1)) ; (4) an eyelet-hole
(Str.).

Kiuaji,n. (vi-), something that kills,
a fatal, deadly thing, i.e. kitu cha
kafisha, e. g. beast of prey, snake,
poison, fire-arms. (Cf. ua, v.)

Kiuka, v. step over, get (leap,
pass, jump) over, surmount. (Cf.

kia, chupa, and more usual in Z.
ruka, vuka.)

Kiuma, n. (vi-, — contr. vyama, as
plur. of chuma), (1) anything that
bites, pierces, stings, hurts (cf. k.
mbuzi, the goat-biter, as name of
a kind of lizard ; k. inzi, the fly-biter,
name of an insect) ; (2) esp. a small
pointed or pronged instrument, a
fork, an insect's sting. (Cf. tana,

n. and v.)

Kiumbe, n. (vi-), a created thing,
a creature, but usually limited to the
rational, or at least animate creation.
E. g. pana nyama wawili na k. ki-
moja, there are two animals and one
man. Mti umeumbwa kuwa k., la-
kini si k., na nyama si k., mtu ni
k., a tree is a creature like a kiumbe,
but it is not strictly a kiumbe, nor
is an animal a kiunibe, but only man.
(Cf. uviba, umbo, mautnbile, — and
pass, termin. -e.)

Kiumbizi, n. (vi-), name of a kind
of dance with sticks. (Cf. ngoma.)

Kiume, n. and adv. (seldom viume
in plur. for usual -a kiume and
ndume), a male, something of the
male kind, manly behaviour (bear-

ing, fashion, way, proceeding, &c),
courage, strength, prudence, spirit,
heroism. Watoto wq k., boys.
Fanya k., act like a man, show
spirit, be brave. Sauti ya k., a bass,
deep voice. Vaa k., wear a man's
clothes, dress as a man. — a.
from -ume, agreeing with kitu, e. g.
kijana kiume, a young man. (Cf.
-ume, kuume, ndume, ume, and contr.
kike.)

Kiunga, n. (vi-), (1) suburb of
a town, suburban residence, out-
skirts, place adjacent. Ana k. chake
na nyumba yake mjini, he has an
estate (garden) in the suburbs, and a
house in the town. Akaa kiungoni,
he lives in the outskirts of the town.
The kiunga is often an orchard,
fruit or pleasure garden (contr. sha-
mba which is general, and more in the
country). (2) Name of a fish. (Cf.
unga, kiungo.)

Kiungo, n. (vi-), (1) act (method,
means, &c.) of joining, a joining,
link, connecting part, connexion,
amalgamation. Hence (2) a joint of
the animal frame, a member of the
body, i. e. kiungo cha mwili. Vi-
tiligo vimeachana, the joints have
come apart. Also achana viungo,
loosen the joints, of a man lying at
ease, — so too jitupa viungo, of a
sprawling attitude. Makuti ya ki-
ungo, or ya viungo, cocoanut leaves
prepared for use as thatch. See
Kuti. (3) Something which seasons,
gives a taste or relish to, food, e. g.
sauce, pickle, salt, vinegar, &c,
i. e. mchuzi, achali, c/iumvi, siki.
(Cf. unga, v.)

Kiunguja, n. and adv., the dialect
of Swahili used in Zanzibar city and
neighbourhood, as contrasted with
the kindred dialects of the coast
(kimrima), of 'Mombasa (kimvita),
and Lama (kiamu). Kiunguja is
also used in contrast with kiswahili,
with reference to points in which the
Zanzibar use is different from all or
most of the kindred dialects. (A

KIUNGULIA

170

KIWAMBAZA

native will often say Kiswahili hilo,
si kiunguja, that word is Swahili,
but it is not used in Zanzibar, e. g.
the word chaka for ' hot season.')
As adv., ' of the Zanzibar kind.' (Cf.
Unguja, and the Preface to Sacleux,
Dictionnaire Francais- Swahili. )

Kiungulia, n. stomachic disorder
causing eructation or belching, heart-
burn, — also k. cha moyo. (Cf.
ungua, and for the symptoms,
cheuka.)

Kiunguza, n. (vi-), and similarly
Kiunguzo, something which burns,
causes the sensation of burning, — as
fire, acid, &c. (Cf. ungual)

Kiungwana, adv. of a gentle-
manly, civilized, educated kind
(style, fashion, character, &c), in
a way becoming a free man. Mw-
anamke wa k., a lady (by birth
or manners). -a kiungwana, gen-
tlemanly, courteous, &c. Cf. phrase
hajambo ya kiungwana, i. e. he is
quite well enough to work, if he
chooses. (Cf. -ungwana.)

Kiuno, n. (vi-), loin, flank, waist,
the part just above the hips (nyonga),
and groin (nena). In building, an
abutment. Jambia kiunonina bakora
mkononi, dagger at waist and stick in
hand.

Kiunza, n. (vi-), a board laid
over a corpse, when placed in a
grave, — also called mlango wa maiti,
the dead man's door. Sometimes
bamboos or sticks are so used.

Kiunzi, n. (vi-), a wooden frame
or structure, esp. of shipwrights'
work, the hull of a vessel, — the chief
native example of construction in
wood. (Cf. unda, mwnnzi.)

Kivi, n. (vi-), elbow. (Cf.

kisigino.)

Kivimba, n. (vi-), and similarly
Kivimbe (or -i), a swelling, a pro-
tuberance, girth, circumference, big-
ness of anything round. K. cha
mti, girth of a tree. (Cf. vii?iba,

and mzingo.)

Kivukizo, n. (vi-), act of burning

incense, fumigation, substance used
in fumigation. (Cf. vukiza.)

Kivuko, n. (vi-), act (place, time,
means, &c.) of crossing (e.g. a river,
marsh, &c), crossing - place, ford,
ferry ; also, fee for crossing. K.
kikavu, an isthmus connecting two
pieces of land.' (Cf. vuha.)

Kivuli, n. (vi-), (i) a shade, a
shady place, a shadow; (2) a ghost.
(Cf. mvuli, uvuli, mwavuli.)

Kivumbasi, n. a strong-smelling
herb, used by the natives to keep off
mosquitoes, — a kind of basil. (Cf.
rihani.)

Kivumbi, n. and adv. (vi-), a
particle of dust, like dust, dusty ;
also, a dust- cloud, sand-storm (?).
(Cf. vumbi.)

Kivumi, n. (vi-), also similarly
Kivumo, (1) a rumbling (humming,
buzzing, or roaring) sound, rumble,
hum, buzz, &c. ; (2) a rumour, a
report, bit of gossip, hearsay. (Cf.
vttma, uvumi.)

Kivunjo, n. (vi-), act (means,
way, &c.) of breaking. (Cf. vunja,
mvunjo, &c.)

Kivuno, n. (vi-), a harvest, profit,
something worth having. Ganda la
mua chungu kaona kivuno, a bit of
chewed sugar-cane the ant thought
a prize. (Cf. vuna, and syn. chumo,
faida.)

-kiwa, a. solitary, alone, desolate,
abandoned, outcast (with pfx. m-,
and wa-, of persons, pa- of place,
and u- of things, — nyu?nba ttkiwa,
shamba ukiwa). (Cf. ukiwa, and
upweke, peke yake, -hame.)

Kiwaa, n. (vi-), dim. of waa,
small spot, blotch, patch, stain,
blemish, blot. (Cf. kipaku, ila.)

Kiwamba, n. (vi-), a little frame,
support, prop. Watoto wanaotambaa
na wanaokwendea viwamba, chil-
dren who crawl and who walk with
something to hold to. (Cf. tvamba,
and follg.)

Kiwambaza, n. (vi-), also Kiya-
mbaza, Kiambaza, a wall as made

KIWAMBO

171

KIWIMAWIMA

by natives, i.e. a screen of sticks
fastened to upright poles and filled
up with kneaded earth and stones.
(Cf. wamba, kiwambo, and ukuta.)

Kiwambo, n. (W-),alsoKiyambo,
Kiambo, the act (process, means,
&c.) of making one thing cover
another, and esp. of the thing which
covers, overlays, or is stretched over
another, e. g. the k. of a drum
(ngoma) is the skin strained tightly
over it, ngozi iliyowambiwa ngoma.
K. cha makuti, a screen of cocoanut
leaves. K. cha hitanda, the lacing
of a bed-frame with cord. (Cf.
wamba, hiwambaza.)

Kiwanda, n. (vi-), also Kiwanja,
a plot of ground, used for occupation
rather than cultivation, whether open
or enclosed, i. e. a yard, premises, &c.
uncovered or covered, i.e. a shed, a
workshop, e. g. unipatie k., nataka
kujenga nyumba, get me a piece of
ground, 1 want to build a house.
Hii ilikawa nyumba, imevunjika,
sasa ni k. tu, this was a house, but
it was taken down, and now it is only
a piece of ground. Akatiwa kiwa-
ndani kushona nguo, he was put in
a workshop to learn tailoring. (Cf.
uwanda, tiwanja.)

Kiwango, n. (vi-), (i) number,
a number (cf. wanga, and cheo.
Kiwango is the B. word, but in Z.
represented almost entirely by the
Ar. hesabu and daraja.) (2) Im-
portance, account, dignity, posi-
tion ; (3) behaviour or duties proper
to a position, province, sphere of
action. Ni k. changu kusema, it
is my duty (it is proper for me) to
speak thus. K. cha mtztmwa, the
position of a slave.

Kiwavi, n. (vi-), a nettle, sea
nettle (Str.).

Kiwe, n. (vi-), pimple, vesicle,
pustule, — as on the head after shaving
the hair. (Cf. upele.)

Kiweko, n. (vi-) t also Kiwiko (cf.
tweka, and twika), (1) act, &c. of
placing (see Ki- and Weka), place

for putting, placing, resting, position ;
(2) pedestal, base, rest, socket. Used
of wrist, k. cha mkono, and ankle,
k. cha mguu. (Cf. weko, kisigino,
kifundo.)

Kiwele, n. (vi-), milk-gland of
a female animal, udder.

Kiwembe, n. {vi-), dim. oiuwet)ibe,
a small razor, a knife. (Cf. kisu,
kijembe.)

Kiweo. n. (vi-), thigh, ham, esp.
of animals. (Cf. paja, more usual
in Z.)

Kiwete, n. and adv. (1) lameness,
crippled condition ; (2) a crippled
person, a cripple ; (3) in a lame,
halting, crippled way. Kwenda k.,
walk lamely, -a k., crippled. Yu
k., ana k., he is lame. (Cf. kilema,
kigmt, chechemea.)

Kiwi, n. (vi-), (1) stout stick, bar
of wood, set against a door, inside, as
a fastening, &c. (cf. komeo, pingo) ;
(2) state of being dazzled, dazed,
unable to see clearly, i. e. k. cha
macho. Jua lafanya k. cha macho,
the sun blinds me, dazzles me. Haoni
usiku, ana k., he does not see at
night, his sight is defective.

Kiwiko, n. (vi-). See Kiweko.

Kiwiliwili, n. and adv. (vi-), vari-
ously used as (1) the body in general,
of man, animals, birds, &c, like
mwili\ (2) the main part of the body,
the trunk, i. e. not with the head or
limbs or both ; (3) a part of the
body, member, limb ; (4) bulk, girth,
size (cf. kivimba, unene). Kzizikwa
kwa fisi, si k. tu ? to be buried by
a hyaena, is not that just leaving the
body as it is, no grave at all ? Viwili-
wili vyangu vyote vizima, all my
members are whole. K. chake chapa-
taje? What does its bulk come to?
What does it measure round ? As
adv., in a bodily* form. (Cf. mwi/i.
Dist. -ivili, two, kuzvili, &c.)

Kiwimawima, adv. in an erect
position, upright, perpendicular, steep,
e.g. of a steep hill, precipice. (Cf.
simama, ima, ? wima.)

KIWIMBI

172

KIZTJKA

Kiwimbi, n. and adv. (vi-), dim.
of wimbi, wavelet, ripple, eddy. As
adv., like a wave. Kama viwimbi,
undulating, with ridges, hillocks, &c.

Kiwingu, n. (vi-), dim. of wingu,
a small cloud.

*Kiyama, n. the general resurrec-
tion of the dead, as conceived by
Mahommedans, lit. standing up, rising
up. (Ar. Cf. ufufuo.)

Kiyambasa, n. (vi-). See Kiwa-
mbaza.

Kiyoga, n. (vi-), a mushroom.

Kiyowe, n. (vi-), cry, shout,
scream, esp. of a call for help. Piga
k., cry out for help. (Cf. ukelele,
kilio, kigelegele, ski me.)

Kiza, n. (vi-), more usually giza
in Z., darkness, gloom, dimness, night.
See Giza.

Kizalia, n. (vi-), that which is
born in a given place, home-born,
indigenous, native, e.g. of home-born
slaves. Huyn k. Unguja, this man
was born in Zanzibar. (Cf. mzalia,
zaa, and kikulia, kimelea.)

Kizao, n. (vi-), a product, produc-
tion, offspring. (Cf. zaa, zao.)

Kizazi, n. (vi-), any part or step
in causing birth, or being born, pro-
creation, generation. • Usually (i)
birth, production of offspring, being
born. Haya niliyoandika ya k. cha
Buge, this is my account of the cir-
cumstances of Buge's birth. Ana k.,
he has birth, he is a man of family.
(2) That which is born, a birth, off-
spring, whether individually ' a child,
a young one,' or collectively ' a gene-
ration.' K. hiki, the present genera-
tion. (Cf. zaa, uzazi, ??izazi.)

Kizee, n. (vi-) and adv., (1) an
old person, or thing, esp. an old
woman, crone, hag ; (2) in antiquated
style, old-fashioned. -a kizee, an-
tique, old, old-fashioned (cf. -akikale).
Enda kizee, walk like an old person.
(Cf. -zee, mzee, and perh. zaa.)

Kizembe, n. and adv. (vi-), idling,
slack (remiss, negligent) conduct or
act. (Cf. -zembe, uvivtt, ulegevn.)

Kizibo, n. (vi-), (1) anything used
to stop a hole or opening, a stopper,
plug, cork, bung, &c, and (2) fig. of
what is used merely .for filling a hole,
i.e. stop-gap, padding, temporary ex-
pedient. (Cf. ziba, mzibo.)

Kizimba, n. (vi)-, also Kizimbi,
a cage with bars, coop for fowls, &c.
(Cf. kii'imba, tundn.)

Kizimwe, n. (vi-), also Kizimwi,

( 1 ) something dried up, dead , withered.
Nazi kizimwe, a cocoanut without
milk or nutty substance, dry and
empty (cf. zima and -zimwe).

(2) smut, blight (on cereals, &c.) ;

(3) a fairy, an evil spirit. (Cf.
zimwi, mztmu.)

Kizinga, n. (vi-), dim. of mzinga,
which see.

Kizingiti, n. (vi-), top or bottom
piece of the frame of a door or
window, threshold, sill, lintel; (2)
bar of a river, reef of rocks, natural
dam, weir. Mlango wa k., opening
in a bar or reef, sluice, floodgate.
(Cf. mlango, kimandu, mwimo.)

Kizingo, n. (vi-), turning, wind-
ing, curve, bend, e.g. of a river, road.
-a k., sinuous, winding, roundabout.
Also kizingozingo. (Cf. mzingo,
zinga, zungztka.)

Kizio, n. (vi-), a half of a cocoa-
nut, i. e. kizio cha nazi, and of other
fruit, cut in halves.

Kiziwi, n. (vi-), a deaf person.
(Cf. tikiziwi, and possibly ziba. For
form cf. kipofu, kizee, kibiongo, kile-
ma, &c.)

Kizizi, n. (vi-), small stall, &c.
Dim. of zizi, which see.

Kizua, n. See Mazua.

Kizuio, n. (vi-), and Kizuizo
(and -zi), restraining, keeping back,
restraint, obstruction, hindrance,
stopper. (Cf. zuio, znia, pinga,

vigogoro.)

Kizuka, n. (vi-), (1) something
which appears suddenly, thing seldom
seen, an apparition, phantom, ghost,
portent. Hence (2) fairy, evil spirit,
ghost; (3) and also a widow living

KIZTJLI

173

KOFIA

in seclusion after her husband's death.
(Cf. zuka, kizushi.)

Kizuli, n. also Kisuli, giddiness,
mental confusion. (Cf. zulu, ma-
zua, zulika.)

Kizungu, n. and adv., a European
language, in European style. Sema
k., speak a European language. Vaa
k., wear European dress. -a k.,
European. (Cf. mziingn (wa- and
mi-), and perh. zunguka and follg.)

Kizunguzungu, n. (vi-), giddi-
ness, whirl, i.e. kizunguzungu cha
kichwa, vertigo. Mkondo wa k., an
eddy, whirlpool. Mzungu mambo
yake ni kizungtizungu, a European's
ways makes one's head go round.
(Cf. kizua, mazua, and zunguka,
mzungu?)

Kizushi, n. {vi-), a person or
thing suddenly appearing, i.e. (i)
newcomer, intruder, heretic, revolu-
tionist; (2) novelty, phenomenon,
sensation, apparition. Mwana wa
mtu ni kizttshi, akizuka zuka naye,
i. e. there is no knowing what a man
may do, best follow all his movements.
(Cf. zua, zuka, kizuka, uztishi.)

Kizuu, n. (vi-), a kind of evil
spirit, capable of being employed to
enter houses in the form of rats and
kill people by devouring their livers.
(? Cf. prec. and zua, also see Uchawi.)

-ko is a form of the Demonstr.
Pfx. ku, the (a) either denoting
reference or relative distance, ' there' ;
(b) or else giving it the force of a
relative pronoun, 'where' (see Ku).
Ko (1) forms part of the Demonstr.
adv. huko and kuko, which see ; (2)
affixed to ndi- and Pers. Pfx. and the
verb -wa or its equivalents, has a
demonstrative force usually local,
'there, thence, thither,' e. g.yuko, he is
there. Ndiko aliko, that is where he
is. (3) In verb-forms generally is the
form of relative pronoun agreeing
with the Infin. Mood, and nouns and
pronouns, &c. with the Pfx. ku.
Huko anakokwenda, there where he
is going. Kufa kulikompata, the

death which overtook him. Ko as
a separate word only appears in such
a phrase as ko kote, wherever, under
whatever circumstances. (Cf. huko,
ku, mo,po.)

Koa, n. (1) (ma-), a band of thin
metal plate, esp. as worn for orna-
ment on the neck or arm, e.g. k. la
fetha, a silver armlet ; k. la shingo,
a neck ring (sometimes broadened
into a crescent shape in front) (cf.
ukoa, kikoa, also furungu, kikuku,
and for ornaments generally urembo).
(2) (— , and ma-), a snail, slug. Ule
wa k., the slime of a snail. (Cf.
konokono.)

Kobe, n. (ma-), a land tortoise.
(Cf. kasa, ng'amba. Dist. mkobe, a
wallet.)

Koboa, v. See Goboa.
Kobwe, n. a kind of bean, like
kunde, sold in Z.

Koche, n. (ma-), the edible fruit
of a kind of palm. See Mkochi.

*Kodi, n. rent, tax, customs.
(? Hind. Cf. Ar. ushuru.)

Kodoa, v. esp. with macho, open
the eyes wide, stare, glare. Ap.
kodolea (macho), -ewa, stare at, gaze
at fixedly with eyes wide open.
Kwani kunikodolea macho ? Why are
you staring at me? (Cf. ngariza,
kaza macho?)

Kodwe, n. small stone, used as
a marble in games, — as are korosho
and komzue. (Ci.jiwe, ?nbwe.)

Kofi, n. (ma-), (1) flat of the hand,
the palm extended or upturned ; (2)
a blow with the open hand, slap,
box on the ears ; (3) as much as can
be held on the palm of the upturned
hand. Piga k., (1) slap, box on the
ear, (2) clap the hands. (Cf.

mkono, and for handfull ukufi, kikofi,
chopa, konzi.)

*Kofia, n. ?ap, — in Z. usually a
fez of red cloth, or of white linen,
often elaborately stitched. Used also
of any foreign head-cover. Vaa k.,
put on a cap. Vua k., take off a
cap. (Cf. chapeo.)

KOGA

174

KOLEA

Koga, n. mould, blight, mustiness.
Fanya {ptd) k., get mouldy (blighted).
(Cf. ktitu, kizimwe, and dist. zikoga.)
Also v. for kuoga, bathe. See
Oga.

Kogo, n. the part of the skull
which projects at the back, the back
of the head, occiput. (Cf. kikosi,
kishogo.)

Kohoa, v. cough. Cs. koko-za,
-zwa. Jikohoza, cough on purpose (as
a sham, to attract attention, to de-
ceive a person, &c). (Cf. follg.
and koo.)

Kohooi, n. (ma-) and Kohozi, ex-
pectoration, sputum, phlegm coughed
up. (Cf. prec, and ukohozi, ki-
kohozi, belghamu.)

Koikoi, n. (ma-), a kind of evil
spirit. (Cf. pepo.)

Koja, n. (i) a neck ornament, a
ring with disks or coins attached worn
round the neck (cf. koa, and urembo) ;
(2) a kind of metal pot (cf. kopo,
sufurid) ; (3) see Khoja.

Kojoa, v. urinate, make water.
Ap. kojolea. Kopo (chombo, bakuli)
la kukojolea, chamber-pot. Cs. ko-
josha, e.g. dawa ya kukojosha, a
diuretic. (Cf. follg. and mkojo,

also nya, and Ar. tabawali.)

Kojozi, n. urine (for common
mkojo). Also, that which causes mic-
turition. (Cf. prec.)

Koka, v. set on fire (or ? heap up,
e.g. kokeni mabiwi ya moto, of burn-
ing rubbish). Seldom in Z., for
common tia (or, chomd) moto, washa.
Also koka for kuoka, bake (see Oka,
and cf. koga for kuoga). (Perh. cf.
chocha, and obs. kokoa.)

Koko, n. ( — , and ma-), (1) stone
of a fruit, — the kernel being kiini
(cf. kokwa) ; (2) bush, underwood,
jungle. Mbwa koko, a bush-dog, i.e.
in a semi-wild state. Kaa makoko,
small mud crabs (cf. mkoko). (Dist.
koko for, or plur. of, ukoko.)

Kokoa, v. sweep up, collect to-
gether in a heap, — of dust, rubbish,
&c, i.e. k. matakataka. Ps. koko-

lewa, e.g. mchanga unakokolewa na
maji, the sand is swept away by the
water. (Cf. zoa,fagia.)

Kokomoka, v. belch, vomit vio-
lently, and fig. blurt out, burst out
with. (Cf. bubujika, and tapika.)

Kokota, v. drag, haul, tug at,
pull along, draw. K. gari, draw a
cart (carriage). K. roho, used of
slow painful breathing. K. maneno,
of slow dragging speech, difficult
articulation. K. kazi, work slowly.
Jikokota, move slowly (reluctantly,
&c). Ps. kokotwa. Nt. koko-
teka. Ap. kokot-ea, -ewa, e. g.
kamba za kukokotea, cords to draw
with. Cs. kokot-eza, -ezwa, e.g.
kokoteza kazi, work slowly (whether
from care or laziness). (Contr. ki-
mbiza, and cf. endeleza.) (Cf. -ko-
kotevu, kokoto, and syn. vuta.)

-kokotevu, a. (same with D 5 (S),
D 6) , dragging, dilatory, slow. (Cf.
prec.)

Kokoto, n. (ma-), usu. in plur.
small stones, esp. with reference to
use as material (e.g. makokoto ya
kupigilia, for use in concrete, m. ya
kutomelea, for use in plastering), and
classed according to size, as compared
with common fruits, e.g. makokoto
ya ndimu (lime size), ?n.ya malimau
(lemon size), m. ya nazi (cocoanut
size). (Cf. kokota?)

Kokwa, n. ( — , and ma-), stone —
of a fruit. See Koko (with which it
seems connected).

Kolea, v. (1) put something into
food to give it a taste, season (with),
flavour (with), give a relish to; (2)
be properly seasoned, have a flavour;
and (3) fig. have point (force, mean-
ing). K. samli katika chakula, fla-
vour food with ghee. Ubishi wake
haukukolea, his joke fell flat. Obs.
Cs. form in koleza moto, make up
a fire, make it burn up (with oil,
shavings, &c.) (? cf. koka). (Cf.
follg., also syn. unga, kiungo, and
kitoiveo. Also cf. in Kr. koleza, v.,
seize person or property.)

KOLEKOLE

175

KOMBO

Kolekole, n. name of a large
fish, ? dolphin.

Koleo, n. ( — , and ma-), a smith's
tool for handling his work, i.e. kidude
cha kushikia chuma, a pair of tongs,
e.g. kzizi??ia koleo si mwisho wa
uhunzi, cooling the tongs is not the
end of the job. Also (i) any similar
instrument, pincers, &c. ; (2) notch
in an arrow (held on the string with
the fingers). (Cf. prec.)

*Koli, n. and Kol, a ship's papers.
(? Ar. kid.)

Koma, v. cease, come to an end,
stop, decease. Also sometimes act.,
bring to an end, close. Lisilo m-
ko??ia, hujikoma lilo, what has no
one to end it, ends of itself. tVali-
pokoma nussu ya njia, when they
ended half the journey. Yalipo-
koma magrebi, when evening set in.
Koma usije, stop coming further.
Cs. kom-esha, -eshwa, make stop,
bring to an end, thwart, forbid, kill,
— usually implying some force or
abruptness. Komesha maneno, stop
conversation, cut short a debate.
(Cf. kikomo, ukomo, ?ukoma, and syn.
is ha, nyamaa, tindika.) — n.

{ma-), the edible fruit of a kind of
palm, mkoma (same as koche, a local
name).

Komaa, v. (1) be fully ripe, be full
grown (developed, matured), and so
(2) be past the prime, fall off, begin
to lose powers, decline, become de-
moralized. Cs. komaza, unduly
stimulate, over-excite, make game of,
mock. Usinette nakukomaza, do not
say I am talking improperly with
you. (Cf. pevuka, balehi, -zima.)

Komafi, n. (ma-), fruit of the tree
Mkomafl, which see.

Komamanga, n. (ma-), pome-
granate, the fruit of the mkoma-
manga. (Cf. mkoma, and manga.)

Komba, v. scrape out, hollow out,
clean out. IL.g.k.ngoma, make a drum
(by hollowing it out). K. dafu, scrape
out the nutty part of a cocoanut.
Cf. dafu la kukomba, a cocoanut full

of milk, but beginning to form the
soft nutty substance inside. K. chu-
ngu, clean out a cooking pot. A".
taka (maji, vumbi), clean out dirt
(water, dust). K. mtu mali, clear a
man out of his money, ruin, im-
poverish. Ps. kombwa. Nt. ko-
mbeka, be cleaned or cleared out.
Ap. komb-ea, -ewa, — also komb-elea,
-elewa, -eleka, -elesha, -eleshwa, e. g.
ameko?nbeleka mali, he has lost every
penny he had. Kombelesha mchuzi
kwa wali, sop up the gravy with the
rice. Cs. komb-esha, -eshwa. (Cf.
ukombe, kombo, kombe, kikombe,
komba, kikomba, kombeo, komboa, and
? ktimba.)

Komba, n. a small racoon-like
animal, galago, — common in Z. and
very destructive to cocoanuts. (Cf.
prec.)

Kombamoyo, n. (ma-), a long
thin straight pole. Used as rafters
in constructing the roof of native
huts, resting on the side poles (nguzo)
and carrying the cross-pieces {Jito)
and thatch.

Kombe, n. ( — , and ma-), (1) any-
thing hollowed or scraped out, flat
and slightly curved, and also (2) an
instrument suited for scraping or
hollowing. Hence various meanings,
e. g. (1) a large dish, pan, or platter
of earthenware, charger (cf. kikombe).
(2) bivalve shell-fish and their shells,
such as oysters, &c., k. ya pwani
(cf. kome, konokono, kauli). (3)
Shoulder blade, k. la bega, or la
mkono, also of an empty skull, k. la
kichwa (cf. kichwa, bupurti,fuvu or
fuu). (4) Like ukombe, a gouge,
scraper, e. g. miiba na kombe za
kunichoma, thorns and sharp edges
hurting me. Also of the fluke of an
anchor, baura ya mako??ibe mawili,
a European anchor with two flukes.
(Cf. komba, v. and note, and ukombe.)

Kombeo, n. (ma-), a sling — for
throwing stones.

Kombo, n. (ma-), (1) a scrap, a
scraping, a bit of food remaining

KOMBOA

176

KONGOA

over. (2) Like kikombo (which com-
pare) (a) twist, turn, crook, crooked-
ness, (b) deviation from the straight
or standard, defect, fault, ill temper,
awkwardness, difficulty, sticking
point. Mti huu ni kombo kombo,
or una kombo, this tree is all crooked.
Hapana k., there is no difficulty, it is
all straightforward, plain sailing.
Muni, ni k. nayo, as for me, I just
cannot do it. (3) Escape, acquittal,
pardon, e.g. omba k., ask for pardon,
-pa k., grant pardon. (Cf. komboa,
and komba, v. and note.)

Komboa, v. (1) scrape out, and
so (2) ransom, redeem, deliver, make
compensation for, pay for. Nita-
komboa mtu aliyeuzwa, I will re-
deem the man who was sold. K.
deni, pay a debt, compensate a credi-
tor. (3) Make crooked, warp, put
out of the straight, or out of shape,
give a turn (or twist) to, and so fig.
cause difficulty to, thwart, hamper,
give trouble to. Ps. kombolewa.
Nt. komboka, e.g. (1) be crooked,
(2) be redeemed. Ap. kombo-lea,
-leza, -lezwa, e. g. maliya kukombolea,
money for a ransom. Cs. kombo-za,
-zwa, (1) make crooked, (2) cause
to ransom. (Cf. komba, v. and

note, — also mkombozi, ukombozi.)

*Kombora,n.a bomb, a shell, also
a mortar for throwing bombs. ( Ar. )

Kombozi, n. {ma-), generally
z^0wfo>zz,ransorn,redemption-money,
payment, compensation. (Cf. prec.)

Kome, n.( — , and ma-), also Gome,
a kind of shell and shell-fish. K. za
pwani, univalves. (Cf. kombe, and
gome.)

Komea, v. bolt, bar, fasten with a
komeo. Ps. komewa. Nt. komeka,
Ap. kome-lea, -lewa, e.g. uftmguo wa
kukomelea, a key to move a bolt.
Cs. kom-eza, -ezwa, cause to fasten
a door, (Cf. komeo, komoa, kiwi,

funga, pingo.)

Komeo, n. {ma-), bar, bolt, latch
(of wood), for fastening a door or win-
dow, a kind of native lock. (Cf. prec.)

Komoa, v. unbar, i.e. remove the
komeo. Ps. komolewa. Ap. komo-
lea, -lewa. (Cf. komea.)

Komwe, n. (ma-), seed of a plant
mkomwe, used as counters in playing
games.

Konda, v. also Gonda, grow thin,
become lean, be emaciated, get into
low condition of health or body, pine.
Cs. kond-esha, -eshwa, cause to get
thin, wear out, dispirit, cause to pine
(languish). Jikondesha, worry one-
self by brooding, taking a matter too
much to heart.

Kondavi, n. (ma-), a broad belt
of beads worked in patterns, — worn
by women. (Cf. us/ianga, utunda.)

Konde, n. (ma-), (1) fist, closed
hand. Piga k., strike with the fist
(knuckles of the closed hand), i.e.
ktva nyut7iaya vidole. Piga moyo k.,
take courage, cheer up, make a bold
resolve (cf. ngumi, konzi). (2) A field,
clearing, cultivated piece of ground.
Lima k., till a plot of land. (Cf.
shamba.)

Kondo, n. Kondo ya nyuma,
after-birth. (Cf. mkondo. Kondo,
war, is not used in Z.)

Kondoo, n. ( — , and ma-), a. sheep.
Chunga k., keep sheep, act as shep-
herd. Manyoya ya k., wool, fleece.
K. mtime (or, ndume), a ram. K.
jike, ewe. (Cf. kikondoo. Sheep,
mostly of the fat-tailed kind, are
imported to Z., but not kept or bred
there.)

Konga, v. grow old, get feeble with
age. Mzee hnyu amekonga, hawezi
kufanya kazi, this old man is weak
with age, he cannot work. Cs.
kong-esha, -eshwa, make old, add to
the age of, wear out, e. g. with nagging
or abuse. (Cf. -kongwe, kongoja.)

Konge, n. plur. of ukonge, fibres
of a kind of Sansevieria (mkonge),
used for making string and cord.
See Mkonge.

Kongo, n. also Koongo. See
Korongo.

Kongoa, v. draw out, cut out,

KONGOJA

177

KOO

extract, disengage. K. mistnari, draw
a nail. K.jino, extract a tooth (com-
monly ng oajino). Walikottgoa pembe. ,
they cut out the (elephant's) tusks.
K. unyele, draw out a hair. Ap.
kongo-lea, -lewa, take to pieces, break
up, e. g. a frame of any sort, a box,
a boat. Nashua yote ilikongolewa
vipande, the whole boat was taken
to pieces. Kongolea sanduku, open
a case, — by extracting the nails, &c.
(Cf. ng'oa, kongomana.)

Kongoja, v. walk feebly (with
difficulty), totter, stagger. Ap.

kongoj-ea, -ewa, e. g. fitnbo la kuko-
ngojta, a stick to steady one's steps
with. Jikongojea, prop oneself,
steady oneself, — as with a stick.
Nipe gongo langu mkongojo nipate
kujikongojea, give me my staff that
I walk with, so that I may steady
myself. (Cf. konga, -kongwe, mko-
ngojo.)

Kongomana, v. meet together, be
united, be joined, be assembled, be
heaped (gathered, piled) together.
Cs. kongomanisha, gather, assemble,
unite, weld, heap together, agglo-
merate. (Cf. mkongomano, kongoa,
and the more common kuta, kutana,
kutanisha, ktisanya, &c.)

Kongomea, v. fasten up, nail up,
put together. Akazikongomea nguo
zangu katika bweta, and he-nailed up
all my clothes in a trunk. (Cf.
prec.)

Kongomeo, n. {ma-), a fastening,
also ? larynx, Adam's apple. (Cf.
prec.)

Kongwa, n. (ma-), a forked stick,
a slave stick, i. e. a stick or pole with
a forked end in which the slave is se-
cured by the neck with an iron cross-
pin. (Cf. mpanda, panda la mti.)

Kongwe, n. a lead in singing.
Tea k., start a song, give a lead, lead
off. (Cf. bwaga uimbo.)

-kongwe, a. old, worn-out, aged,
past work. Mzee mkongwe, a feeble
old man. (Cf. konga, kikongwe,
tikongwe.)

Konka, v. take a sip of, get a drop
of, — used of water enough to allay,
not quench, thirst, i.e. konka maji.
(Cf. on/a.)

Kono, n. (ma-), something that
projects, sticks out, e.g. a handle,
a shoot or sprig of a plant. (Cf.
mkono, kikono, ukono.)

Konoa, v. See Konyoa.

Konokono, n. (ma-), a snail.
(Cf. koa.)

Konyeza, v. make a covert sign
to, i. e. in order to attract notice, to
warn, to give a hint to, e. g. k. kwa
macho, raise the eyebrows, wink ; k. '
kwa mkono, make a significant gesture.
Ap. konye-zea, -zewa. (Cf. follg.
and ashiria, otiya. Kr. has konya,
deceive, hoodwink, — not usual in

z.)

Konyezo, n. (ma-), a sign, hint,
suggestion, warning. (Cf. prec.)

Konyoa, v. break off, pluck off,
tear off, esp. with some instrument, e.g.
of removing the grains from a cob of
maize, by pounding, i. e. k. mahindi.
K. embe, peel a mango with a knife.
Also k. maungo, dismember, quarter.
Ps. konyolewa. Nt. konyoka. Ap.
konyo-lea, -lewa.

Konzi, n. ( — , and ma-), (i) closed
fist. Piga k., rap with the knuckles,
with the back of the hand. (2) A
fistful, as much as can be taken up
in the closed fingers, i. e. vidole vili-
vyofumbwa, e. g. teka konzi mbili za
mchele, take two fistfuls of rice.
(Cf. konde, ngumi, also kofi, chopa.)

Konzo, n. (ma-), large stick, stake,
or pole, — with the end pointed and
hardened with fire, used as weapon,
hunting-spear, or in pitfalls set for
large animals. (Cf. mkoftzo, mkuki.)

Koo, n. (ma-), (1) throat ; (a) ail-
ment of the throat ; (b) mucus from
throat, expectoration (cf. kohoa, as if
kohoo and kohozi). (2) Of a breed-
ing animal or bird, e. g. k. la kukit,
a breeding fowl. K. la mbuzi, a
breeding goat (an idiomatic inversion
of kuku wa koo, cf. pandikizi la mtu,

N

KOPA

178

EOEONGO

&c.). (Dist. mkoo, ukoo, and cf.
umio, roho.)

Kopa, n. (ma-), a slice of dried
cassava (mhogo). (Cf. mhogo,

ubale.)

Kopa, v. (i) get food or money on
credit, borrow for trading purposes,
i.e. on promise to account for accord-
ing to agreement, negotiate a loan on
credit. K. mali (nguo,fetha) , borrow
goods (cloth, cash). (2) Swindle,
cheat, defraud, get on false pretences.
Ps. kopwa, i.e. (1) (of things) be
borrowed ; (2) (of persons) be swin-
dled. Ap. kop-ea, -ewa, borrow
from (for, with, &c), cheat by (for,
with, &c), e. g. nimekukopea nguo
kwa Baniani kwa reale mbili, kwa
muda wa miezi miwili, I have bor-
rowed cloth for you from the Banian
for two dollars on a credit of two
months. Cs. kop-esha,-eshwa,-eshea,
-eshewa, lend, supply goods on credit
(to), advance as a loan, e.g. mlipe
mtu kadiri akukopes heavy 0, pay him
as much as he advances to you.
(Cf. Ar. azimu, karithi.)

Kope, n. ( — , and ma-), (1) burnt
end of the wick of candle or lamp,
snuff, i. e. kope la taa, kope la utambi ;
(2) eye-lid, e.g. nje ya kope chozi
likichuuza, outside the eye-lid a tear
was trickling. Kwa kope la juu
na chini, in the twinkling of an eye.
(Cf. ukope, kikope, kopesa.)

Kopesa, v. kopesa macho, wink.
(Cf. kope,pepesa macho, finya macho.)

Kopo, n. ( — , and ma-), used very
generally of any vessel of metal (esp.
of tin, zinc, sheet iron), can, mug,
pot, jug, cup, &c, — the size being
relatively indicated by the declension,
e.g. kikopo, a small jug, makopo,
very large jugs. Used also of other
metal articles, e. g. kopo la maji,
a gutter, rain spout. (Cf. tasa,

sufuria, and for other vessels gener-
ally chombo, chungu.)

*Kora, v. please, satisfy, be on
good (comfortable, confidential)
terms with, be loved by. Chakula

hiki kimenikora, this food has satis-
fied me. Ps. korwa, e. g. be loved
by, have one's wishes met by, be
pleased with. (Ar. Cf. syn.

pendeza, rithisha.)

*Korani, n. the Coran, the Ma-
hommedan Bible. (Cf. sura,

chapter ; j'uzu, aya, short section ;
soma and hitima for reading.)

*Korija, n. and Korja, a score,
a lot of twenty, twenty together.
Used in selling poles, strings of
beads, lengths of cloth, &c.

*Korodani, n. sheave of a pulley.
(?Ar. Cf. roda.)

-korofi, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), (1) evil-minded,
tyrannical, destructive, malignant,
brutal, savage ; (2) inauspicious, of
ill omen, unlucky. Mkorofi sana
huyu, he is a monster of cruelty.
Ndege korofi, an evil (inauspicious,
unlucky) omen. (Cf. follg. and
ukorofi.)

Koroflka, v. be treated brutally,
be ruined. Also Cs. korof-isha, -ish-
wa, treat with cruelty, bring to ruin.
(Cf.prec.,and syn. haribika, angamia. )

Koroga, v. stir, stir up, mix by
stirring (of liquids). K. maji, make
water muddy by stirring. Ps.

korogwa. Ap. korog-ea, -ewa, stir

with (in, for, &c). Cs. korog-

esha, -eshwa. (Cf. buruga, vuruga,
pigisha, mkorogo.)

Koroma, v. snore, snort, groan,
— and of similar sounds. Amesikia
wamekoroma, he has heard them
snoring. — n. (ma-), (1) a snore,
snoring, snort (cf. mkoromo, mkoro-
maji, msono). (2) A cocoanutjust
becoming ripe, the milk drying, the
nutty part formed and hardening,
between the stages of dafu and nazi.
See Nazi.

Korongo, n. (ma-), (1) a hole
dibbled or dug in the ground for
planting or sowing. Mamlaka ya
kupiga makorongo na knpiga mrabba,
the office of making the holes and
marking out the plots. (2) Name of

KORORO

179

KU-

a crane, and so fig. used of a lean,
lanky person.

Kororo, n. («a-), a crested
guinea-fowl, — the common sort being
kanga.

Korosho, n. {ma-), a cashew nut,
produced by the tree mbibo or m-
kanju. (Cf. bibo, dunged)

Koru, n. also Euro, a water-buck.

Kosa, v. (i) make a mistake (as
to), do wrong (to), offend (against),
go astray (in), blunder, err; (2) fail
to get (hit, find, attain), miss (a
mark), fall short, be deficient, be
defective ; (3) lack, be without, lose,
suffer loss of. E.g. nimekosa, I
have failed, done wrong, sinned.
Hamkunikosa neno hatta sik t ?noja,
you never treated me badly (failed in
duty to me) in any particular. Mtu
akikosa ??iali hawi mtu mbele ya
watu, a man without money is not
a man in the sight of men. Amem-
kosa nduguye, he has lost his brother.
K. njia, miss the road. K. nyama,
miss (shooting) an animal. K. ska-
baha, miss the mark. Kosakosa,
make a series of blunders. Ps.
koswa. Nt. koseka, e. g. be done

wrongly, — with Rp. kosekana, e. g.
be missed, be wanting, be not to be
had, fail. Muungu hakosekani wala
hafi, God never fails (is absent) or
dies. Neno hili limekoseka, this
affair has been bungled. Ap. kos-

ea, -ewa, offend (against, about, &c).
Kosea sheria, commit a legal offence.
Cs. kos-esha, -eshwa, cause to do
wrong, mislead. Rp. kosana, e. g.
miss each other, quarrel, treat each
other badly, disagree. (Cf. -kosefic,
ukosefu, ukosekano.) — n. {ma-),
mistake, a miss, error, fault, failing,
failure, defect, wrongdoing, sin. Si
kosa lake, it is not his fault. Tia
kosani, blame, accuse. Sahihisha
makosa, correct mistakes.

-kosefu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), full of (given to, liable
to) mistakes, erroneous, defective, &c.
(Cf. prec.)

Kosi, n. or Kozi, (1) name of a
large bird of prey, vulture, eagle
(cf. tai,furukombe)\ (2) like kikosi,
back of the neck, nape, i. e. nyuma
ya shingo. Vunja kosi, break the
neck. (Cf. kogo, kishogo.)

Kota, n. {ma-), (1) a crook, bend,
crooked condition, e. g. k. la miguu,
crooked legs (cf. more usual kombo) ;
(2) sweet stalks of a kind of millet,
chewed like sugar-cane (cf. bua, and
mtama).

Kota, v. kota moto, warm oneself
by the fire. (See Ota, with Infin.
kuota, kota, and m-oto.)

Kotama, n. a thin curved broad-
bladed knife, used in getting palm
wine {tembo), esp. for cutting a thin
slice from the growing shoot to en-
able the sap to flow more freely.
{Cf.gema, and for knives, kikotama,
kisu,jambia, kijembe.)

Kote, a. form of -ote, all, — agreeing
with D 8. As adv. kote, kotekote,
under all circumstances, everywhere,
on all sides.

Kovu, n. ( — , and ma-), scar,
mark of a wound or injury.

Ku (also kw- before a vowel, and
sometimes k before and u, e. g.
kwetida, koga, kote), beside its inde-
pendent use, is a pfx. used in verbs,
adjectives, a few nouns, and in the prep.
kwa {ku-a). (See follg.) Used inde-
pendently, ku means ' is, are,' either
with purely general reference to cir-
cumstances or environment, i. e. ' it is,
there is,' or referring to an Infinitive
or noun beginning with ku-, e. g.
ku kwema leo, it is nice to-day;
kufa ku rahisi, dying is easy.

Ku-, 1. in verbs, ku- is used as
a Pers. Pfx., and as a sign of mood,
and of tense, (a) As a Pers. Pfx.,
ku (1) may have a purely general
reference, e. g* kunani {kuna nini) ?
What is there ? What is the matter ?
Kumetanda, it is overcast (a dull
day). Kutoke watu wazima zvaen-
ende, let the grown-up people start
to go. Kulikuwa mtu, there was a

N 2

KU-

180

KUBA

man. Kuna safari leo, there is
a journey to-day. (2) May refer to
an Infinitive or noun beginning with
ku-, e. g. kusafiri kumekwisha,
travelling is over. (3) Is the objec-
tive Pfx. of 2 Pers. Sing., e. g. nakn-
penda, I love you. Kwenda huko
kulikufaa, going there did you good.
And, with -eni following, the root ku
supplies one form of the objective
Pfx. of 2 Pers. Plur. Nakuambieni,
I tell you. (people). (b) As a sign
of tense, ku, with the Negat. Pers.
Pfx. preceding it, is the sign of the
Past Tense of the Negat. Conjug.,
e. g. sikujua, I did not know.
Hazikitpendwa, they have not been
liked. Kuja hukti hakukukuku-
mbusha, coming here did not remind
you. (f) Ku is the sign of the
Infin. Mood in all verbs, e. g. kuzua,
kwenda, kupenda, &c. (d) Ku is
inserted, without specific meaning,
before the root of all monosyllabic
verbs (i. e. -fa, -cha, -la, -pa, -nya,
-ja, -wa), and of some disyllabic
verbs occasionally (e. g. is ha, uza,
oga, ota), after all tense signs, except
a, fa, ka, ki, ku, nga (which alone
are capable of bearing an accent), e. g.
alikufa, amekufa, atapuja, not alifa,
amepa,ataja. Obs. ku as Infinitive
sign is sometimes dropped, esp. when
a verb preceding and governing the
Infinitive is a semi-auxiliary, e. g.
nimekwisha pata (for kupata), I have
got. Ataka fanya, he wants to do
it. Aenda tafuta, he goes to search.
2. In adjectives, ku- is the pfx. agree-
ing (a) with D 8 ; (b) like pangu
and ?nwangu, with nouns of the
Locative form, ending in -ni, e.g.
kukwaa kwake nyumbani kwangu,
his sojourn in my house. 3. Ku is
also used, but only in connexion with
a few roots, to form (a) nouns, e. g.
kuzimu, the world of spirits, the state
or place of departed souls, kumoja,
' one kind, e. g. kazi zetu hazina ku-
moja, our work is not all of one
kind ; kushoto, the left-hand, as indi-

cating position generally ; kuume, the
right-hand position, also, the male
sex, kuke, the female sex, e. g.jamaa
ya kukeni, a relation, in the female
line, or, on the mother's side. Also
n. kule, that place (case, condition,
&c), kuku, and kwetu, our country,
home, as virtual nouns. (b) Ad-

verbs, e. g. upanga unakata kuwili,
the sword cuts on both sides, is
double-edged. Kaa kushoto, sit on
the left. Also kule, there, huku,
here, kuku huku, just here. It is in
these advs. and in its use as a person-
pfx., that a positive demonstrative
meaning of ku appears, viz. as an
element denoting general reference
to circumstances, condition, state,
but esp. to locality, i. e. indicating
' circumstances under which ' or ' place
where ' something occurs. (<r) The
prep, kwa, i. e. ku-a. See -a. (Cf.
ko, &\so pa,po, and mu, mo.)

Kua, v. grow, grow up, get large,
increase, become great, — used of the
growth of men and animals (but ota,
mea, usual of plants, and similar
growths). Mtoto umleavyo ndivyo
akuavyo, as you bring a child up,
so he grows up. Ap. ku-lia,

-liwa, e. g. (1) grow up in (at, by,
for, &c). E. g. mtoto huyu amekulia
hapa, this child has grown up here
(cf. kikulid). Also apparently (2)
be (too) great for, be heavy to,
burden, be hard for, e. g. amekuliwa
kufanya kazi hii, he has found the
job too hard for him. Neno hill
lime??ikulia, kubwa, zito, the thing
is too much for him, it is big
and weighty (cf. -kulifu). Cs.

kuza, kuzwa, make great, enlarge,
magnify, increase, glorify. E.g.
kuza Sultani, make the Sultan
powerful. Muungu amekuza umri
wake, God has prolonged your life.
(Cf. -kuu, -kubwa, tukuka, tukuza,
kikulia, ukulifu.)

Kuaheri, Kuaherini, good-bye,
adieu ! — for kwa heri. See Heri.

*Kuba, n. vaulted roof, arched

KUBALI

181

KUKU

structure, cupola, dome. Dim. and
adv. kikuba. (Ar. Cf. zege. Kuba
is sometimes used for kubwa, great.
Dist. guba, ghubba.)

*Kubali, v. accept, approve, ac-
knowledge, assent (to), agree (to),
welcome. Ps. kubaliwa. Nt.
kubalika, e.g. be acceptable, be
capable of acceptance. Nt. kubal-
ia, -iwa, accept from (about, at, &c).
Cs. kubali-sha, -shwa, force to accept,
procure acceptance by, win over,
persuade, &c. Rp. kubaliana,

e.g. be on good terms. (Cf.

kibali, ukubali, and syn. kiri, lithia,
ithini.)

Kubazi, n. {ma-), a plain Hnd of
sandal with no ornamental work.
(Cf. kiatu, mta/awanda.)

-kubwa, a. {kubwa with D 4 (P),
D5 (S),D6), — sometimes pronounced
kuba, (1) great, big, large, spacious,
extensive, e. g. nyumba k., a large
house; skamba k., an extensive estate,
large garden. Kisu kikubwa, a large
knife. (2) Great in power (influence,
rank, importance, &c), important,
significant. Bwana mkubwa, bibi
mkubwa, is a usual term of respectful
address or reference. Neno limekutva
kubwa, halikataliki, the matter has
become urgent, it cannot be met with
a negative. Asiosikia mkubwa, huona
makubwa, he who disregards a
superior, generally finds serious con-
sequences. (3) Elder, oldest. Ndugu
yangu mkubwa, my elder brother.
(4) -kubtva is used with a noun or
another adjective simply to intensify
its meaning, as having a quality in
a marked way or high degree, like
the adv. sana, e.g. mwivi mkubwa,
a regular thief. Mtu huyu ni mlevi
mkubwa, this fellow is an utter
drunkard. Obs. mkubwa {wa-) is
often used as a noun, — superior, chief,
manager, master, director, &c. (Cf.
-kuu and note on the comparative
meaning, also kua, tukuza, &c.)

Kucha, v. (1) Infin. Act. of -cha,
{a) fear, {b) dawn. See -cha. (2)

Verbal n. of cha, the dawn, morning,
all the night. See -cha. (3) Plur.
of ukucha, nails, claws, and some-
times sing, kucha {ma-), of size.

Kuchewa, Kuchwa, Ps. forms
from kucha. See -cha, v.

*Kufuli, n. ( — , and ma-), a pad-
lock. (Ar. Cf. kitasa.)

*Kufuru, v. (1) treat with mockery
or contempt, revile, curse, and esp.
(2) with reference to religion, become
an unbeliever, apostatize, blaspheme,
commit sacrilege, renounce God.
Ps. kufurhva. Nt. kufurika.

Ap. kufur-ia, -iwa. Cs. kufur-isha,
-zj/zwa, make (consider, treat as, force
to be, urge to be, &c.) an unbeliever,
cause to blaspheme. (Ar. Cf.

ukufurtc, ukafiri, -kajiri.)

Kuguni, n. a hartebees*".

*Kuhani, n. {ma-). See Kahini,
Mkohani. (Ar.)

Kuke, n. and Kuuke (from -ke, —
like uke and kike, of sex, — but more
generalized), the female kind, feminine
status or condition, — used only in
a few adjectival phrases. Mkoiio wa
kuke, the left hand, as the (usually)
weaker, also wa kike, — but commonly
wa kushoto. Opp. to mkono wa
kuume. Kukeni, on the female side,
by the mother. Ujamaa wa kttkeni,
relatives on the mother's side, in the
female line. Contr. Ttjamaa wa
kike, female relatives. (Cf. -ke,
and ku.)

Kuko, (1) n. a. and adv. that
there, that, there, e. g. kuko ni kuzuri,
that is nice there. Kupika kuko
kwapendeza, that way of cooking is
satisfactory. Kwenda kuko, to go
yonder. So kwa kuko, -a kuko.
Kuko kuko, just there, on that spot.
(A Rd. form from ku, the ko
being the form j>f reference. Cf. kuku,
kuko, and mumo, papo, &c.) (2)
Verb-form, there is there, there is, it
is there.

Kuku, (1) n. a fowl, a hen. Mtoto
wa {mwana wa, kinda Id) k„ a
chicken,— also faranga, kifaranga.

-KTTKUTT

182

KUMBATIA

Koo la k., a breeding fowl. (Ci.posa,
jogoo, jimbi. Dist. mkuku, keel.)

(2) n. a. and adv., this here, this,
here, e. g. in the phrase kuku huku,
just here, in this very place. (Cf.
kuko, and ku-.)

-kukuu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), also -kuukuu, worn
out, old, past work, useless from age
or wear. (Cf. -kongwe, -chakafu,
-bovu.)

*Kulabu, n. a hook, hooked in-
strument, grapple, — of various kinds.
Used for holding work in position,
e. g. by a tailor, blacksmith, and on
ship board, for fastening clothes, &c.
Akapeleka k. yake chini, he let down
his hook. Ulimi wangu umetiwa k.,
hauwezi kunena, my tongue has had
a hook put in it, it cannot speak.
(Ar. Cf. ndoana, kiopoo, upembo,
ngoe.)

Kule, used as (1) n. 'that' used
indefinitely, kule ni mbali, that is a
long way off. (2) A form of -le,
agreeing with Infin. or noun in ku-.

(3) adv. there, in (from, to) that
position, &c. Sometimes reduplicated
kule kule, just there. Also pronounced
kule-e-e-, — the final vowel raised in
pitch and prolonged in proportion to
the distance indicated. (Cf. ku,
yule, and kuku, kuko, &c.)

Kulia, v. be great (too great) for,
be hard to, weigh on, depress, over-
whelm, &c. (Prob. appl. form of
kua, which see, and follg.)

-kulifu, a. (1) in Ps. sense, of
one who is easily tired, discouraged,
beaten, one who lacks grit (spirit,
perseverance), i.e. remiss,weak -kneed,
poor-spirited, &c. (Cf. kulia, kua,
and syn. -legevu, -zembe.) But also
(2) in Act. sense, oppressive, burden-
some, tiresome, fatiguing. (Cf.
ukulifu, and ukalifu.)

Kuliko, relative verb-form, (1)
that which is, which is, referring to
D 8, e. g. kufa kuliko bora, the mode
of dying which is noble ; (2) where
there is, — the ku of general reference

(see ku), e. g. peponi kuliko raha, in
Paradise where there is rest ; but (3)
esp. common in comparisons, ' than '
after an adjective, ' where there is ' be-
ing equivalent to 'as compared with,'
e. g. yeye mkubwa kuliko nduguye,
he is bigger (taller, older) than his
brother ; also (4) in the general sense,
1 as to, as regards,' e.g. kuliko bei ya
•watumwa, as regards the slave traffic.
(See Ku, Li, Ko.)

*Kulla, a. every, — always preced-
ing its noun. (Ar. See Killa.)

Kululu, n. (ma-), a large kind of
cowry, a tiger-cowry. So little valued
by the native that kupata kululu
means ' to get nothing worth having.'

Kulungu, n. a species of antelope.

Kuma, n. vagina. (Cf. uke.)

Kumba, v. (1) push, shove, press
against, jostle. Ps. kumbwa. Nt.
kumbika. Ap. kumb-ia, -iwa. Cs.
kumb-iza, -izzva, -izia, e.g. push
off on to, transfer to. Adatntc
alimkumbizia mkewe, Adam put it
off on his wife. Rp. kutnbana,
jostle each other, hustle (cf. piga
kikumbo, and sukumd). (2) Clear
out, take away all, make a clean
sweep (of), glean. Same derivatives
as above. E.g. walikumba biashara
yote ya tumbako, they monopolized
the whole traffic in tobacco. Mwivi
amenikumbia mali, a thief has car-
ried off everything I had. Kumba
viaji, bale out water. (Cf. komba,
and follg.)

Kumba, n. (1) -a kumba kumba,
miscellaneous, promiscuous, of all
and any sort. Safariya kumbakumba,
a caravan of any who could be got
together (a scratch lot) (cf. kumba,
v.). (2) Kuti la kumba, a whole
cocoanut leaf with the fronds plaited
all along each side of the central
rib. Used for light fences, and
enclosures, back yards, &c. See
Kuti.

Kumbatia, v. clasp in the arms,
embrace. Ps. kumbatiwa. Nt. ku-
mbatika. Cs. kumbat-isha, -ishwa.

KUMBE

183

KUNA

Rp. kumbatiana, embrace each other.
(Cf. shika, kamata, pambaja.)

Kumbe, adv. expressing astonish-
ment, pleasant or unpleasant sur-
prise, Lo and behold ! What do you
think ? For a wonder, all of a sudden.

Kumbi, n. {ma-), also Kumvi,
Kumfi, the fibrous husk or sheath
of various plants, esp. of the cocoa-
nut, areca-nut, &c. Kumbi is used
collectively (i. e. of the material gene-
rally), but the plur. is commonly
used. Single fibres are called uzi
(pi. nyuzi). The husks are com-
monly buried in pits on the shore or
in a wet place, till the fibres are
loosened. They are then tak^n up,
beaten out, and cleaned, and called
makumbi ya usumba. (Cf. kumvi,
ukumvi, prob. the same word, — like
jambia, and jamvia^ &c.)

Kumbi, n. plur. of ukumbi, which
see.

Kumbikumbi, n. white ants in
the flying stage, when they first issue
in swarms from the ground. Used as
food. (Cf. mchwa.)

Kumbo, n. devastation, depopula-
tion, wholesale destruction. (Cf.
kumba, mkumbo.)

-kumbufu, a. having a good
memory, thoughtful. (Cf. kumbuka,
and -fakamifu.)

Kumbuka, v. call to mind, re-
member, think of, bear in mind,
brood over, i. e. mental attention
directed usually to the past, or a
subject connected with it. Naku~
mbuka ulimwengu, I am considering
the situation. Ps.kumbukwa. Ap.
kumbuk-ia, -iwa, direct the memory
(or, attention) to. Sikumbukii, I do
not recall it. Amenikumbukia chuo
changu, he recollected my book for
me, reminded me of it. Cs. kumbu-
sha, -shwa, remind, put in mind (of).
{Qi.fahamu, of memory, and tambua,
of recognition. Also, kumbukumbu,
ukumbusho, -kumbufu?)

Kumbukumbu, n. {ma-), men-
tion, remembrance, memorial, parting

gift, souvenir, — anything that recalls
another thing to mind. (Cf. prec.)

Kumbusho, Kumbuu. See
TJkumbusho, Ukumbuu.

Kumbwaya, n. a kind of drum
standing on feet. (Cf. ngoma.)

Kumbwe, n. {ma-), a snack, a
mouthful of food,— colloquial, ku-
mbwe na kinyweo, something to eat
and drink. (A pass, form in <?-,
from kumba?)

Kumi, n. and a. (pi. ma-), ten, —
the highest simple numeral of B.
origin used in Swahili. Used of the
three divisions of a month, a decade.
kumi la kwanza {la kati, la kwisha) ,
the first (middle, last) decade, -a
kumi, tenth. (Cf. Ar. ashara.)

Kumoja, n. one kind. Kazi zetu
hazina k., our occupations are not
all of one kind. (Cf. umoja, and

for ku, kuzimu, kushoto, kuke, &c.)
— a. form of -moja, agreeing with
D 8. — adv. on one side, from
one point of view, i. e. kzua upande
mmoja. -kali kumoja, with one
sharp edge.

Kumunta, Kumunto, n. — in Z.
more usually kung'uta, kung'uto,
which see.

Kumvi, n. {ma-, also plur. of
ukumvi), husk or sheath of various
vegetable products, of maize, rice,
&c, i.e. k. la muhindi (enclosing the
ear, suke), k. za mpunga. (Cf.
kapi, ivishwa, kununu.)

Kuna, v. scratch. Used of allay-
ing irritation rather than of lacera-
tion or wounding (cf. papura, piga
makucha), e. g. k. kichwa, scratch
the head ; k. ngazi, scratch the skin.
Also of coarse grating, e. g. kuna
nazi, grate a cocoanut, i. e. extract
the nutty part from the shell with
the instrument called mbuzi. Ps.
kunwa (dist. kunywa, to drink).
Nt. kunika. Ap. kun-ia, -iwa,
e. g. mbuzi ya kunia nazi, a cocoa-
nut grater. Cs. kun-isha, -ishwa.
Rp. kunana. (Cf. mkuno, kuno,
piga mlai, papura.)

KUNA

184

KUNGWE

Kuna, verb-form, (i) there is,
there are (ku of general reference,
cf. ku, mna, pana) ; (2) it has, they
have, — ku agreeing with D 8. The
negative form kakuna is one of the
commonest expressions for a simple
negative, ' there is not, nothing, no.'
Kuna nini (or kunani) ? What is
there ? What is the matter ? Kunako,
there is (there), that is so, — in refer-
ence to the query kuna ? Kufa kuna
maumivu, death involves suffering.
Kuna supplies one way of expressing
abstract existence. Kuna muungu ?
Is there a God ? Does God exist ?
Kunaye, He exists. Also kunaye
may mean ' it depends on him (it is
with him).' (See Ku and Na.)

Kunazi, n. (ma-), the small edible
fruit of the tree mkunazi, which see.

Kunda, n. (ma-), a green vege-
table like spinach (Str.).

Kundaa, v. be short, stunted,
small of stature. (Cf. via.)

Kunde,n.plur. of ztkttnde, a. kind of
bean, produced by the plant mkunde,
which see.

Kundi, n. (ma-), a number of
things (usually living things) together,
crowd, troop, group, flock, herd,
swarm, &c. Makundi makundi, in
troops, in large bodies, in masses.

Kunga, v. used of various pro-
cesses of sewing, hem, make a border,
trim, embroider, e. g. kunga mshono,
make a stitched seam on band ;
k. nguo, put a border, trimming, or
stitched edge to a cloth. K. utepe, with
similar meaning. Ps. kungwa. Ap.
kung-ia, -iwa. (Cf. shona,pinda.)

Kunga, n. sometimes Kinga,
(1) a secret, wile, subterfuge, trick,
device, e. g. k. za moyo, secret
thoughts, private reflections. Mtumi
wa k. haambiwi maana, he who con-
veys a secret message is not told
its meaning. Kazi haifai ilia kwa
k., work is no good, unless you have
been taught the art. (2) Esp.

of confidential and private instruction
on matters unfit for open mention,

e. g. sexual subjects, — called some-
times 'malango, rudiments, or kunga
za mwituni (za nyambani, za ja-
ndoni, and ngungwi, ? nkungwi).
Hence (3) shameful things, what
causes shame. (Cf. mkunga,

somo, siri, msiri, and perh. kunja.)

Kungu, n. (1) also Ukungu, mist,
fog, haze (cf. ukungu, uwande,
wingu). (2) An edible stone-fruit
from the tree mkungu. The stone
contains a kernel, of which children
are fond (cf. mkungu). Kungu
manga, nutmeg, lit. the Arabian kungu
(cf. manga), — fruit of the mkungu
manga. (3) Confidential adviser,
esp. an older friend who gives advice
to unmarried women, and makes all
arrangements for them at the time of
marriage, receiving various fees and
presents from the bridegroom for so
doing. (Cf. kunga, mkungwa,

kungwe.)

Kunguni, n. a bug.

Kunguru, n. (ma-), (1) a carrion
crow, — black, with white on the neck
and shoulders ; (2) a kind of calico,
made at Cutch.

Kung'uta, v. (1) shake out,
shake off, sift, winnow ; (2) test
severely, scrutinize, examine. E. g.
k. mavumbi (mvua), shake off dust
(rain). Jikung^uta, shake oneself.
K. mabawa, shake out the feathers, —
of a bird basking in the sun. Waka-
lipeleka jamvi uani wakaikunguta,
they took the carpet to the yard,
and gave it a shaking. Ps. kung 1 -
utwa. Nt. kungutika. Ap.

kungut-ia, -iwa. Cs. kung'ut-
isha, -ishwa. (Cf. kunguto,

chutiga, pepeta. The word ku??iunta
is also heard, but not usual in Z., and
kumutika, fig. be shaken, be alert,
expectant, agitated, e. g. roho yake
inamkumutika!)

Kung'uto, n. (ma-), a basket
used as a sieve, strainer, or for tossing
and winnowing grain. (Cf. kikapo,
and kiteo, tunga.)

Kungwe, n. (ma-). See Mkunga.

KTJNI

185

KUPE

Kuni, n. plur. of ukuni, firewood.
(See "Ukuni, and cf. kuna.)

Kunja, v. fold, wrap up, crease,
wrinkle, tumble, make a mess of.
E. g. k. uzi, wind up thread. Kunja-
kunja uzi, tangle the thread. K. uso,
knit the brow, frown. K. mabawa,
fold the wings. Jikunja, shrink,
cower, flinch (cf. kunyata). Ki-
su cha kukunja, a clasp-knife.
Ps. kunjwa. Nt. kunjika, e.g.
be folded, be easy to fold, admit
of folding. Ap. kunj-ia, -iwa,
e.g. wrap up for (with, in, &c).
Cs. kunj-isha, -ishwa. Rp. ku-

njana, e. g. nguo imekunjana kwa
upepo, the calico (which was laid out
smooth) has been ruffled up by the
wind. (Cf. follg. and kunjua,

finy a, and perh. kunga.)

Kunjamana,v. be folded, wrinkled,
creased. E. g. k. uso, knit the brows,
frown, — so uso umekunjamana.
(Cf. prec. and -mana.)

Kunjo, n. (ma-), fold, wrinkle,
crease. E. g. makunjo ya mshipi,
the folds of a fishing-line. (Cf.
kunja, andpindi.)

Kunjua, v. Rv. of kunja, unfold,
unwrap, smooth out, spread open.
K. nguo, lay out clothes. K. miguu,
stretch the legs out. K. uso, smooth
the brow, smile, look pleased. Ji-
kunjita, be cordial, be open. Ps.
kunjuliwa. Nt. kunjuka. Ap.
kunju-lia. (Cf. -kunja, 'kunjufu.)

-kunjufu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), open, serene, un-
clouded, genial, amiable, merry.
Mtu mkunjufu, a genial man. So
with uso (face), tnoyo (temper).
(Cf. kunjua, kunja, ukunjzifu?)

Kuno, n. (ma-), what is produced
by scraping, a scraping, scrap. Ma-
kuno ya nazi, grated cocoanut.
(Cf. kuna v., mkuno.)

Kunrathi, v. a common phrase of
polite apology, — pardon me, excuse
me, by your leave, no offence meant.
Often strengthened by sana. A'u-
nrathi sana, with your kind permis-

sion, I humbly beg pardon. (Arab.
Imperat. kun rat hi, be content, but
in common use. Cf. equivalent uwe
(or mwe) rat hi, and rat hi, rithi,
utafathali.)

Kununu, n. (ma-), kununu la
mawele, an empty husk or spike of a
kind of millet. (Cf. kumvi, kapi,
wishwa.)

Kunyata, v. draw together, cause
to shrink, compress. Seldom occurs
except with Rf. ji, in the sense,
cower, shrink together, esp. as an
attitude of fear, pain, or supplication.
Jikunyata kajna maskini, humble
oneself like a beggar. Jik. kwa
baridi, be doubled up with cold.
Jik. uso, have an offended, disgusted
look. (Cf. kunja uso.)

Kunyua, v. (1) scratch at, give
a scratch to, e. g. to hurt, or to
attract notice; (2) call by a secret
sign, give a private hint to, &c.
K. kidole, hurt the finger by a
scratch, — implying more than the
simple kuiia, scratch. Ps. kunyu-
liwa. Nt. kunyuka, e. g. kunyuka
na mti, get scratched by a tree in
passing by it. (Cf. kuna, papura,
piga mtai.)

Kuo, n. (ma-), (1) furrow, trench,
hollow, hole, i. e. made by hollow-
ing out. Makuo ya kauku, holes
scratched by fowls. Usually (2)
a bed or row of seedlings, &c. (3)
A plot of ground marked out by a
furrow or line drawn on the ground,
and given to a man to cultivate (cf.
ngwe, same marked by a cord).
Hence nyosha k., mark out a piece of
ground; ongeza (punguza) k.. enlarge
(reduce) a plantation. (Cf. mkuo,
and syn. shimo, handaki, mfuo.)

Kupaa, n. (ma-), also Kupa, (1)
one of the two side-pieces forming
a pulley (kapi, gofia) enclosing the
sheave (roda) (cf. korodani / ; (2)
? cheek-bone, cheek-piece.

Kupe, n. a tick, — on cattle, dogs,
&c. Kai7ia kupe na mkia wa ng 1 -
ombe, like a tick and a cow's tail,—

KtJPUA-

186

KUTI

of things adhering closely. (Cf.

kama pete na kidole, like a ring and
a finger.)

Kupua, v. shake out, shake off,
throw off, let fall, drop on the ground
(by a push, jerk, &c). E.g. k. nguo,
throw off clothes. K. imbu, drive
off mosquitoes. Ps. kupuliwa.

Nt. kupuka, e.g. fig. be cast off, be
a fugitive (outcast). Hence kupukia.
Ap. kupu-lia,-liwa. Cs. kupu-sha,
-shzva. (Cf. kung'uta, mkupuo.)

*Kura, n. a lot, i.e. as in casting
lots. Piga kura, cast lots. (Ar.)

Euro, n. also Koru, Kuru, a
water-buck.

*Kurubia, Kurubisha, v. See
Karibia, Karibisha.

Kusa, v. Cs. of kuta, i. e. kutisha
or kusha, kusa, cause to meet, bring
on. Nimemkusa mashaka, I have
got him into trouble. See Kuta.

Kusanya, v. collect, gather to-
gether, bring together, assemble,
amass, make a pile or heap of. E.g.
k. watu, collect people. K. jeshi,
form an army. K. malt, amass
wealth. Ps. kusanywa. Nt. ku-
sanyika. Ap. kusany-ia, -iwa.
Rp. kusanyana, e.g. meet together
by common consent. (Cf. kusany-
iko, 77ikusanyo, kuta, kusa.)

Kushoto, n. and adv., the left side,
the left-hand position. Mkono wa
k., the left-hand, as ppp. to mkono
•wa kuume (wa kulia). Kaa kusho-
toni, sit on the left side. (Cf. ku,
and kumoja, kuzimu, kuke, &c.)

Kusi, n. southerly wind, south
monsoon, — prevailing at Z. from May
to Oct. Hence also of the season,
and of the southerly direction. Ku-
sini, the south quarter, to (from, in)
the south, -a kusini, of the south,
southerly. Contr. kaskazi, the north
wind, &c. (Cf. Ar. suheli, coast,
used of Africa, i. e. south of Arabia,
and hence ' south.')

*Kusudi, v. also Kasidi, intend,
purpose, propose, design, aim at,
usually in the Ap. form kusudia,

with same sense. Kusudia safari,
resolve on an expedition. K.
kwenda, intend to go. Ps. kusud-
iwa. Nt. kusudika. Cs. kusud-
isha, -ishwa. — n. {ma-), inten-
tion, purpose, aim, object, end. Kwa
k., on purpose, intentionally, de-
liberately, wilfully (cf. kwa moyo,
kwa nafsi). Also as adv., kusudi,
and makusudi, like kwa kusudi. And
as conj. with Infin. or Subjunct., ' on
purpose to, in order that (to), with
the object of,' e. g. akaondoka kusudi
aende (or, kwenda) Ulaya, he started
with the intention of going to Europe.
(Cf. syn. shauri,maana, nia,mradi.)

Kuta, v. come upon, meet (with),
chance on, hit on, find. Nalimkuta
hawezi {hayuko), I found him ill
(absent). Kuta mashaka, meet with
(experience) difficulties. Ps. kutwa.
Nt. kutika. Ap. kui-ia, -iwa, e. g.
mauti imemkutia, death came upon
him, or amekutiwa na mauti. Cs.
kutisha, or kusha, kusa, cause to
come on, bring upon, involve in.
Hence kut-ishia, -ishiwa, kushia, &c.
Rp. kutana, meet together, assemble,
gather, collect, hold a meeting, be
crowded (cf. kusanya, songa, bar-
izi). Jeshi limekutana, the crowd
is dense. Hence kutanika, be as-
sembled, meet. Also kutan-ia, -iwa,
meet for (at, by, in, &c). Cs.
kutanisha, cause to meet, hold a
meeting (of). (Cf. mkutano.)

Kuta, n. plur. of ukuta (which
see), walls.

Kuti, n. {ma-), (i) a cocoanut
leaf, whether green or dry ; (2) a
cocoanut leaf prepared for use in
different ways, e.g. (a) kuti la kumba
(and fumba), the whole leaf, with
the fronds on either side simply
plaited together, used in forming
light fences, enclosures, shelters of
any kind ; (b) kuti la pande, with
the fronds all plaited together on one
side, similarly used ; {c) kuti la viungo,
lengths of the leaf- rib {upongoo)
(or of stick) about three feet long

KTJTU

187

-KUZA

with all the fronds attached to it and
brought to one side. These form
the usual roofing material of native
houses in Z., and are a regular article
of sale. (Cf. mnazi, and kikuti,
ukuti.)

Kutu, n. rust, — or anything re-
sembling it, a discoloration, &c.
K. ya shaba, verdigris. K. ya mwezi,
the shaded or darker parts of the moon.

Kutua, v. give a jerk to, pull
suddenly, cause a shock to. K.
kamba , jerk a rope. Nt. kutuka , e. g.
fig. be shaken, startled, frightened,
shocked, '&c. Cs. kutu-sha, -shwa,
startle, frighten, &c. (Cf. kupua,
also situka, tuka, &c.)

-kuu, a. (same with D 4 (P), D 5
(S), D 6), great. Seldom simply
1 big,' i.e. of merely physical size or
material greatness, but implying some
moral or sentimental element of pre-
eminence, authority, and excellence.
-kubwa, on the other hand, means
' big, large, extensive,' though also
used to include and denote the natural
effects of great size, i.e. authority,
weight, influence, impressiveness.
Thus (1) 'great, powerful, having
natural or representative authority,'
&c. Wakim kwa vijana is a com-
mon contrast, ' old and young, great
and small ' (also wakubwa kwa wa-
dogo). Cf. tnkuu as n., chief, master,
king (as also mkubwa, n., and in
African stories the rabbit (sungura)
is called the mknu wa nyama, or
nyama mkuu, king of beasts, while
the elephant would be described as the
nyama mkubwa, largest of animals.
Bustani kuu, a great (grand, fine)
garden. Obs. kiazi kikuu, yam, —
often of great size in East Africa. (2)
1 Noble, pre-eminent, high-class, ex-
cellent, influential.' (3) ' Over-great,
presuming on greatness, excessive,
unnatural, outrageous, beyond the
proper bounds of decorum (self-con-
trol, human nature).' E.g. maneno
makuu, presumptuous, boastful words.
Taka makuu, aim too high, be over-

ambitious. Piga makuu, give one-
self airs, be arrogant, make a great
show. Hana makuu, he is an un-
assuming, civil spoken, humble per-
son, — sometimes in contrast to -kuu
in other senses, e.g. makuu mengila-
kini hana makuu, he has many great
qualities, but he never makes too
much of them. (Cf. -kubwa, kua,
kuza, &c.)

Kuume, n. (from -me, like ume,
and kiume, of sex, but more genera-
lized), (1) the male kind (status, con-
dition) ; (2) right-hand side, right-
hand. Used (like kuke) only in a
few adjectival and adverbial phrases.
Mtu huyu ni ndugu yangu wa kuu-
meni nami, this man is a relation of
mine on the father's side. Mkono wa
kuume, the right-hand (also mkono wa
kulia, the hand used in eating, opp.
to mkono wa kushoto). Kaa kuu-
meni, sit on the right-hand side.
Wa kuume haukati wa kushoto, the
right hand does not cut the left.
(Cf. ku, and kushoto, kumoja, ku-
zimu, and follg.)

Kuvuli, n. mkono wa kuvuli, the
right-hand, — for mkono wa kuume,'
which is usual in Z. (Cf. prec.)

Kuwa, v. Infin. of wa, be (which
see), to be, being, existence. Can be
used of pure existence (cf. Mwenyi
kuwa, as a title of God, the Existing
One, the Self-existing.)

Kuwili, n. and adv., the double
kind, in a double way, in two ways.
Kisu kikali kuwili, a knife with two
edges. Atiatajwa kuwili, he has two
names. (Cf. ku, and kumoja,

kuume, &c.)

Kuyu, n. See Mkuyu.

Kuza, v. Infin. (1) Cs. of kua,
make great. (2) Uza, sell, for kuuza.
(3) Uza for ul^za, ask.

-kuza, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), and D 6), well-grown, fine,
big of its kind,— of things capable of
growth. Yule paka tnkuza sana, that
is a very fine cat. (Cf. kua, -kub-

wa, -kuu.)

KTTZI

188

SWAZE

Kuzi, n. (to)-, also Kusi, an
earthenware pitcher or jug, larger
than gudulia, with handle or handles
and narrow neck. (Cf. mtungi,
chombo.)

Kuzimu, n. state (place, condition)
of departed spirits of the dead, the
grave, the lower world. Enda kuzi-
muni, die and be buried. Chungulia
k., look into the other world, i.e. be
at death's door, have one foot in the
grave. K. kuna mambo, the world
of spirits has its wonders. (Cf.
mzimu, and perh. tuazimu, also
zima, zimwe, and for the form ku,
and syn. ahera, peponi, huko.)

Kw-, as a pfx. before vowels, is
for ku-, which see.

Kwa, prep, (ku combined with
the variable prepositional element -a,
which see). This is the most com-
mon and comprehensive of the few
Swahili prepositions, — so compre-
hensive as to cover most of the
meanings of the other common
prepositions, i.e. -a, na, and katika.
Subject to the few limitations charac-
teristic of each of these (see -a, Na,
Katika) , kwa can be represented ac-
cording to the context by ' to, in, at,
from, by, for, with, on account of, in
respect of, as to,' and indeed almost
any preposition denoting relations of
time, place, motion, object, instru-
ment, and condition generally. Kwa
is seldom used, however, of the Agent
proper, or of comparative nearness
or distance (see Na), nor of relations
which may be called adjectival
(see -a). E. g. toka kwa, come
from (or, out of) ; kaa kwa, remain
at; enda kwa, go to. Ua kwa mkuki,
kill with a spear. Kwa nini? For
what ? Why ? Kwa sababu ya, be-
cause of, by reason of. Kwa habari
hizi, at (about, on account of) these
news. Wait kwa mchuzi, rice with
gravy. Mia kwa tano, five per cent.
Wangwana kwa watumwa, gentry,
slaves and all. Andika kwa ki-
swahili, write in Swahili. Kwa

haraka, in haste, hastily. Kwa hivi,
thus. Kwa with a noun, commonly
a name, following, often denotes a
single object or idea, e.g. kwa
Mponda, Mponda's town. Kwa
mfalme, the chief's house. Hence
katika is sometimes used with it, e.g.
katika kwa nduguye, from (at, to)
his brother's house. Kwa is rarely
used with Personal Pronouns, the
corresponding form of the adjective,
i. e. kwangu,kwako, kwake, &c. , being
substituted, unless some special
meaning is intended, e.g. asiyeona
kwa yeye, akionywa haoni, he who
does not see of himself does not see
if he is shown. (Cf. -a, katika, na)

Kwa, form of the prep, -a (which
see) agreeing (i) with D 8, (2) with
locatives ending in -ni, e. g. nyu-
mbani kwa nduguye, in (to, from) his
brother's house.

Kwaa, v. (1) strike the foot
(against an object), stumble, knock,
be stopped by a sudden obstacle ;
(2) fig. falter, hesitate, be brought to
a stop or check, get into a difficulty.
K. najiwe, oxjiweni, knock the foot
against a stone. Heri kukwaa kidole
kuliko kukwaa ulimi, better to
stumble with the toe than the tongue.
Ap. kwalia, kwaia, rarely heard.
Mkwaia nyoka, aonapo ukuti hushi-
tuka, a man who has stumbled over
a snake, starts if he sees a switch
(cocoanut frond). Cs. kwaza,

-zwa, cause to stumble, make diffi-
culties for, &c. Also intens. dau
limekwaza maweni, the boat struck
hard on the rocks. (But ? cf. kwa-
za for kwaruza.) Rp. kwazana,
knock against each other. (Cf.
kwaza, kwa ma, kwao or kwayo,
kwazo.)

Kwaje, adv. interrog. (kwa je ?)
How? In what way? By what
means? What do you mean?
Kwaje hufanya hivi ? How is it you
do this? i.e. why, or in what way.

Kwake, (1) n. (ku-ake) his (hers,
its) circumstances (position, house,

KWAKO

189

KWAO

&c.). (2) adv. idiomatic equivalent
of kwa yeye, to (from, at, with) him
(her, it), to his house, &c. (3) Form
of a. -ake, agreeing with D 8 and
locatives in -ni. (Cf. ku, -ake,

and kwangu.)

Kwako, n. adv. and adj., same as
kwake, but relating to 2 Pers. Sing.,
i. e. wewe, you. (Cf. -ako.)

Kwale, n. partridge, — including
several species.

Kwama, v. St. oikwaa, (1) become
jammed, stick fast, come to a dead-
lock, be gripped, be squeezed ; (2) fig.
be in a fix, get into a difficulty. Ap.
kwam-ia, -iwa. Cs. kwavi-isha,
-ishwa, cause to jam, make stick fast,
put in a difficulty, &c. Mti huu
umenikwamis/ia mkono, this tree has
got my hand fixed in it. (Cf. kwaa,
kwaza, kwamua, and syn. shikika,
fungwa, naswa, kamatwa.)

Kwamba, conj. (ku-amba, saying),
of very general meaning, and trans-
latable according to the context de-
fining the particular sense of ' saying,'
intended, e.g. (1) (stating) that, so
to say, — also ya kwamba; (2) (sup-
osing) if, as if, suppose, even if;
3 (objecting) though. It is also
used, though not commonly in Z.,
after the relative formed with a?7iba,
e. g. ambaye kwamba, who, — of a
person, ambalo kwamba, which, &c,
and with similar indefinite meaning
in the phrase Kwamba/e ? How is it ?
Kwambaje kwako? How are you?
(Cf. kama, ya kuwa, and see Amba,
Arabia.)

Kwamua, v. Rv. of kwama, kwaa,
get out of a tight place, set free, dis-
engage, clear, loose. Ap. kwamu-
lia, -liwa. (Cf. kwama, kwaa, and
ci. f ungua, nanua, tatua.)

Kwangu, (1) n. (ku-angu), my
circumstances (condition, affairs, loca-
lity), my house. Kwangu kuzuri,
my condition is prosperous, my sur-
roundings are beautiful, &c. (2)
adv. (for kwa mimi), to (with, from,
&c.) me, at (in, to, from, &c.) my

I

house. Twende kwafigu, let us go
to my house. (3) a. agreeing with
D 8, and locatives in -ni. Kufa
kwangu, my dying. Nyumbani
kwangu, to my house. (So kwako,
kwake, kwetu, kzuenu, kwao.)

Kwangua, v. scrape, remove a
coating, crust, or anything adhering
(solid or liquid), e.g. k. matope, clean
mud off (boots, &c). K chungu,
scrape the burnt rice off the bottom
of a cooking pot. K. kucha, pare
the nails. K. maji, scrape up a
remnant of water in a pit. Ap.
kwangu-lia,-liwa. (No v. kwanga
in use. Cf. komba, paruza.)

Kwani, (1) adv. interrog. for Kwa
nini? What for? Why? For what
reason ? (cf. mbona, kwaje). (2) corq.
for, because (cf. kwa sababu, kwa
maana, kwa ajili, kwa kuwa.)

Ewanua, v. and Kwanyua, tear
down, rip (split, strip) off, e. g. of
branches, leaves, fruit. Ps. kwanu-
liwa. Nt. kwanyuka, e. g. panda
ya mti imekwanyuka kwa mtu mzito,
the fork of the tree was split down
by a heavy man. Ap. kwanyu-lia,
-liwa. (Cf. nyakua,pasua, rarua,
ambua.)

Kwanza, Infin. of anza [ku-anza),
but often as adv., at the beginning,
at first, firstly, in the first place.
Also ya k., often followed by ya
pili, secondly, ya tatu, thirdly, -a
k., first, best. Ngoja k., wait first
(before acting), wait a bit. (Cf.
anza, mwanzo, chanzo, and syn. Ar.
awa/i.)

Kwao, (1) n. (ku-ao), their cir-
cumstances, their place (country,
home), &c. Alwanamke huyu ana-
waza kwao, this woman is thinking
about her native country, is homesick.
(2) adv. to (from, with) them. Mfu-
kuzwa kwao halta pa kwenda, an out-
cast from his own people has nowhere
to g°- (3) a - their, — form of -ao,
agreeing with D 8 and locatives in
-ni. (Cf. kwangu, and ku, wao.)

Kwao, n. (ma-), also Kwayo,

KWAPA

190

KWEUPE

stumbling-block, obstruction to the
feet, difficulty. Njia ya kwao, a.
rough road, stony path. (Cf. kwaa,
mgogoro, zuio, kwaruza.)

Kwapa, n. {ma-), armpit. Futika
(chukua) kwapani, tuck (carry) under
the arm. Kisibau cha kwapa, a
sleeveless waistcoat. (Cf. ki-

kwapa.)

Kwaruza, v. (i) scrape, grate,
whether of action, movement (scrape
along, move with difficulty), or sound
(be harsh, be grating) ; (2) grate, be
of a coarse, gritty, rough kind. E. g.
chombo kimekwaruza mwamba, the
vessel has grazed a rock. Mchele huu
unakwaruza watu, this rice is gritty
to the taste. Njia ya kukwaruza, a
rough, stony road. (Cf. mktvaruzo,
paruza, para, kwangua, and peih.
kwaa, kwaza, and contr. lainika, laini.
Kwaza appears sometimes to be a
short form of kwaruza, with kwazana
for kwaruzana, e.g. madau yana-
kwazana, the boats are colliding,
scraping against each other.)

-kwasi, a. rich, wealthy, opulent.
(Cf. ukwasi, and syn. tajiri, ??iwenyi
malt, contr. maskini,fukara.)

Kwata, n. and Kwato, TJkwato,
hoof. Piga k. } kick, — of an animal.
(Cf. piga teke.)

Kwayo, n. {ma-). See Kwao, n.

Kwaza, v. Cs. of kwaa, and ? for
kwaruza (which see).

Kwea, v. go up, get on the top of,
mount, climb, ascend, rise, e. g. k.
mnazi, or mnazini, climb a cocoanut
tree; k. mlitna (frasi), mount a hill
(a horse) ; k. chombo, get on board a
vessel. Ps. kwelewa, Nt. kwe-
Ieka. Ap. kwelea, e. g. kamba ya
kukwelea, a cord to climb with. So
kwel-eza, -ezwa. Cs. kweza, cause
to go up, set up, raise, put one thing
on another. Kweza maskua, haul
a boat high on the beach. Kweza
bei, raise the price of an article.
Vitu vimekwezwa, things have been
raised in price. Kweza maturuma
ya duara, set the spokes in a wheel.

Kweza nguo, lift the dress. Jikweza,
boast, vaunt oneself. Hence kwezana.
Rp. kweana. (Cf. -kwezi, ukwezi,
and follg., and syn. panda, also inua,
simamisha.)

Kwelea, n. kwelea ya mawimbi,
mawimbi ya kwelea, a swell, rolling
waves, as dist. from breakers. (Cf.
kwea, and wimbi.)

Kweli, n. and adv., truth, truthful-
ness, reality, genuineness, certainty.
Kwa kweli si kwa ubishi, seriously,
not in fun. Kweli iliyo uchungu si
uwongoulio tamu, an unpleasing truth
is better than a pleasing falsehood.
-a kweli, true, truthful, genuine.
As adv., truly, really, certainly,
genuinely (cf. hakika, yakini, halisi).

Kweme, n. seed of a plant
mkweme, very rich in oil.

Kwenda, (1) v. Infin. of enda
(ku-enda), to go; (2) used as adv.,
perhaps, possibly, I dare say, it may
be. Kwenda akaja leo, perhaps he
comes to-day. (Cf. enda, huenda,
and syn. labuda, yamkini.)

Kwenu, (1) n. {ku-enu), your cir-
cumstances, place, country, home.
(2) adv. (for kwa ninyi), to you, to
your house. (3) a. — form of -enu,
agreeing with kupenda and nouns in
-ni. (Cf. kwangu, and hi, -enu.)

Kwenyi, form of -enyi, which
see. Often used as equivalent of
kwa, e. g. of time, kwenyi Ijumaa,
on Friday. (So mwenyi, petty i.)

Kwetu, n. adv. and a., in same
uses as kwenu, and kwangu, i.e. our
circumstances, to us, our. The com-
mon expression for ' my (our) country,
my home.' (Cf. kwangu, hi, -etu.)

Kweu, n. sometimes for the usual
kweupe, clearness, dawn, light. Mbele
kweu na nyuma kweu, brightness be-
fore and behind. (Cf. follg.)

Kweupe, n. (ku-eupe), brightness,
whiteness, clearness, dawn, light, clear
space, fine weather. Ktina kwetipe,
it is dawn, it is fine. (Cf. -eupe,
eua, weupe, and kweu, and syn. kucha,
dawn, contr. kweusi, giza, usiku.)

-KWEZI

191

LA

-kwezi, a. creeping, climbing, e. g.
of a plant. (Cf. kwea, ukwezi,
also tambaa, -tambaazi.)

Kwikwe, n. hiccup. Kwikwe wa
kulia, convulsive sobbing (cf. kite-
futefu, kikeukeu).

Kwisha, Infin. of isha, used as
(i) n. ending, the end, extreme ; (2)
adv. finally, at last, in the end. -a
kwisha, last, extreme, best, worst.
(Cf. mwisho, isha, kiisha, and simi-
lar use of kwanza. Syn. for end,
kikomo, hatima, aheri.)

L.

L represents the same sound as in
English.

This sound is interchangeable in
most Swahili words of Bantu origin
with that of a smooth untrilled r, and
often in words from Arab sources.

Hence words not found under L
may be looked for under R.

On the other hand, the indiscrimi-
nate use of / and r makes many words
of different meanings indistinguish-
able, and in some cases is carefully
avoided, e.g. in the case of the initial
sound of any word, and especially of
/-, la, li as a formative syllable or
prefix, and the dem. a. -le.

The / sound is generally latent in
the long sound denoted by a vowel
written twice, and sometimes heard
(as in kindred dialects). In some
words it is evanescent, e. g. mlango or
mwango, a door ; ufalme or ufaume,
dominion.

After a formative n, I (and r) are
represented by d, as in ndefu, for
nlefu (nrefu).

L- (1) as a pfx. of verbs and pro-
nom. adjs. agrees with D 5 (S), e. g.
kasha lililo lake li zito, his box is
heavy; (2) is the characteristic letter
of the common demonstrative of dis-
tance, yule, &c. (Cf. -le, and H.)

La, v. (r) eat, consume, — of food
generally (cf. chakula); (2) use, use
up, require for use or efficiency (as ma-
terial, time, &c, cf. tumia, chukua) ;

(3) wear away, diminish, spend (ma-
terials, means, money). (The In-
finitive form kula is used as the root
form in certain tenses, as is the case
with other monosyllabic verb-roots.
See ku, 1. (d) and ja.) Mlajini mla
leo, mla jana kalani? The eater of
to-day is the man who eats, the eater
of yesterday, — what has he eaten ?
Rarely la is used as the imperative,
e. g. vyakula hivi la, eat this food.
Itakula fetha {saa nzima, siku
nyingi), it will take money (a whole
hour, several days). Ps. liwa, be
eaten, &c. Nt. lika, be eaten, &c,
be eatable, be fit for food. Jiwe
limeliwa na kamba, the stone has
been worn away by the rope. Kitu
hiki hakiliki, this substance is not
edible. Chuma inalika, iron rusts
away. Ap. Ha, liana, eat, &c. for
(with, in, &c), e.g. mkono iva kulia,
the eating hand, the right hand.
Chumba cha kulia, a dining room,
refectory. Kijiko cha ktilia, a spoon
to eat with. Amemlia mwenzi wali
wake, he has eaten up his friend's
rice for him. /ilia, eat selfishly (for
his own purposes, &c), e. g. mwana
amejilia mali ya babaye, the son has
wasted his father's goods (like a fool,
wilfully). Tumeliana siku zote, we
have always had our meals together.
Rp. lana, e.g. eat each other, all join
in eating. Cs. lisha, lishwa, e. g.
(1) cause to eat, feed, keep (animals,
&c), graze, pasture, i. e. lisha kuku
(ng'ombe, mbuzi), keep fowls (cows,
goats). Lisha ngombe majani, feed
cows on grass. Lisha upanga vhmgo,
glut the sword with (dead men's)
limbs. Wanalisha miwa kinuni,
they feed the sugar-cane into the
mill. (2) Eat, browse, feed on, e.g.
kulungu alisha majani, the antelope
browses on.^grass (cf. ?nalisha,
malisho, chunga). Hence lishi-sha,
-shwa, make to eat, feed with, e.g.
lishisha sumu, administer poison to.
(Cf. mlo, mla, mlaj'i, ulaj'i, mlafi,
ulaji.)

LA

192

LALAMA

*La, int. no, not so, by no means.
(Ar. Cf. la ilaha ilia Allah, no
God but the God, and syn. sio, sivyo,
hakuna, hapana, kasha.)

-la, a. eating, feeding on, con-
suming, — verbal a. of la, v.

*Laana, n. (ma-), a curse, impre-
cation, oath. (Ar. Cf. uapo,
kiapo, apizo.)

*Laani, v. curse, swear (at), damn.
Ps. laaniiva. Nt. laanika. Cs.
laani-sha, -shwa, cause to curse, get
cursed, bring a curse on. (Ar.

Cf. -laanifu, laana, apa.)

*-laanifu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), (1) given to cursing ;
(2) accursed. (Ar. Cf. ulaanifjt,
laana, maleuni.)

*Labeka, int. See Lebeka.

*Labuda, adv. often labuda, labda,
perhaps, it seems so, no doubt,
probably, possibly. (Ar. la-buddi,
there is no escape. Cf. buddi, and
syn. ya?nkini, yawezekana, huenda,
kwenda.)

*Ladu, n. a sweetmeat made up
in balls, consisting of flour or fine
grain mixed with treacle, ginger,
pepper, &c.

Laika, n. (ma-), also TJlaika,
a short, downy hair, as on the hands
and human body generally. Also
' down ' of birds. (Cf. uele, unyoya,
and dist. Ar. malaika, an angel.)

*Laini, a. and -lai-nifu, (1) of
things, smooth, supple, soft, pliable,
of delicate texture, thin, delicate,
fine (cf. -ororo, -emba?nba). (2) Of
persons, facile, gentle, good-hu-
moured (cf. -pole, taratibu). Nguo
/., smooth, fine cloth. Mchanga /.,
fine sand. (Ar. Also as v.,

smoothen, but usu. as follg.)

*Lainika, v. (1) be smoothed,
be made smooth ; (2) fig. be soft-
ened, be appeased. Ps. lainiwa.
Cs. laini-sha, -shwa, make smooth,
&c. (Ar. Cf. laini.)

*Laiti, int. Oh that, if only, would
that, — esp. of regret for what is past or
impossible, and then used with verbs

in the Past or Conditional Tenses.
But also of hope, with the Present.
E. g. laiti safari ingalikwisha !
would that the journey had come
to an end ! Laiti (kwamba) twali~
fikajana ! would that we had arrived
yesterday ! (Ar.)

Lake, a. form of -ake, his, hers,
her, its, — agreeing with D 5 (S).
Sometimes in the form -le affixed to
a noun, e. g. nenole, his word.

*Laki, v. meet, go to meet, esp.
in a friendly, complimentary, way.
(Ar. Cf. pokea, kuta.)

*Lakini, conj. but, yet, however,
nevertheless. (Ar. Cf. walakini.)

*Lakki, n. and a., a hundred
thousand, a lac. (Ar.)

Lako, a. form of -ako, your,
yours, — agreeing with D 5 (S). Some-
times in the form -lo affixed to a noun,
e. g. jinalo, your name.

Lala, v. (1) lie, lie down, go to
bed; (2) sleep, go to sleep; (3)
settle down, fall, collapse; (4) lie
flat, be spread out, be horizontal.
Also lala tisingizi, go to sleep.
Nytimba imelala chini, the house
has fallen down. Inchi yote yalala
sawasawa, the whole country is a.
flat plain. Jilala, rest oneself, take
a siesta. Chumba chake cha kulala
(or alicholala), his bed-room. Ap.
lalia, laliwa, lalika, laliana. Lalia
matanga, sleep in the house of mourn-
ing. Hakulaliki nyumbani kiva
hart, there is no sleeping indoors
from the heat. Mtu iva kulalia
nyumba, a night-watchman, a care-
taker. Mkeka mpya tcsiolaliwa, a
new mat which has never been slept
upon. Hence lalisha, lalishwa.

Cs. laza, lazwa, lazia. E. g. cause to
lie down, put to bed, lay fiat or hori-
zontal. Rp. lalana, sleep at each
other's houses, be on familiar - terms.
Lala (with objective pfxs., i.e. as
act.), laza, and lalana are used of
sexual intercourse. (Cf. for sleep,
sinzia ; for rest, pumzika, jinyosha.)

Lalama v. ask for mercy (of),

LAMBA

193

LEGEA

make an appeal (to), cry out. M-
wivi amlalama wait apate kupona
nafsi yakc, the thief throws himself
on the governor's mercy to save his
life. Ps. lalam-iwa. Nt. lala-

mika, be made to appeal for mercy,
be reduced to submission, be beaten,
— and so, beg for mercy, cry out for
quarter. Ap. lalamia, e. g. mdeni

alimlalamia mwenyi malt, the debtor
threw himself on the mercy of the
money-lender. Cs. lalam-isha,

-ishwa, make cry out, bring to terms,
force to confess. (Cf. omba, kiri,

ungat?ia.)

Lamba, v. also Eamba, lick, lick
up with the tongue. L. makombo
ya sahani, lick up the scraps on the
plate. Ps. lambwa. Haulambwi
mkono mtupu, an empty hand is not
licked. Nt. lambika. Ap.

lamb-ia, -iwa. Lambiwa damn
mkononi, have the blood licked off
the hand. Cs. lamb-isha, -ishwa.

Rp. lambana. (Cf. ulambilambi.)

*Lami, n. pitch, tar.

Lango,n.(wa-),(i)city gate, large
gate, gateway ; (2) malango is used
of secret instruction given to girls
and boys on growing up. (Cf.

mlango, kilango, and kunga.)

Langu, a. form of -angu, my,
mine, — agreeing with D 5 (S). (Cf.
/- and -angu.)

Lao, a. form of -ao, their, theirs, —
agreeing with D 5 (S). (Cf. /-,
and -ao.)

Lapa, v. finish off hastily, eat up
ravenously, dismiss promptly. (Not
common in Z. Cf. kula kwa pupa.)

*Laumu, v. reproach, find fault
with, reprove, upbraid, blame, charge
with a crime, accuse. Ps. laum-
iwa. Nt. laumika. Ap. laum-
ia, -iwa. Cs. laum~isha, -ishwa,
intens. scold, rebuke sharply. Rp.
laumiana. — n. {ma-), reproach,
charge, blame, reproof. (Ar. Cf.
karipia, kemea, stela, nenea, rttdi.)

*Lazimu, v. be obligatory (on),
be a necessity (to), be binding (on),

bind, make responsible, put pressure
on. Sheria i??iemlazimu mfah?ie, the
law has bound (condemned) the king.
Tunakulazimu wee, we make you
responsible. Ps. lazimiwa, be

bound, be under obligation, be re-
sponsible, &c. Ap. iazim-ia, -iwa.
Cs. lazim-isha, -ishwa, intens. put
strong pressure on, force, compel.
Jilazimisha na, devote oneself to,
accept full responsibility for. — n.
also Lazima, Lazim, necessity,
obligation, engagement, surety, bail,
responsibility. E. g. chukzia I., bail,
go bail. Ni l.jtmyako, it is obliga-
tory on you. Si I., commonly means
an absolute prohibition, i. e. it is im-
perative (obligatory, &c.) not to.
Si I. kuingia ndani, usipopiga hodi,
you must never enter a house without
saying ' hodi.' (Ar. Cf. sharti,
far at hi, bidi,Juzu.)

-le, final, (1) characteristic of a.
demonstr. ''that' (see Yule) ; (2)
sometimes a contraction for lake,
e. g. jinale, his name (cf. -lo for
iako) ; (3) subjunct. mood of -/a,
v. eat.

Lea, v. bring up, rear, nurse, edu-
cate. Mtoto umleavyo, ndivyo aktia-
vyo, as you bring up a child, so he
grows up. Ps. lewa, e. g. ame-

lewavema, he has been well brought
up. (Cf. mlezi, malezi, and dist.

lewa, be drunk.)

*Lebasi, n. and Libasi, clothes,
raiment, wearing apparel. Killa
lebasi ya kiarabu, all kinds of Arab
clothes. (Arab. Cf. nguo, ma-

vazi.)

*Lebeka, int. and Labeka, At
your service, Yes, sir (madam) ! — in
answer to a call, Coming ! I am
here ! A common reply of a slave
or inferior to a master's call, and
often pronounced ebbe, or simply bee.
(Ar. phrase ' Here I am at your ser-
vice.' Cf. inshallah, eewalla,
bismilla, &c.)

Legea, v. Regea is also common,
(1) be loose (slack, relaxed, soft,

•LEGEFTT

194

LEVUKA

pliable) ; (2) be faint (weak, remiss),
flag, yield, give in. E.g. of the
body, effect of illness, hunger, ex-
haustion, &c. — or of a rope, &c.
Cs. leg-eza, -ezwa, -ezea, loosen,
slacken, exhaust, cause to yield, &c.
(Cf. -legefu, mlegeo ', fungua, thoofika,
and dist. Ar. regea or rejea, return, —
unless legea is orig. go back.)

-legefu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), slack, relaxed, weak,
soft, yielding, remiss, inattentive,
idle. (Cf. legea, tilegefu, and cf.
thaifu, -zembe, -vivu.)

*Lehemu, v. solder, apply solder,
repair with solder. Ps. leheniixva.

Nt. lehemika. Ap. lehei?i-ia, -iwa.
Cs. lehem-isha, -ishwa. — n. also
Lihamu, solder. Tia /., apply
solder. (Ar.)

Lekea, v. also Elekea, which
see, — also for derivatives, tekeza, le-
keana, &c.

Lema, n. (1) a variant of dema,
a wicker fish-trap (see Dema). (2)
a. occasional form of -ef?ia, good, —
agreeing with D 5 (S), i. e. following
the analogy of the pronominal adjec-
tives (like -ote, -enye, and a few
other adjectives).

Lemaa, n. defect, deformity, dis-
figurement, blemish, mutilation.
-enyi lemaa, deformed, maimed,
crippled, &c. (Cf. follg. and

kile ma?)

Lemaza, v. Cs. maim, mutilate,
disfigure, &c. (Cf. lemaa, kilema.)

Lemea, v. sometimes Elemea (cf.
lekea, elekea), (1) press forward, go
on steadily, push on ; (2) press upon,
rest heavily on, lie on the top of; (3)
oppress, be burdensome, discom-
mode. E. g. tuzidi kulemea mbele,
let us press on faster. Mzigo una-
?nlemea, his load is a heavy one.
Kasha lililemea juu ya kasha, one
box rested on another. Nalilemea
njia, I pressed hard on the road,
i.e. I walked fast. Ps. temewa,
be burdened, be oppressed, &c. Cs.
lem-eza, -ezwa, e. g. pile up, place a

load on, and so, oppress, burden.
Hence lemezana. Rp. temeana, lie
on (lean on, rest against, press) each
other. (Cf. pagaa.)

Lenga, v. Lenga muhogo, cut cas-
sava in slices.

Lengelenge, n. {ma-), a blister.
Fanya (toka, tokwa na) malengelenge,
to get blistered.

Lenu, a. form of -enu, your,
yours (plur.), — agreeing with D 5
(S). (Cf. -/and -enu.)

Leo, n. and adv., to-day, this day,
the present time. Also siku ya leo,
to-day. Leo hivi, this very day.
Si leo, not to-day, long ago. Si -a
leo, old, out of date.

Lepe, n. (ma-) , or Leppe, Lepee,
drowsiness, faintness, a heavy slum-
berous condition. Z. la tisingizi,
sleepiness, drowsiness. Fanya L, be
drowsy. Huyti ni lepee, this man is
drowsy, hard to rouse.

Leso, n. ( — , and ma-), handker-
chief, — of printed calico, often worn
round the neck or on the head. Z.
ya upande mmoja, the ' scarf of com-
merce, one piece forming a kanga,
i. e. a woman's dress. Z. ya ku-
shona, handkerchief, — two pieces of
three handkerchiefs each being sewn
together to make a kanga.

Leta, v. bring, fetch, supply, cause
to come to where a person is, — thus
supplying a Cs. of -ja, come. Ps.

letwa. Nt. rarely heard, teteka.

Ap. tet-ea, -ewa, -eana. Letewa,
have (a thing) brought to. Wali-
letewa chakula, they were brought
food. Leteana barua, exchange let-
ters, correspond. Cs. tet-esha,
-eshwa, -eza, -ezwa. Rp. letana.
(Cf. chukua, peleka.)

Letu, a. form of-etu, our, ours, —
agreeing with D 5 (S). (Cf. / and
-enu.)

-levi, a. drunken, intoxicated,
given to drinking. (Cf. levya,

lewa, levuka, ulevi, kileo, and -lafi
from -la.)

Levuka, v. get sober, become

LEVYA

195

LIMA

sober, become steady — in manner,
gait, &c. — a Rv. Nt. form. (Cf.
prec. and lewa.)

Levya, v. make drunk, intoxicate,
cause to reel, make stagger, make
giddy. Jilezya, make oneself drunk,
get intoxicated. Also Rd. levya-
levya — a Cs. form in -ya, cf. pony a.
(Cf. prec.)

Lewa, v. be drunk (giddy, intoxi-
cated), stagger, sway, reel, wave to
and fro. Lewa kwa pombe, be drunk
on native beer. Lewa kzua bahari, of
the effects of sea-sickness, — be giddy.
Dau lalewa, of a boat on a rough
sea, — roll and pitch. Also Rd. lewa-
lewa, reel and stagger. (Cf. levya,
levuka, -levi, tilevi, kileo, ana dist.
lewa, Ps. of lea, rear, educate.)

Li, verb -form, (it) is, — agreeing
with D 5 (S), e. g. kasha li zito, the
box is heavy.

Li-, -li, (i) verb- and pron. a.
pfx., — agreeing with D 5 (S), e.g.
tdichukue kasha Hie, carry that box.
(2) sign of Past Tense Affirmative,
and also with a-, i. e. -all-, and
forms part of the Past Conditional
Tense sign, -ngali-. (3) verb-form
representing sometimes (and in some
other Bantu dialects regularly) the
present Tense of wa, be, with or with-
out a prefixed, but not used to denote
absolute existence, e. g. nili (nail), I
am, nikali, and I am. Ali, he is.
It is regularly used in connexion with
the relative, i.e. aliye, he who is, not
awaye ; zualio, they who are, not
wawao ; lililo, that which is, not
liwalo.

Lia, v. (1) sound, make a sound
(the most general word for sound
of any kind, in animate or inanimate
nature) ; (2) utter a cry, cry out (for
joy, sorrow, pain, &c.) ; (3) mourn,
weep. Chuma yalia, iron has a
ring. Panalia wazi, the place sounds
hollow. Ndege analia, the bird is
singing. Btmdtiki zalia, guns are
going off (sounding\ Lia machozi,
shed tears, cry. Lia ngoa (uwivti),

cry from passion (jealousy). Ap.
lilia, liliwa, cry to (for, at, with,
&c.\ sound in harmony with, &c.
Liliwa, be mourned for, &c. Jililia,
bewail oneself. Cs. liza, lizwa,

lizana, cause to sound, make cry,
cause (or, be the occasion of) crying.
Lizana, weep together, weep over
each other. Liza bundiiki, fire off a
gun. Jiliza, pretend to cry, sham
sorrow, shed mock tears. Rp.

liana, e. g. of harmonious, concerted
sounds, or general mourning, &c.
(Cf. mho, kilio, and sauti, vuma,
imba, ngurnma, &c.)

*Libasi, n. See Lebasi. Arab.)

Licha, conj. and licha ya, prep,
let alone, not to say, much more
(less). E.g. sikupata robo moja,
licha reale, I did not get a shilling,
not to mention (much less) a dollar.
L^icha ya haya, hatta mangine ma-
baya, apart from these, there are
other bad points. Licha tawi lilio-
iva, hatta bichi liko, not to mention
ripe bunches, there are unripe too.
Licha ya ndege moja, hatta wote
ntakupa, one bird is nothing, I will
give you all of them.

*Lihamu, n. solder. See Le-
hemu. (Ar.)

*Lijamu, n. bit (of a horse).
Seruji na lijamu na vigwe, saddle,
bit, and reins. (Ar.)

Lika, v. Nt. of la, eat (which see).

Likiza, v. (1) give leave (respite,
relief, holiday) to, release, let go ;
(2) dismiss, send away, make go, not
allow to stay. Thus likiza mtoto
may mean (1) give a boy a holiday,
or (2) wean a child (cf. achisha).
Ps. likizwa. Ap. likiz-ia, -iwa.
Cs. likiz-isha, -ishwa. Rp. likiz-
ana. (Cf. ondosha, ruhusu, achi-
sha, chezesha.)

Lima, v. ffoe, — the only native
mode of cultivation, hence generally
' cultivate, work land.' Ps. limwa.
Nt. limika, e. g. be fit for cultivation,
arable. Ap. lim-ia, -iwa, e. g.
jembe la kulimia, a hoe to dig with.

O 2

-LIMAJI

196

LINGA

Cs. lim-isha, -ishzua, -ishia, &c,
e. g. of the overseer (msi?namizi), get
hoeing done, or of the Mahommedan
minister (mwalimii), give permission
to begin hoeing. (Cf. follg. and
mlimo, mktilima, kilimo.)

-limaji, a. engaged in agriculture.
Mlimaji, same as mkulima. (Cf.
lima.}

Limatia, v. be delayed, remain
behind, be late, be too long. Safari
inalimatia, the expedition is delayed.
Ps. limatiwa. Cs. limat-isha,-ishwa.
(Seldom in Z. Cf. syn. kawia, che-
lewa, siri.)

Limau, n. (-ma-), a lemon, fruit of
the mlimau.

Limbika, v. (i) allow time for,
wait for; (2) keep from, let remain,
reserve, -economize, put aside (in
store) ; (3) bear with, be patient to,
show consideration for. E.g. li-
mbika maji, wait for water, — at an
exhausted or slow-running well. L.
ndizi (bnni), wait for bananas (coffee)
to ripen. L. nyele, let the hair grow.
L. maneno, to answer slowly, de-
liberately. L. walu, not to overwork
people, treat with consideration.
Ps. limbikwa, e.g. nazi hulimbikwa
juu ya mnazi hatta zikakauka, the
cocoanuts are left on the tree till
quite dry, i.e. when wanted for seed.
Ap. limbik-ia, -iwa, e.g. amelimbikia
watoto mali, he has reserved (laid up)
money for his children. (Cf. follg.)
Limbiko, n. (ma-), anything re-
served, put away in store, hoard,
leserve. (Cf. limbika, and follg.,
and syn. akiba.)

Limbuka, v. come to an end of
waiting for, get the result of waiting
(care, consideration, prudence), enjoy
a looked-for advantage, have a first
taste of pleasure deferred, enjoy the
first-fruits, get the benefit of, use for
the first time. E.g. watu wanali-
mbuka leo vitu vya mwaka, people
are now beginning to enjoy the year's
produce. Kwejida kulimbtika katika
s/iamba lake, go to enjoy the first-

fruits of his estate. Ps. limbukwa.
Ap. limbuk-ia, -iwa. Cs. limbu-sha,
-shwa, e.g. reward waiting, give a
foretaste of, satisfy hope deferred,
yield the wished-for result, answer
expectations. (Cf. limbika, and

follg.)

Limbuko, n. (ma-), first-fruits,
reward of waiting, fulfilment of hope,
foretaste of reward. (Cf. prec.)

-limi, a. talkative, chatting, long-
winded. (Cf. ulimif tongue, and
mwenyi do mo.)

Linda, v. (1) defend, protect,-
guard, watch, keep safe ; (2) keep off,
fend off, guard against, watch for.
E. g. angeuawa, lakini Muwigii ame-
mlinda, he would have been killed,
but God protected him. Jilinde,
nami ntakidinda, defend yourself and
I will defend you. Linda kingojo
ndege wasile matunda, keep watch
lest birds eat the fruit. Mlinzi hu-
linda ndege, the watchman watches
against the birds. Mke mzuri hali-
ndwi, a pretty woman is not driven
away, or, is not (easily) kept safe.
Ps. lindwa. Nt. lindika. A p.
lind-ia, -iwa, e.g. nimemlindia sha-
mba lake, I have guarded his planta-
tion for him. Cs. lind-isha, -ishwa.
Rp. lindana. (Cf. mlinzi, Undo,
ulinzi. )

Lindi, n. (ma-), a deep place,
deep channel, hole, — esp. in water,
the sea. Also /. la choo, cesspool.
(There is a town called Lindi on the
coast south of Zanzibar, another Ma-
lindi (or Melindi) north, and a dis-
trict of Zanzibar city is also called
Malindi.)

Lindo, n. (ma-), a watching-place,
station , post (to guard). (Cf. linda,
and kingojo?)

Linga, v. (1) make equal, put side
by side, match, compare, suit, level,
smooth, straighten, harmonize ; (2)
be equal, be like, suit, harmonize, fit.
L. bunduki, level a gun, take aim
(cf. elekezd). L. itguo, try on clothes,
be measured for clothes. L. kichwa,

-LINGANIFU

197

LOWA

of a movement in dancing, — bending
the head forward and sweeping round.
Watte pia wamelinga kiatii hiki,
every one has tried on this shoe, — of
Cinderella's slipper. Ps. lingwa.
Nt. lingika. Ap. ling-ia, -iwa.
Rp. lingana, e.g. match, be like,
be level, harmonize, — also, make a
suitable reply. Also linganya, li-
nganisha, ? linganyua. (Cf. -li-

nga?iifu.)

-linganifu, a. (same with D 4 (P),
D 5 (S), D 6), agreeing, matched,
similar, suitable, harmonious, regular.
(Cf. linga, ulinganifu.)

Linganya, v. Cs. of Linga (which
see), e.g. suit, match, harmonize, tune
(an instrument).

Lini, adv. interrog., When? At
what time ? (Cf. syn. wakatigani ?
saa ngapi ? siku ipi ?)

Lio, n. (ma-), sound, loud cry,
shout, roar, loud wailing. Malio ya
kiko, the bubbling sound of a native
pipe (with a water-bowl). (Cf. Ha,
mlio, kilio.)

Lipa, v. (1) pay, give in payment,
repay, make a return for, recompense,
compensate, reward ; (2) have to pay,
suffer (for). Lipa deni, pay a debt.
Nikulipe niema yako tdiyonitendea,
let me pay back your kindness to
me. Lipa kisasi, suffer vengeance,
— also, take vengeance, i.e. pay back.
Ps. lipiva. Nt. lipika. Ap. lip-
-ia, -iwa, pay to (for, on behalf of,
&c), avenge. Cs. lip-isha, -ishwa,
-iza, -izwa, -izana, make pay, exact
a return from, &c. Lipiza kisasi,
take vengeance on. Jilipiza, pay
oneself by force, take as one's due,
and with kisasi, avenge oneself on.
(Cf. lipo, lipizi.)

Lipizi, n. (ma-), forced payment,
exaction, vengeance. (Cf. lipa,

lipo.)

Lipo, n. (ma-), payment, recom-
pense, revenge. (Cf. lipa.)

*Lisani, n. tongue, flap, — used of
the flap under the opening of a kanztc
in front. (Ar.)

*Lisasi, n. ( — , and ma-), also
Risasi, (1) lead (the metal); (2)
a bullet. (Cf. malisaa, popoo.)

Liwa, n. sweet-scented wood
brought from Madagascar, like san-
dal-wood. It is giated, mixed with
water, and used as a perfume. (Cf.
sandali, mliwa.)

*Liwali, n. (ma-), also Wali,
governor, headman, i.e. the Arab
official representing the Sultan of
Zanzibar, or supreme government.
(Ar. il wali, changed to lizuali, cf.
tawala.)

Liza, v. (1) cause to buy, induce
to buy, sell to, e.g. mbona watu
unawaliza ? Why are you getting
people to buy? (seems to be conn,
with uza, sell, as if for tdiza, see
uza). (2) Cs. of Ha, cause to sound,
make cry.

Liza, n. ( — ), door chain. See
Biza.

Lo, a. relative, agreeing with D 5
(S), ' which, that.' Seldom used in-
dependently except in such a phrase
as kasha lo lote, any box whatsoever.
Hakufanya (neno) lo lote, he did
nothing at all. (Cf. /, and -0.)

-lo, a. (1) short form of lako,
appended sometimes to D 5 (S), e.g.
jinalo, your name, i.e. jina lako.
Also (2) in verbs,' which, that,' agree-
ing with D 5 (S), ncno alilolinena,
the word which he spoke.

Lo, Loo, int. of pleasure, wonder,
horror, &c, — the intensity of feeling
being represented by the indefinite
prolongation of the vowel sound.

Loa, -loefu. See Lowa, -lo-
wefu.

Loga, v. bewitch, use enchant-
ment on, place under a spell or charm.
Ps. logwa. (Cf. tcganga, uchawi,
mwanga, and pagaza.)

Loo, int. See Lo.

Lowa, v. and Loa, get wet, be
soaked (drenched, saturated), be
damp. Nt. loweka, (1) get wet,—
same as lowa, and (2) make wet,
drench, souse, e. g. loweka nguo, put

LOWAMA

198

M

clothes to soak. Ps. lowekwa, be
wetted, drenched, soaked, &c. Cs.
low-esha, -eshwa. Rp. lowana, i. e.
all get wet together. (Both the /
and w sounds are evanescent, and so
oa, oeka, oana may be heard. Cf.
follg. and tia maji, rutubisha, cho-
vya.)

Lowama, v. be in a wet condition,
be soaked, &c, and Ap. lowamia.
Cs. lowamisha. (A St. form. Cf.
Iowa, and follg.)

-lowefu, a. and -loefu (same with
D 4 (P), D 5 (S), D 6), wet, moist,
damp, soaking. Fanya gundi ilo-
weke katika maji hatta ilowame, let
the gum be steeped in water, till it is
thoroughly soaked. (Cf. Iowa, and
syn. maji maji, chepe chepe, -a ru-
tuba.)

*Lozi, n. (ma-), an almond, — from
the tree mlozi.

Luba, n. a leech. See Mruba.

*Lugha, n. language, speech. L.
ya kiunguja na kimvita ni mbali
kidogo, the language of Zanzibar and
Mombasa differ slightly. (Ar. Cf.
syn. maneno, and use of ki-J)

Lulu, n. a pearl. Kuzamia /.,
to dive for pearls. Bora kama I., as
beautiful as a pearl. As a type of
perfection, /. is playfully used in salu-
tation. Htijatnbo ka?na lulu? Are
you as well, as a pearl (is beautiful)?
(Cf. for gems, kito, almasi,jiruzi, &c.)

Lungu, n. (ma-). See Rungu.

Lungula, v. and Rungula, treat
with violence, extort money from,
blackmail, threaten, rob. Not often
heard in Z. (Ci.m lungula, hongo,
nyanganya.)

*Luthth.a, n. taste, flavour, savour.
(Ar. Cf. utamu.)

M.

M represents the same sound as in
English. But beside this purely
consonantal sound, it includes also
a semi-vowel sound, very common in
Swahili, capable of bearing an accent
and so of being treated as a distinct

syllable. This semi-vowel sound
might be represented in many words
by writing m with a u preceding or
following, i. e. mu-, wji-. But the
vocalization of m is in Zanzibar so
slight, and yet so characteristic, that
mw- is best written for mu- before a
vowel, and m written m\ when it is
necessary to indicate its distinct
syllabic character, — a necessity, how-
ever, which does not occur very often
in practice. Thus the m is strictly
the same in mtoto and mtti, mtini
and mti, but as in Swahili the accent
always falls on the last syllable but
one, the m in mioto and mtini has
little more than a consonantal force,
and the words may be scanned as
disyllables, while in mtu, mti, m
has a distinct syllabic force suffi-
ciently shown by the form of the
word and ordinary rules of Swahili
pronunciation. On the other hand,
m may well be written ni in words
like a??ika, aliifipa, &c, and mu in
words like muhogo, muhindi (which
see).

M (like k, and the vowel a) is one
of the commonest and most character-
istic sounds of the Swahili language,
owing to its wide use as a formative
in Swahili generally, and also in
Arabic words adopted and adapted
for Swahili use, and though some-
what un-English it is not difficult
for a foreigner to become accustomed
to. In the Arabic words common in
Swahili, m, mti, and ma generally
point to verbal nouns of time, place,
&c. or to the participles formed with
m, — their accidental similarity to
common Bantu forms helping to their
adoption and adaptation, even when
the original force of the Arab, for-
mative is disregarded. E. g. the
names Muhamadi (or M/iamadi),
Mabruki, and mathbuha, 7nathbahu,
&c. It is so common as a formative
of verbal nouns, that it is impossible
to give in this Dictionary all such
nouns, actual or potential, in Swahili.

M

199

MA-

Many must therefore be looked for,
if not found under m, mw- (or the
other common pfxs. ma-, nib-), under
the letter next following, where at least
the root-meaning may be indicated.

M, as a simple independent sylla-
ble, is a verb-form '(you) are,' used
like other person prefixes for ni,
agreeing with the Pronoun of 2
Pers. Plur. e. g. ninyi m watu wazuri,
you are fine people.

M (or mw- before a vowel, and in
some words mu-) is, as a formative
A. of nouns, (1) the characteristic
initial sound (properly semi-vocal,
but often practically consonantal, as
noticed above) of D 1 (S), D 2 (S),
and of adjectives agreeing with them
other than pronominal (which as a
rule begin with w, i. e. u, not mu,
e. g. mtu wangle, mti wenyewe). The
omission of m before words of these
declensions has the effect of trans-
ferring them to D 5, usually giving
them an amplificative meaning.
(2) a formative of verbal nouns,
prefixed at pleasure to any verbal
stem, act. or pass., and forms a noun
denoting 1. a personal agent (or
patient) and (a) if the final vowel of
the verb stem is unchanged, the noun
is so completely verbal as usually
to govern a noun following, e. g. mla
watte, a cannibal, — but (b) if such
final vowel is changed to -e, -i, or
has -ji affixed, the noun is a true noun,
-e often indicating a passive force,
-ji an habitual agent, e.g. mneni,
mchungaji, mkate. 2. If the final
vowel is -0, the noun denotes an
action or thing acting, not a personal
agent. Cf. mshindo, mwanzo, mzu-
nguko, &c.

B. In adjectives, a prefix agreeing
(1) with D 2 (S), D 4 (S), e.g. mtu
mwema, mti mzuri (but obs. that in
the pronom. adj. angu, -ako, &c,
w (for 11) takes the place of mw, e.g.
mtu wangu, and also in the adj. -ote,
-enyi, -enyewe, in agreement with
D 2 (S), D 4 (S), e. g. mti wenyewe),

and (2) with nouns ending with the
locative -ni, when indicating place
or circumstances within which some-
thing happens, e. g. nyumbani miva-
ngu, in my house. It is also prefixed
to adjectives (3) with the same
general force as ku, e. g. mzuri humo,
like kuzuri huko, it is nice there.
Mwenyi (or kwenyi) saa moja, at one
(seven) o'clock, in one hour.

C. In verbs, (1) subjective pfx.
of the 2 Pers. Plur., and occasionally,
with -ni affixed to the verb, objective
of the same, e.g. mwapenda, you
love, ampendani, he loves you, (2)
objective pfx. of 3 Pers. S. agreeing
with D 1 (S), and also (3) subjective
of the same, when the reference is to
environment generally or place in
particular, like ku and pa, e.g.
mnamo, there is (in) there, and mna,
there is (in) there. Mnanuka humo t
there is a smell in there.

Obs. adjectives are as a rule in this
Dictionary placed under the first
letter of their root. But a number
of adjectives practically confined by
their meaning to D 1 are also for con-
venience given under m, as their most
common singular form, and as often
used of persons without any noun,
and so practically nouns themselves.
(Cf. mo, mu, mwa, and ku, pa.)

Ma-, as an initial syllable — 1. is
in most words of Arabic origin the
Arabic formative of verbal nouns and
participles, but from its identity of
form it is sometimes treated by Swa-
hili instinct as the B. formative of the
plur. of D 5 (cf. same tendency as to
the formative ki, e. g. kitabu, plur.
vitabu). 2. as a formative proper
in Swahili, ma- is (a) the plur. pfx.
of D 5 and of adjectives agreeing
with them (other than pronominal
adjectives, thest; having y- for ma-),
(b) a plur. pfx. denoting what is
large of its kind. Thus many nouns
have practically two plurals, express-
ing different degrees of size or im-
portance, e. g>pete, as D 6, is a ring

-MA

200

MAANDAMANO

of moderate or ordinary size, plur.
pete ; but pete, plur. mapete, rings of
unusual size (cf. the dim. kipete, a
small ring, plur. vipete). (c) the
plur. pfx. of most foreign words,
even when the singular is treated
as D i, e.g. sultani, plur. masultani.
(d) used with some adjectival roots
with the meaning usually conveyed
by the prefix u, e. g. makali ya
upanga, the sharpness (or, edge) of
a sword ; mapana ya mti, the thick-
ness (girth, diameter) of a tree ;
viakuit, pride ; and cf. tisumbiio, (ac-
tive) annoyance; masumbuo, annoy-
ing acts, and, when these are regarded
collectively, ' annoyance ' in general,
like the sing. (e) as the plur. pfx.
of nouns, which in the sing, usually
occur as D 4, and some of these
nouns have accordingly two plurals.
In this case, ma- (1) often denotes
concrete instances of what is in the
sing, usually abstract, e. g. uamkizi,
visiting in general ; maamkizi, par-
ticular visits. (2) as a plur. pfx. of
verbal nouns from an act. or pass,
stem, e.g. masifu, masifiwa,matakwa,
but the corresponding sing, is not
used. It may also (3) refer to rela-
tive size, cf. (b) above. Obs. (1)
the prefix ma- when followed by e, i,
or 0, coalesces with it to form an e
sound, e. g. makasha meupe(ina-etipe),
mengi (ina-ingi), meroro (ma-eroro).
(2) the words given under ma- in this
Dictionary are mainly either (a) of
Arabic origin and form, or (b) used
only or mostly in the plur., or (c)
used in plur. with a meaning some-
what different from that of the sing.,
or (d) of unusual meaning. Words
beginning with ma-, not found under
ma-, may be looked for under the
letter following ma-, or under u fol-
lowed by that letter.

-ma \-amd) is the characteristic
termination of what may be called
the Stative form or conjugation of the
Swahili verb, denoting a relatively
permanent state or condition, e. g.

kwama, simama, fumbana, tuaina,
&c. See also -mana, -ama.

*Maabudu, n. an object (objects)
of worship. (Ar. Cf.abudzi,zbada.)

*Ma£dam, conj. (1) when, while,
since ; (2) since, if, seeing that, be-
cause. E. g. maadam amtaka, when
(as long as) he wants him. Maadam
ya kufika wewe huku, since your ar-
rival here. (Arab., not often heard.
Cf. wakati wa, and -po.)

*MaafIkano, n. plur. (1) agree-
ment, contract, bargain, settlement ;
(2) mutual understanding (respect,
esteem). Nina maafikano naye, I am
on good terms with him. (Cf.
afiki, mwafaka, and syn. maagano,
mfiataba.)

*Maakuli, n„ and Makuli, vic-
tuals, food. (Arab. Cf. syn. chaktil a.)

*Maalum, a. well-known, recog-
nized, true. (Arab. Cf. e!i?mi.)

Maamkio, Maamkizi, n. plur.,
visits, acts of visiting. (Cf. am'&a,
zuru.)

*Maamuma, n. an utter fool,
blockhead, simpleton, ignoramus.
(? Ar. Cf. syn. mjinga, mshenzi,
kafiri. )

Maamuzi, n. plur., and Maam'zi,
judgement, arbitration, verdict. (Cf.
amua, mwamuzi, and syn. kziktimtt.)

*Maana, n. (1) cause, reason,
sake, consideration ; (2) meaning,
import, purpose, intention ; (3) rea-
sonableness, sobriety, sense. E. g.
kwa maana (ya), because (of), on
account of, for the sake of, consider-
ing (that). Tia maanani, keep in
mind, ponder, reflect on. Maneno
ya m., statements of importance.
Waume wenyi m., manly, sensible
persons. Asiojua maana, haambiwi
maana, he who does not know the
meaning will not be told it. Often
(4) as conj., because, in order to (that).

Maandalio, n. plur., preparation,
esp. of food, cooking and serving
a meal. (Cf. andaa, uandao, ma-
andasi.)

Maandamano, Maandamizi, n.

MAANDASI

201

MACHWA

plur., a following, train, procession.
(Cf. andamana.)

Maandasi, n. plur., used of any
kind of confectionery, and sweet
cooked dishes, e. g. pastry, pies,
tarts, puddings, jams, cakes, buns,
&c. Various kinds are bumunda,
ladu, kitumbua, mkate wa kumimina
(70a kusonga, wa sinia, wa iambi,
wa mo/a), nyang^amba, &c. M.
ya mayai, an omelette. Sinia ya
maandasi, a tray for sweetmeats.
(Cf. andaa, and prec.)

Maandikio, n. plur., place (time,
manner, &c.) of putting ready, pre-
paration, arrangement, esp. of serving
up meals. (Cf. andika, mwandishi,
&c, and follg.)

Maandiko, n. plur., (1) setting in
order, arranging, putting ready ; (2)
things set in order, arrangements, &c. ;
(3) esp. things written, writings, re-
port, description. (Cf. andika,
mwandiko, and mkono.)

Maandishi, n. plur., like maand-
iko, but esp. of preparing and serv-
ing food, food served, &c. Also of
writing, handwriting. (Cf. prec.)

Maanga, a. Maji maanga, clear,
transparent water. (Cf. -angafn,
anga, &c.)

Maangalizi, n. plur., careful at-
tention. ^Cf. anga/ia.)

Maangamizi, n. plur., utter ruin,
destruction, collapse. M. ya kesho,
ruin in the next world, eternal dam-
nation. (Cf. angamia.)

Maanguko, n. plur., fall, collapse,
fallen remains, ruins. M. ya maji,
cataract, cascade, waterfall. (Cf.
angnka.)

Maao, n. plur., and Maawio.
Maao ya jua (i. e. mawao, cf. wad),
sunrise, the orient, east (cf. macho y a
jua). (In Z. mashariki is usual.)

Maapizo, n. plur., imprecations,
curses, denunciations. (Cf. apa,
apzza. )

*Maarifa, n. knowledge, informa-
tion, intelligence, news. Matnbo ni
maarifa, si nguvu, the world is ruled

by knowledge, not by force. (Ar.
Cf. arifu, taarifu, and follg., and
syn. e/imu, busara, akili.)

*Maarufu, a. known, celebrated,
famous. (Ar. Cf. prec.)

*Maasi, n. any repudiation of obli-
gation (duty, right), i.e. disobedience,
rebellion, mutiny, disloyalty, apos-
tasy, desertion of wife or children,
&c. (Cf. asi, nasi, and syn. halifu,
thuhimu^)

Maawio, n. plur. See Maao.

*Maazimu, n. a loan, a debt.
(Ar. Cf. azi?nu, kopa, and syn. deni,
karatha.)

*Mabruki, n. a common Swahili
name, — meaning blessed. (Ar. Cf.
bariki, mbaraka.)

*Maburudisho, Maburudu, n.
recreation, refreshment, relief. (Ar.
Cf. baridi, burudisha.)

*Machela, n. litter, palanquin,
sling or hammock for carrying a
person. (Cf. tusi.)

Macbeleo, n. plur. objects of fear
(reverence, awe). (Cf. cha, v., fear,
and a/a.)

Macheo, n. plur. for mackweo.
Macheo ya jua, sunset, the west.
(In Z. magaribi is usual. Cf. cha, v.,
and machwa.)

Machinjo, n. plur. slaughter,
massacre, place of slaughter. Also
?nachinjio, slaughter-house. (Cf.
chinja.)

Macho, n. plur. (1) eyes (sing.
jicho, which see), and as a. awake,
on the alert; (2) macho ya jua, sun-
rise, east. (Cf. cha, v., dawn, and
maao.)

Machubwichubwi, n. pi. mumps.

Machukio, n. plur., (1) objects of
hate, abomination, offence ; (2) and
Machukizo, feeling of hate, hatred,
disgust, aversion, loathing. No-
7?ichukia machtlkio makuu, I utterly
detest him. (Cf. chuki, chnkia.)

Machunga, n. plur. pasturage,
pastures, feeding-places for animals.
(Cf. chunga, and malisha, lis ha.)

Machwa, n. plur. Machwa ya

MACHWEO

202

MAGEUZI

jua, sunset, west. (Cf. cha, v., and
macheo for machweo, follg.)

Machweo, n. plur. Machweo ya
jua, as machwa.

Madadi,n. a preparation of opium,
made up in pellets for smoking.
(Cf. afyuni, kasu?nba, bangi.)

*Madaha, n. plur. airs, graces,
fascinating manners. Fanya (piga)
m., show off, make a display, — of
personal attractions.

Madai, n. plur. occupation or
profession of an advocate. Also
lawsuit, legal claims. (Cf. dai,
data a.)

Madanganya, n. plur. tricks, im-
posture, deception, illusion, cheating.
(Cf. danganya, hila, ujanja, werevu.)

Madaraka, n. plur. arrangements,
responsible management, care, direc-
tion. M. ya nyiunba, house-keeping.
(Cf. diriki, and syn. matengenezo,
maandiko.)

Madende, n. plur. Sauti ya ma-
dende, an affected style of singing, with
trills, quavers, protracted notes, &c.

Madevu, n. plur. beard, beard-like
appendage or growth, e. g. of plants,
maize, &c. (Cf. tidevu, plur. ndevu,
kidevu.)

Madifu,the fibrous envelope which
binds the young cocoanut leaf to the
parent stem. (Cf. kilifu.)

*Madini, n. metal, — of any kind.
( Ar. For metals known in Z. cf. chuma,
iron ; shaba, copper, brass ; bait, tin ;
risasi, lead ; thahabu, gold ; fetha,
silver.)

Madoadoa, n. used as a., spotted,
speckled. (Cf. doa, and maraha-
raka.)

Maelezi, n. plur. floating, being
afloat, anchorage, roadstead, moder-
ately deep water. (Cf. elea, chelezo,
and follg.)

Maelezo, n. plur. explanations,
descriptions, comment. (Cf. elea,
eleza, and prec.)

Mafa, n. plur. place of burial,
cemetery. (Cf. fa. In Z. makaburi,
maziara are usual.)

Mafaa, n. use, utility, profit, ad-
vantage, e.g. ng'ombe hizi hazina
mafaa, these oxen are no good. (Cf.
faa, vifaa, faida, and syn. uchumi.)

Maficho, n. plur. concealment,

place of concealment, hiding-place.

Amefanya kwa maficho, he has acted

secretly, i.e. kifichoficho. (Cf.

ficha.)

Mafu, n. death, dead things. Also
as adj., maji mafu, neap tide. (Cf.
fa, kifo, ufu, -fu. In Z. 7?iauti (Ar.)
is usual for death.)

Mafua, n. plur. chest symptoms,
chest complaint (cold in the chest,
bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis, &c).
(Cf. kifua,pafu.)

Mafungulia, n. plur. unfastening,
— esp. mafungulia ng'ombe, as a mark
of time, grazing time, about 8-9 a.m.,
when the dew is gone, and sun not
too hot. {Qi.fungua.)

Mafusho, n. See Mavusho.

Mafuta, n. plur. oil, fat, grease
(of any kind). M. ya nyama, fat,
lard, dripping (also shahamu,
animal fat. Butter is commonly dis-
tinguished as siagi, or samli, ghee).
Mafuta ya taa (ya kizungu, ameri-
kand), common petroleum. Vegetable
oils are mafuta ya uta, semsem oil ;
m.ya ?nbdrika,cz.'s,tox oil; m. ya uazi,
cocoanut oil. (Cf. futa, ufuta,
? ztta.)

Mafuu, n. plur. craziness, silliness,
half-witted state. (Cf. kichaa, wa-
zzmu.)

Mafya, n. plur. (smg.jifya) , stones
used to support a pot or kettle in
cooking. (Q{.majiga,meko.) Also
name of an island (Momfia), S. of
Zanzibar.

*Magadi, n. soda. Also plur. of
gadi (which see).

*Magaribi, n. also Mangaribi,
Magrebi, (1) time of sunset, Ma-
hommedan evening prayers or vespers;
(2) place of sunset, the west ; (3)
Morocco (as the western land). (Ar.
Cf. mashariki.)

Mageuzi, n. plur. change, changes,

MAGO

203

MAJI

changeableness. Also mageuzo, i.e.
changings, — the process rather than
the fact or effect, and cf. geua.

Mago, n. plur. of kago (which see).

Magombezi, n. plur. quarrel, op-
position , prohibition. Also magombe-
20,quarrellings, — of the action, rather
than the fact or effect. (Cf.gomba,
gombeza, ugomvi.)

*Mahabba, n. affection, fondness,
love. (Ar. Cf. habba, muhebbi.)

*Mahali, n. also Mahala, cf.
pahali, pahala, (i) place, position,
situation, and fig. place of honour;
(2) region, district, country (cf. in-
chi) ; (3) room, space, interval (cf.
nafasi). Mahali {pahali) is the only
noun in Swahili meaning ' place,' the
only word with which the pfx. p-
{pa-, pd) in reference to space is
regularly associated, and as a rule
means 'place, position,' only. E.g.
mahali hapa, this place. M. hapo
{pale), that place. M. pote, every
place, everywhere. Mahali pa, in
the place of, instead of. Waka-
mwendea pale pahali pake, and they
went to him at his place there. Ani-
weka mahali, he puts me in a place,
i.e. treats me with distinction. (Ar.
Cf. pahali, — a form assimilated to
the B. pfx. of place. Dist. mahari,
dowry.)

*Maharazi, n. a shoemaker's awl,
— for stitching leather. (Arab.)

*Mahari, n. a marriage settlement,
money or property paid to the wife's
relations, or settled on the wife.
Tumepatana na mahari yake rupia
sittini, we have agreed as to her
dowry, viz. sixty rupees. (Ar.

Dist. mahali?)

*Mahati, n. a carpenter's gauge
for marking lines. Also, a marking
cord, ruddle. (Hind.)

*Mah.azamu,n.a shawl or wrapper
worn round the waist as a girdle.
(Ar. Cf. mshipi, masombo, utu-
mbuu.)

Mahindi, n. plur. single grains of
Indian corn, maize, i.e. seeds of the

plant muhindi. (Cf. hindi, mu-
hindi.)

*Mahiri, a. and Maheli, skilful,
clever, quick. Fundi mahiri, a clever
craftsman. (Ar. Cf. umahiri, and
syn. mbingwa, mstadi, waria, &c.)

Mahoka, n. plur. (1) (a kind of)
evil spirits ; (2) frenzy, mania, mad-
ness. (Cf. shetani, pepo.)

*Maisha, n. (1) continuance, dura-
tion, permanence; (2) life (in respect
of length and duration), period of
living, mode of life. E.g. mti htm
una m. sana, this wood is very dur-
able. M. maovu, evil living. M.
mengi, long life. Also as adv., ma-
isha na mtlele, for life and for ever,
i. e. for ever and ever. Utufunge
maisha yetu, imprison us for life.
Mpaka maisha, till life ends, the
whole life long. {Maisha is treated
sometimes as D 6, sometimes as D 5,
though there is no sing. isha. While
maisha mengi means (see above)
' long life,' maisha nyingi would
rather mean 'many lives,' i.e. life-
periods. Maisha is life in respect of
length and content ; umri, time of
life, age; uzima, life as manifest
in the living condition, state of living ;
roho, the life-principle, soul, spirit.
(Ar. Cf. ishi, aushi, uzima, roho,
ztmri.)

*Maiti, n. a dead body, corpse, —
usually human only. Also, a dead
person , i. e. mtu maiti. Hukuta maiti
za Wawemba, we kept coming on
the bodies of dead Wawemba. (Ar.
Cf. mauti, also mzoga, pinda.)

*Majahaba, n. a dock — for ships.
(Cf. gudi.)

Majaliwa, n. what is granted, aid,
help, favour, grace of God. (Cf.
Jali,jalia.)

Majani, n. plur. grass, leaves, — in
general. See 3fani.

*Majeruhi, a. wounded. (Ar.
C f . jerah a, jeruh i. )

Maji, n. water, or what resembles
water, (1) in general, — liquid, fluid,
moisture, damp ; (2) in particular, —

MAJIBIZANO

204

MAKERUHI

secretion, juice, sap, &c. Usually
treated as D 5 (P), no singular.
E.g. teka m., draw water (from
a well, water-hole, &c). M. baridi
{matamu, ya pepo, ya mvua), fresh
water. M. ya chumvi {ya bahari),
salt water. M. bavwua (makuu),
spring tide. M. mafu, neap tide.
M. ya moto, (1) hot water, (2) a
kind of light red or yellow ant.
Kama maji, (1) fluid, liquid, (2) fluent,
flowing, — of ready speech. Used
also in virtual compounds, mja maji,
one who arrives by sea, a stranger,
newcomer. Mivana maji, a sailor,
sea-faring man. M. ya shahada,
water poured (by Mahommedans)
into a small hole at the head of a
grave, when filled in. Also as a.,
maji, 77iajimaji, wet, damp. (Cf.
Ar. md, water, maj, bitter, salt, briny,
or better perh. uji, rice gruel, and
? ja, v. Other Bantu dialects have
madzi, amanzi, matsi, mezi, medi,
mesi, ma ski, &c.)

*Majibizano, n. teaching by ques-
tion and answer, catechetical instruc-
tion. (Cf. jibu.)

*Majibu, n. an answer, reply,
response, also as a plur. form, an-
swers. (Ar. Cf.jibu,jawabu.)

Majilio, n. plur. time (place,
manner, &c.) of coming (to), ap-
proach, arrival, advent. (Cf. ja,
jilia.)

Majilipa, n. also Majilipo, Ma-
jilip-izi, -izo, -isho, repayment, re-
quital, revenge. (Cf. lipa, malipo,
and syn. kisasi.)

*Majira, n. time, period, season.
Kwa m. haya, at this time. M. ya
mvua, rainy season. As conj. 'when,
while,' e. g. m. akilinda shamba,
while (he is) watching the plantation.
(Ar. Cf. wakiti, pindi.)

*Majira, n. course of a ship, — in
navigation. Twaa mdjira, get bear-
ings, find the course. (Ar.)

Majisifu, n. plur. self-praise, boast-
ing, brag, conceit. (From Rf. of
sifu, cf. follg.)

Majivuno, n. plur. boasting, brag-
ging, self-laudation. (From Rf. of
vuna, cf. prec. and ktijiona.)

Majonsi, n. sorrow, grief, mourn-
ing, sadness. Fanya (ona) m., be
sorrowful, sad. (Cf. hamu, huzuni,
simanzi, sikitiko, &c.)

*Majuni, n. a preparation of opium,
Indian hemp, &c, with sugar and
other ingredients made up into a
sweetmeat, — strongly intoxicating.
(Cf. madadi.)

Majuto, n. plur. and Majutio,
regret, repentance, remorse. Majuto
ni mjukuu, remorse is like a grand-
child, i.e. comes at last. (Cf. juta,
and toba.)

Makaa, n. plur. coal, charcoal.
See Kaa.

Makalalao, n. nickname of the
Madagascar settlers in Zanzibar. (M.
means cockroaches, — in Z. commonly
mende.)

Makali, n. the sharp part, edge,
point, of a thing, e.g. makali ya
upanga, the edge of a sword, as
contr. with bapa, the flat. (Cf.
-kali, ukali, and mapana.)

*Makani, n. dwelling, dwelling-
place, residence, home. (Ar. Cf.
masikani, makazi, kao, makao.)

*Makasi, n. a pair of scissors, —
sometimes mkasi, also treated as
D 5 (P). (Ar.)

*Makataa, n. binding agreement,
contract, final settlement, engage-
ment. (Ar. Cf. kata, kataa, nika-
taa, and syn. mkataba, skarti.)

Makatazo, n. plur. prohibition,
objection, refutation. (Cf. kataa,
kataza.)

Makazi, n. plur. dwelling, dwell-
ing-place, mode of dwelling. (Cf.
kaa, v., kao, &c, and syn. makani,
masikani.)

Makengeza, n. plur. squinting, a
squint, i. e. m. ya macho. Mwenyi m.,
one who squints. Kuwa na m., to
have a squint, — so angalia kwa m.
(Cf. upogo, kitongo.)

*Makeruhi, a. offensive, in bad

MAKI

2C5

MALELEZI

taste, wrong. (Ar. Cf. kiri/ii,
ikirahi, and syn. ??iachukizo.)

*Maki, n. thickness, stoutness.
Nguo za m., thick clothes. JJknta
tina 7?i., the wall is thick. (Ar.
amag, deep, depth, and cf. unene,
urefu, zipana.)

*Makini, n. quiet, docile, amen-
able, well behaved, gentle, composed.
Roho makini, a quiet disposition,
e.g. of a child who stays at home,
and does what it is told. (Ar. Cf.
-pole, -tulivu.)

*Makiri, n. a cleat on the side of
a native vessel, for fastening a rope
(Str.).

Makosekano, n. plur. failure, lack,
defect, deficiency , want. M.ya tmani,
want of faith. M. ya bithaa, no
supply of goods. (Cf. kosa, kose-
kajnz, and syn. uputtgufu.)

*Maksai, n. a castrated animal,
bullock, gelding. JVg'ombe maksai,
a bullock. (Ar. Cf. hasi, and
towashi.)

*Makubazi, n. plur. a pair of
leather sandals with ornamentation.
(Cf. kiatu, ndara, mlalawanda.)

*Makufu.ru,n. infidelity, sacrilege,
blasphemy. (Ar. Cf. kajiri, ka-
\furu.)

*Makuli, n. and Maakuli, food,
victuals, provisions. (Ar. Cf. cha-
kula, riziki, nafuu.)

Makulima, n. plur. implements or
operations of agriculture, agriculture,
tillage. (Cf. lima, mkulima, kili-
mo.)

Makungu, n. plur. signs of dawn,
daybreak. (Cf. ukungu.)

Makupaa, n. plur. See Kupa.

Makupwa, n. plur. shore, rocks,
&c, left uncovered at low tide.
(Cf. piva, pwani, kipwa.)

Makusanyiko, n. plur. gathered
people or things, a gathering, crowd,
concourse, meeting, assembly, collec-
tion. (Cf. kusanya, kutana, and
syn. mkutano, makatano, j'amit.)

*Makusudi, n. plur. and Maka-
sidi, purposes, intentions, objects.

Also as adv., on purpose, intention-
ally, voluntarily, and as conj. that, in
order that, to. (Ar. Cf. kusudi,
and conj. tilt.)

Makutano, n. plur. gathered people

or things, a gathering, assemblage,

meeting, crowd, collection. (Cf.

kuta, mkutano, and syn. makusanyiko,

Jamii.)

Makuti, n. plur. used commonly
of cocoanut leaves prepared for use
as thatch in Zanzibar. See Kuti.

Makuu, n. (strictly plur. of a.
-kmi), (i) pride, ambition, ostenta-
tion, show (cf. fahari, kiburi, maji-
sifit). Also (2) presumption, which
ignores human conditions of depend-
ence and limitation, defiance of divine
law, blasphemy, sacrilege (cf. ma-
kufurii). (Cf. -kuu.)

Makwa, n. plur. notches, — cut in
the top of an upright post, to carry a
cross-piece.

*Malaika, n. (1) a messenger, an
angel ; (2) a baby (cf. kitoto, mcha-
nga). (Ar., and dist. malaika,
down, from laika.)

Malaji, n. plur. greediness, glut-
tony, voracity (as shown in acts or
habits, while ulaji is rather of the
quality or character in general).
(Cf. la, chakula, ulaji.)

Malalo, n. plur. sleeping things,
i.e. place, arrangements, bedding,
things to lie on. (Cf. lala, ulalo,
and follg.)

Malazi, n. plur. also Malazo, (1)
things to sleep on, bedding, — like
malalo, e.g. ngito njema na malazi
mema, fine clothes and fine things to
sleep on; (2) marriage bed, sexual
intercourse. (Cf. laza, lala.)

Malele, n. orchilla weed, used as
a dye, and a regular article of com-
merce in East Africa.

Malelezi, n. plur. the season of
uncertain and changing winds, be-
tween the monsoons and during the
rains, i. e. about April and Novem-
ber in Z. Also called tanga mbili.
(Cf. musimu, kusi, kaskazi.)

MALENGA

206

MAMA

Malenga, n. a professional singer,
employed to lead the singing in
dances, concerts, &c. (Perhaps at
first the name of a well-known
singer.)

*Maleuni, a. accursed. (Arab.
Cf. laana, -laanifu.)

Malevi, n. plur. of zdevi,
drunkenness, i. e. drunken habits,
acts, &c, -ulevi, rather of the quality
or condition. (Cf. lewa, levya,

and malafi.)

Malezi, n. plur. of ulezi, rearing,
bringing up, both of nurture gener-
ally, and of education, training.
Malezi mazuri, good breeding, good
education. (Cf. lea, ulezi.)

*Mali, n. (treated indiscriminately
as D 6 or D 5 (P)), property, goods,
wealth, riches, possession. Thus
mail yake nyingi, mali mengi, mali
zake chache. Ni mali ya, it is the
property of. Mali ya walu (or ya
mwenyewe), it is some one else's
property, it is not mine. There is a
game called maliya ndimu, guessing
at an unseen striker. (Ar.)

Malidadi, n. one who makes a
show, esp. of dress, a showily
dressed person, fop, dandy, coxcomb.
(Cf. umalidadi, urembo, mlimb-
wende.)

*Maliki, v. make a beginning of,
set to work on, start a job, e. g.
of construction, cultivation, &c. M.
nyumba, begin to build a house.
M. shamba, begin to clear, or hoe, a
plantation. M. kuunda eliombo,
begin to construct a ship. Ps. ma-
likiwa. Ap. malik-ia, -iiva.

Cs. malik-isha, -ishwa. (? Ar.

Cf. miliki, and syn. anza, shika.)

*Maliki, n. See Malki.

Malimwengu, n. i. e. mambo ya
ulimwengu, worldly matters, mun-
dane affairs, the concerns of men.
(Cf. ulimwengu, mlimwengu.)

Malindi, n. (l) plur. of lindi,
deep places, channels; (2) a district
of Zanzibar city; (3) an ancient
town on the coast north of Mombasa ;

(4) (Str.) the flap or small apron
of beads worn by a string round the
loins by native women on the main-
land (but ? in Z.).

Malipizi, n. plur. causing to pay,
retaliation, revenge, dunning for
debts, distraint, extortion. Malip-
izo (and -isho), what is exacted, ex-
torted, and so vengeance, fine, &c,
but also as malipizi. (Cf. lipa,
and follg., — also kisasi.)

Malipo, n. plur. payment, reward,
atonement, vengeance suffered or
inflicted. (Cf. lipa, and prec.)

*Malisaa, n. shot, i.e. small shot,
for firearms, &c. (Cf. lisasi,

bullet, and kiasi, cartridge.)

Malisha, n. and Malisho, pastur-
a S e > g raz i n S ground, paddock, for-
age, food for cattle, &c. (Cf. la,
lisha, and machtmga.)

Maliza, v. (1) complete, finish
off, bring to end, conclude, wind up ;
(2) abolish, kill, destroy. M. kazi,
finish a job. M. deni, pay off a
debt. M. adui, annihilate an enemy.
Ps. malizwa. Nt. malizika. Ap.
maliz-ia, -iwa. Cs. maliz-isha,
-ishwa. Rp. ??ializa?ia. (Ar.

Cf. timiliza, and syn. kamilisha,
isha.)

Malizano, n. plur. mourning of
many together, a general wailing.
(Cf. Ha, and Cs. liza, lizana.)

Malizi, n. plur. things causing
a sound, things rustling, making a
noise. E. g. nasikia malizi nyasini,
I hear things rustling in the rushes.
(Cf. Ha, and prec.)

Malki, n. also Maliki, a king,
ruler, sovereign. (Arab., not

usual in Z. Cf. follg. and miliki,
also syn. sultani, mfalme, j'umbe.)

Malkia, n. (ma-), queen, female
sovereign. (Cf. prec.)

Mama, n. mother, female ancestor
or parent, — of all kinds. Mama wa
kambo, step-mother. Mama mkub-
wa (mdogo), mother's elder (younger)
sister. Mama wee, an African's
most natural cry in pain, sorrow, or

MAMBA

207

MANUKA

surprise. Kr. quotes Mama ni Mu-
ungn zua pili, one's mother comes
next to God. Mama is treated
grammatically like Baba, which see.
Mwana is used in polite reference or
address to one's own mother (cf.

mwana, bibi).
n.
a

crocodile ; (2)
kind

dangerous

plur. of Jambo,

Used independently

Mamba, n. (1) a
a name of a very
of snake.

Mambo, n.
which see.

mambo often means, affairs of im-
portance, difficulties, problems, hard-
ships, e. g. ulimivengu una mambo,
the world is full of wonders (or,
strange things, mysteries, difficulties).
Mambo mengi, like visa vingi, com-
plications, puzzles, perplexities. So
used as int., i.e. wonderful ! very awk-
ward ! a poser !

*Mamlaka, n. (1) authority, do-
minion, rule, rights of ownership ;
(2) property, possession, dominions.
In the latter sense, milki is more
usual. Sina m. na kitu hicho, I have
no right to (power over) that thing.
(Ar. Cf. malki, miliki,milki, and syn.
enzi, amri, hukumic, ngtivu, uwezo.)

Mamoja, a. form of -moja, agree-
ing with D 5 (P), i.e. of one kind,
treated as one. Often used indepen-
dently, e. g. mamoja kwangu, it is
all one (all the same) to me, I do not
care, I have no choice. Mamoja,
as you like. (Cf. -moja, and syn.

haithtiru.)

-mana, as a termination of verbs
is a combination of the Stative and
Reciprocal suffixes, ma-na, e. g. fu-
ngamana, shikamana, ungamana.
(Cf. ma-{e).)

Manane, n. only in the phrase
usiku wa manane, the dead of night,
midnight. Usiku huu umekuwa wa
manane, it is midnight. (Cf.

nane, eight, — of which manane is
perh. a plural. Thus usiku wa
vianane means ' the night at about
2 a.m.' See Saa, and syn. kati ya
usiku, usiku wa kati.)

manga,
manga,

Mandasi, n. plur. See Maanda-
si, and Andaa.

*Manemane, n. myrrh.

Manena, n. groin, — between
thigh and belly. (Cf. kinena.)

Manga, n. a name of Arabia, esp.
the region of Muscat in the Persian
Gulf. It is used to describe various
objects connected with or derived
from Arabia, e. g. pilipili manga,
black pepper. Mkoma
pomegranate tree. Njiwa
a variety of pigeon. Jiwe la manga,
a kind of whetstone (but cf. mango).
(Cf. mwarabu, Arabuni.)

Mangi, Mangine, a. same as
Mengi, Mengine, many, more, —
formed from -ngi, -ngine, instead of
-ingi, -ingine, — these latter being
rather more usual in Z. (Cf. /.)

*Mangili, n. a kind of cat-head
or cross-piece, for securing a cable,
anchor, or rope at the bow of a native
vessel.

Mango, n. a hard, black, rounded
stone used for pounding, smoothing,
and polishing.

Mangwaji, n. plur. finery, fop-
pery, showy dress or appearance,
foolish display. (Cf. syn. uma/i-
dadi, ulimbwende^)

Mani, n. semen. (Ar. syn. sha-
hawa.)

Manjano, n. turmeric, — used as a
yellow colouring material for orna-
ment, and also in curry powder, — an
East Indian vegetable product. Ra-
ngi ya m., yellow colour.

Manowari, n. a man-of-war, —
one of the earliest and most estab-
lished adaptations of an English
word in Swahili. (Others are

more or less commonly known, e. g.
boi, kaia, shati, koti, fulana, sitoki,
kabati, bira, burashi, daktari, stima,
melt, afsa, dazif^ inche, spitali, posta,
afisi.)

*Mansuli, n. a kind of woollen
material, used for dress and as a
coverlet.

Manuka, n. plur. smell, scent

MANUKATO

208

MAPENDA

odour. (Cf. nuka, and follg., also
syn. harufu.)

Manukato, n. plur. sweet scent,
perfume, sweet-smelling substance.
(Many such are used in Z., as liquids,
in powders, for fumigation, &c.
E. g. marashi (a general term for
liquid scents), meski, hal waridi, sa-
ndali, dasili, tindi, ubani, dalia, ma-
guba, rihani, garafuu, garafuu
maiti, ztvumba, lizva, buhuri, tibu,
kivumbasi, afu, &c. Cf. ntika,
and -to, which is not common as
a suffix in Z. except in this word.)

*Manuku, n. a copy, transcript,
translation, imitation. (Ar. Cf.

nakili.)

Manyiga,n. a kind of hornet (Str.).

Manyoya, n. plur. of unyoya
(which see).

Manyunyo, n. plur. showers,
sprinkling, drizzle, light rain. (Cf.
nyunyiza.)

Maokozi, n. plur. saving, rescue,
means of saving. (Cf. okoa, mw-
okozi.)

Maombi, n. plur. also Maomvi.
(cf. iba, mwivi), prayers, entreaties,
requests, intercessions. (Cf. omba,
and syn. haja, dua, sala.)

Maombolezo, n. plur. loud wail-
ing, lamentations, mourning, dirges.
(Cf. omba, omboleza, malio.)

Maondokeo, n. plur. (i) depar-
ture, going away, taking leave ; (2)
rising up, respectful salute. (Cf.
ondoka, ondokea.)

Maondoleo, n. plur. taking away,
removal. M. ya thambi, remission
(forgiveness) of sin. (Cf. ondoa,
ondolea.)

Maongezi, n. plur. talk, conver-
sation, gossip, amusement, pastime.
Weka m., prepare for a long chat.
(Cf. ongea, and syn. mazungumzo.)

Maongezo, n. plur. addition, in-
crease, supplement. (Cf. ongeza
and ny ongeza, and syn. mazidisko.)

Maongo, n. plur. back (of men or
animals), but in Z. usually mgongo
(which see).

Maongozi, n. plur. direction,
superintendence, management, ad-
ministration, arrangements. M. ya
Muungti, Providence, divine dis-
pensation. (Cf. ongoa, and syn.
madaraka, matengeneo.)

Maonji, n. plur. tasting, testing,
trial, experiment. Maonji ya mta-
mbo, testing a machine, to see if it
works. (Cf. onja, and maombi
from omba, and syn. j'aribu.)

Maozi, n. giving in marriage,
arrangements for bringing about a
marriage. (Cf. oa, oza, and mazi-
sAi.)

Mapaji, n. present, gift. (Cf.
fa, -paji, tipaji, mpaji, and dist.
paji la tiso, forehead.)

Mapakizi, n. (1) arrangements
connected with shipping and dispatch
of goods, conveyance on board, pay-
ment of freightage, &c. Also (2)
goods shipped, cargo, freight. Simi-
larly mapakio. (Cf. pakia?)

Mapalilio, n. plur. also Mapalilo,
Mapalio, time (place, process, &c.)
of hoeing, i.e. not the first hoeing
{lima), but the cross-hoeing, cleaning
the ground among trees or crops
already planted. (Cf. paa, palia,
palilia.)

Mapambano, n. plur. contact,
comparisons, collisions. (Cf. pa-

mbana)

Mapana, n. plur. the wide or
broad part of a thing, flat side,
breadth, width, diameter. Meza hii
ina mapana, this table is broad.
Njia mapana thaifu, a road of in-
significant width. (Cf. -pana,
upana, and -nene, and for the form
makali.)

Mapatano, n. plur. agreement,
contract, understanding, conspiracy,
alliance. (Cf. pata, patana, and
syn. maafikano, mkataa.)

Mapema, adv. in good time, early,
soon. Assubuhi na mape??ia, early in
the morning.

Mapenda, n. plur. loving another,
love. Other nouns of similar form

MAPEPETA

209

MAKEHEMU

from penda may be enumerated here,
but most of them will be found also
under a sing, form beginning with tc
ox p, i.e. as D5 or D6. See also
Penda. Mapendano (sing, u-),

mutual love. Mapendefu, love, from
the side of its object, i. e. being loved,
love as experienced. Mapendelefu,
mapendeleo, favour, bias, self-ingra-
tiation, from the side of recipient or
giver. Mapendezi, things that please,
engaging manners, amiability, affec-
tionateness. Mapetido, acts of love,
loving - kindness. Mapenzi, love,
liking, inclination, desire, will, wish,
purpose. E.g. afnata mapenzi ya
moyo wako, he follows h.s own
caprices (whims, fancies, ideas, &c).
Mapenzi hay ana macho, love is
blind.

Mapepeta, n. plur. a preparation
of immature rice {pepeta za mpungd).
(Cf. pepeta?)

Mapinduzi, n. plur. turning things
upside down, revolution, disorder.
(Cf. pinda,pindua.)

Mapishi, n.plur. things (materials,
utensils, &c.) for cooking. {CLpika.)

Mapiswa, n. unmeaning nonsense,
drivel, silliness.

Mapokeo, n. plur. things received,
traditions. See Pokea.

Maponea, n. plur. means of sub-
sistence, livelihood, food. (Cf. pona,
and follg. Also syn. riziki, nafmi,
vifaa.)

Maponyea, n. plur. means of cur-
ing (rescuing, &c). Matikiti na
matango ndio maponyea njaa, water
melons and cucumbers are what save
from starvation, i.e. as the last re-
source in drought. (Cf. pona,
pony a.)

Maponyo, n. plur. (1) healing
things, drugs, medicines, means of
saving, (2) getting well, a cure,
rescue, preservation. (Cf. pona,

mapoza.)

Mapooza, n. plur. and Mapoza,
things withered, undeveloped, not
matured, useless, e.g. of fruit dropped

in an unripe green stage. (Cf.
pooza.)

Maposo, n. plur. proposals or
arrangements for marrying, wooing.
(Cf. posa.)

Mapoza, n. plur. remedies, means
or appliances for healing. (Cf.
poa, pona, poza, and syn. dawa.)

Mapwaji, n. plur. coast, foreshore,
part affected by tides. In Z. usually
pwani. (Cf. pwa, kipwa.)

*Maradufu, a. double, extra thick,
of two thicknesses. (Ar. radaf, or
? daaf.)

*Marahaba, int. used as a common
rejoinder to the salute of an inferior,
or on receipt of a present or favour,
— thank you, very well. ( Ar. ' it is
welcome, I am pleased.' Cf. ah-
sante. )

*Marakaraka, a. with patches,
stripes, spots, — and so of colour,
mottled, speckled, variegated, &c.
(Cf. raka, kiraka, and syn. ??iadoadoa.)

*Marasharasha, n. sprinklings,
showers, drizzle, — of rain, sprinkled
perfume, &c. (Ar. Cf. mrashi,
marashi.)

*Marashi, n. scent, liquid perfume.
Marashi mawaridi, rose water.
(Ar. Cf. prec. and tibu, mamtha/o.)

*Marathi, n. sickness, disease, — in
general. (Ar. Cf. syn. uwele, and
B. tigonjwa. For particular dis-
eases, cf. homa, ndui, safura,
shurtiwa, titiwanga, ztkoma, baridi
yabis, sekeneko, kisonono, &c.)

*Marathi,a. also Murathi, Mata-
rithi, well-content, acquiescent,
agreeable, willing. (Ar. Cf. ra-

thi, rithika, tirathi.)

*Mardudi, n. repudiation, rejec-
tion. (Arab.)

*Maregeo, n. and Marejeo, com-
ing back, return, and fig. reference,
recurrence. (Ar. Cf. rejea.)

Marehemu, n. and a., one who has
found mercy, — used as a euphemistic
term of reference to a deceased person,
the late, the departed, the defunct.
(Ar. Cf. rehema.)

MAEEJEO

210

MASARIFU

*Marejeo, n. See Maregeo, and
Rejea. (At.)

Marembo, n. plur. ornaments, —
personal, architectural, &c. articles of
finery, carved work, bas-relief. (Cf.
urembo, remba, and syn. pambo,
nakski, ckoro.)

*Marhamu, n. ointment, unguent,
plaster, — scented, medicated, &c.
(Ar. Cf. lehemu, lihamu, and syn.
mafuta, bandiko.)

*Marigeli, n. a large metal caldron,
— chiefly for cooking rice in great
quantities. (Ar. Cf. chombo,

chungu, sufuria, &c, for vessels of
different kinds.)

*Marijani, n. coral, — but in Z.
not of the stone, or coral rock (cf.
tumbawi), but of the red coral im-
ported and used as ornament. Called
also marijatii ya fethaluka.

Marika, n. plur. of rika, con-
temporaries, of same age, i. e. umri
sawa. (Cf. hirimu and rika. There
is a town called Marika, or Marka,
on the Somali coast, north of Z.)

*Marikebu, n. ship. See Meri-
kebu. (Ar. Cf. rekebu, and syn.
jahazi, and B. chombo.)

Marindi, n. See Malindi.

*Marini, a. pleasingin appearance,
bright, smart, blooming. Vijana
marini, fine young people. (Cf.
syn. -zuri.)

*Marisaa, n. also Malisaa, shot,
— i. e. for firearms. (Cf. risasi,

kiasi.)

*Marithawa, a. in abundance,
plenty, sufficient. (Ar. ' to one's
heart's content, as much as one would
wish.' Cf. rithi, rathi, and syn.

-ingi, te/e.)

*Marra, n. and adv. (i) a time,
a single time, a turn, an occasion, an
occurrence; (2) at once, immediately.
M. moja, (1) once, (2) at once, im-
mediately. M. mbili, twice. M. ya
kwanza, the first time. M. nyingi,
often, repeatedly. Marra kwa marra,
time after time, often. Marra marra,
at intervals, at times, occasionally.

M. hii, at once, on the spot. Marra
chako, marra changu, now yours, now
mine, — a riddle to which the answer
is mali, wealth. (Ar. Cf. safari,

zamu, which are sometimes syn.)

*Marudi, n. plur. also Marudio,
(1) a return, a recompense, a paying
back ; (2) punishment, discipline,
correction. (Ar. Cf. rejea, and
malipo, athabu, zuio.)

*Marufaa, n. plur. part of a native
loom, — small boards between which
the warp is stretched. See Kitanda
cha mfumi.

*Marufukti, a. forbidden, pro-
hibited. Piga m. (or rufakd), give
public notice of prohibition, proclaim
as forbidden, forbid officially. ( Ar.
Cf. mfaka, and syn. kataza.)

Marugurugu, n. and a., small
swellings, lumps, e.g. mtu akijikuna,
hufanya m. ya ?muiii, if a man
scratches himself (as when stung), he
raises swellings on his body.

Masaa, n. See Masalio, Masazo.

*Masafi, n. purity, cleanness, cor-
rectness. (Ar. Cf. safi, usafi,
which is seldom used, utakatifu,
tifasaha, tohara.')

*Masahaba, n. plur. the special
friends and companions of Ma-
hommed. (Ar. Cf. sakibu.)

*Masaibu, n. accident, calamity.
(Ar. Cf. msiba, from same root. )

Masalio, n. plur. also Masalia,
Masaa, remains, remnant, what is
left over. (Cf. salia, sazo, baki.)

*Masalkh,eri, the common Arabic
evening salutation, good evening, —
as stibulkheri for the morning. (Ar.
masaa, evening, and heri.)

Masango, n. wire, esp. thick brass
wire, — one of the commonest articles
of exchange and barter in East Africa.
Called also seng'enge, masoka, and a
fine kind tidodi. Different kinds of
material are distinguished as m. ya
chuma, ya shaba nyeitpe, ya shaba
nyekundu, ya fetha, i. e. iron, brass,
copper, silver wire.

*Masarifu, n. also Masurufu,

MASHAIRI

211

MASOMBO

Masruf, supplies for an expedition
or journey, provisions, outfit, goods
and money. (Ar. expenses, out-
lay. Cf. sarifn, gAarama.)

*Mashairi, n. plur. oishairi, verses,
a poem, poetry. Tunga mashairi,
compose poetry. (Ar.)

*Mashaka, n. plur. of shaka,
doubts, trouble, difficulties, danger.
(Ar.)

Mashapo, n. plur. dregs, lees, sedi-
ment, e.g. of squeezed fruits, grains,
herbs, &c. (Str.). (Cf. masira,

masalio.)

*Mash.ariki, n. the East, -a ma-
shariki, eastern, easterly, oriental.
(Ar. Cf. magaribi, and syn. watlai,
matokea {macho, ?naao) yajua.)

Mashendea, n. plur. rice cooked
as a kind of pudding, used for invalids,
— not dry like wait, nor gruel like
uji. Mashindea ya mchele, rice-
pudding. Also w. ya mtama.

Mashindano, n. plur. contest,
race, competition, struggle, athletic
sports. M. ya mbio, racing ; m. ya
kumka, jumping competition ; m. ya
kushikana mbavu, wrestling. (Cf.
skinda, mshindani.)

Mashtaka, n. plur. (seldom in
sing, shtaka, cf. mshtakd), charges,
accusations, reproaches. See Shtaki.

Mashua, n. boat, boats, — built
of boards, &c, not hollowed out
in native fashion. M. ya moshi,
a steam launch. (Cf. s/iua, and

dau.)

*Mash.uuri, a. famous, renowned,
celebrated, well-known, notorious.
(Ar. Cf. syn. maarufu, -enyi si/a,
-bayani.)

Mashuzi, n. plur. breaking wind, —
without noise. (Cf. shuta, ushuzi,
and Jamba.)

*Masia, n. walking, a walk, gait.
Enda masia, go out walking. (Arab.,
for usual tembea, mate?tibezi.)

*Masifiwa, n. plur. things praised,
recommended, advertised. (Verb,
noun passive from sifu, cf. folTg. and
similar noun mapendwa, Sec.)

*Masifu, n. plur. praises, con-
gratulations. (For more usual si/a,
cf. si/u, v.)

*-masihiya, a. Christian. (Cf.
Ar. masika, Christ, and masiya.)

Masika, n. the season of the
greater rains {majira ya mvna ny-
ingi) in Zanzibar, i.e. March, April,
and May, when the hot north mon-
soon gives way to the cooler south.
Corresponds to autumn in northern
latitudes. (For seasons generally
see Mwaka.)

*Masikani, n. dwelling place,
abode. (Ar. Cf. makani, and

syn. B. kao.)

*Masikini, n. (i) a poor man,
beggar, — used descriptively, and also
(2) in pity or contempt, a hapless,
luckless, miserable individual. (3)
a freed slave, who has no protector,
home or belongings, i. e. m. wa
Munngu, one who picks up a living
as he can. (Ar. Cf. /ukara,

mwombaji, mnyonge.)

Masimango, n. plur. ill-natured
remarks, reproaches, — of a patroniz-
ing contemptuous kind. (Cf. si*
manga, and maskntinnu, masuto,
matusi.)

Masingizio, n. plur. (1) slander,
calumny, false insinuation, misrepre-
sentation. Hence (2) pretence, dis-
guise, make-believe, belying facts.
[Qi.singizia, nenea, sengenya, a?nba.)

Masiwa, n. large islands, — used
to describe the Comoro, or Sey-
chelles islands. (Cf. kisiwa, usi-
wa.)

*Masiya, n. {ma-), the Anointed
One, Christ. (Ar. masika.)

Masizi, n. plur. soot, grime, i.e.
masizi ya moshi meusi yaliyoganda-
mia chungu, the black smoky grime
that forms on isPcooking pot. (Dist.
misizi, rootlets, and mazizi, cattle-
pens.)

Masoka, n. thick iron or brass
wire. (Cf. masango, and usoka.)

Masombo, n. girdle, — consisting
of a long piece of cloth wound round

p 2

MASONGO

212

MATEKA

the waist, like (Ar.) mahazamu.
(Cf. ukumbuu, which is shorter, and
mshipi.)

Masongo, n. plur. plaits, — e. g. of
hair, tresses, wreaths of flowers, gar-
lands. (Cf. msokoto, and suka, songa.)

*Masri, n. and Misri, Egypt.

Masua, n. plur. and Mazua, giddi-
ness. (Cf. zulu, zulika, kizuli,
and syn. kizunguzungu.)

Masuguo, n. plur. rubbing, some-
thing to rub with, a whetstone,
knife-board. (Cf. sugua, noa, ki-
noo.)

Masuko, n. plur. and commonly
Masukosuko, (i) shaking, wagging,
tossing, moving to and fro quickly, —
and so generally (2) agitation, dis-
turbance, a restless state of affairs.
Used of the rolling or pitching of
a vessel at sea. (Cf. suka, and
mrat?ima.)

*Masuluh,u, n. reconciliation,
peace after quarrelling. (Ar. Cf.
suluhisha, selehisha.)

Masumbuo, n. plur. acts of annoy-
ance, annoying habits or character.
Kijana kidogo kina masumbuo, a
small child is a nuisance. (Cf.

sumbua, -sumbufu) usztmbuo.)

Masuto, n. plur. reproaches, accu-
sations, critical remarks, fault-finding,
sarcasms. (Cf. suta, and syn. lau-
mu, shuhimu, shtaka.)

Mata, n. plur. of uta, native
shooting weapon, bow and arrows.
(Cf. tipindi, mshale.)

*Mataajabu, n. plur. wonders,
marvels, surprises. Also of wonder,
as felt, e.g. ona m., feel aston-
ishment, wonder. (Ar. Cf. aja-
bu, slaajabu, and syn. mzvujiza,
shani.)

Matabwatabwa, n. plur. rice
cooked with a great deal of water,
rice gruel, called matabwatabwa ya
wall, wall ulio mashendea membamba
sana, i.e. a thin porridge, uji mwe-
pesi, tiji wa majimaji, a very thin
watery gruel. (Cf. wait, utabwa,
uji.)

Matafuni, n. plur. chewings, nib-
blings, things chewed. (Cf. ta-

/una.)

Matagataga, adv. enda m., walk
with long striding steps, straddle
along. (Cf. taga or tagaa.)

Mataka, n. plur. wantings, desires,
inclination. (Cf. taka, v., matakwa,
and syn. ha/a, maelekeo. Dist. mata-
ka taka.)

Matakata, n. plur. (1) cleansings,
sweepings, scrapings, offscourings,
and so (2) refuse, rubbish. (Cf.

takata, taka, and follg.)

Matakataka, n. plur. dirt, filth,
refuse, rubbish. (Cf. taka, n., kita-
kaiaka, takata, kifusi.)

Matakatifu, n. plur. pure living,
holy life, holiness (i. e. perh. holiness
not only considered as an attribute
{utakatifu) but exemplified in acts.
See Ma-, 2 (d) (1). (Cf. -takata,
-takatifu, utakatifu.)

Matakwa, n. plur. (1) things
wanted, needs, desires, requests ; (2)
being wanted, being in request, e.g.
matakwa yangu kuwa mtumishi killa
mtu ayajna, every one knows how
I was wanted as a servant, how my
services were in request.

*Matana, n. used sometimes of a
form of leprous disease. (Cf. ba-
langa, uko??ia.)

Matanga, n.plur. oftanga (which
see).

Matangamano, n. plur. a mixed
crowd, medley, miscellaneous as-
semblage, promiscuous collection.
(Cf. tangamana, also syn. makutano,
jamii.)

Matata, n. plur. tangle, complica-
tion, complex affair, troubles, diffi-
culties, &c. Tia m., complicate,
involve. (Cf. tatiza.)

Mate, n. plur. of tcte (cf. uta,
mata), spitting, spittle, saliva. Mate-
?nate, light spitting rain, drizzle (cf.
manyunyo). Te?na tnate, spit, ex-
pectorate.

Mateka, n. plur. (1) booty, prey,
plunder, and esp. (2) captive in war,

MATEMBEZI

213

MAUTHIKO

slave, — used as sing, and plur. (Cf.
teka, v.)

Matembezi, n. plur. (i) a walk
taken for pleasure or business, a
ramble, a tour, a round ; (2) also
idle strolling, street walking. Nali-
kwenda kule matembezi, I went there
for a walk. (Cf. tembea, masia.)

*Mathabahu, n. and Mathbahu,
place of sacrifice, altar. (Ar. Cf.
mathabuha, t/iabi/iu.)

*Mathabuha, n. and Mathbuha,
thing sacrificed, victim, offering.
(Cf. prec.)

*Mathahabu, n. and Mathehebu,

(1) customs, ideas, tenets, usages ; (2)
sect, denomination, party, persuasion.
M. ya maneno, uses of words, for-
mularies, idioms. M. ya mambo,
usages, ceremonies, rites. (Ar. Cf.
desturi, kawaida, kanuni. Dist.
thahabti.)

*Mathali, conj. also M&thal,
Metbali, Mithili, Mizli, as, like.
(Ar. See Metbali, and cf. kama.)

*Mathubuti, n. and a., also
Mathubutu, (1) evidence, proof,
confirmation, support (cf. ushahidi) ;

(2) trustworthy, honest, reliable,
effective, decisive. E. g. makarani
si m., the clerks are not to be
trusted. Hoja m., a strong, con-
clusive argument. (Ar. Cf. thu-
butu, thabiti, and syn. imara.)

Matiko, n. hardening or tempering
metal. Tia m., harden, temper.
Fundi amelilia m. shoka langu, the
smith has tempered my axe. So
tilika (pata, ingia) matiko, — of the
metal. (? Cf. utiko.)

*Matilaba, n. desire, wish, pur-
pose. Matilaba na mradi, desire
and intention. (Arab., not often
in Z. Cf. tamaa, matamani, mata-
kwa, shauri, shauko.')

Matilo, n. and Mantilo, a rope
from the after-part of the yard to the
masthead, to give greater security in
a high wind.

Matimutimu, n. nyele za m., dis-
hevelled, disordered hair.

Matindi, n. half-grown Indian
corn (mtihindi.).

Matiti, n. enda m., trot, go at
a trot, — of an animal. (Cf. telki,
mbio, and dist. titi, kititi.)

*Matlaa, n. and Matlai, sunrise,
the east, east wind, morning wind.
(Ar. Cf. maskariki.)

Matongo, n. discharge from the
eyes. Mwenyi m. ya macho, a per-
son whose eyes run from weakness or
disease. (Cf. utongo, iongo, and
perh. chongo.)

Matukano, n. plur. insulting
words, abuse, bad language, insults.
(Qi.tukana, and syn. matusi, masuto.)

Matumbawe, n. plur. coral stone
in the intermediate stage, between
actual formation and complete fos-
silization, — a white, light, compact
stone, used esp. on account of its
lightness in concrete roofs; and, being
comparatively soft, it is also cut to
form a projecting support for plaster
string-courses.

Matumishi, n. plur. service, a ser-
vant's work. (Cf. follg. and mtu-
mishi.)

Matumizi, n. plur. (1) acts of
using, use, using, employment ; (2)
things used, requisites, conveniences,
e. g. food, clothes, firing, &c. E. g.
kana m. nayo, he has no use for them.
Sina m. leo, I am quite destitute at
present. (Cf. tumia, and syn. riziki,
vi/aa.)

Maumbile, n. plur. created state,
original condition, natural constitu-
tion (Kr. ), — but umbo is usual in Z.
(Cf. umba, kiumbe.)

Maungo, n. plur. of ungo (which
see).

Maunzi, n. plur. a structure, frame,
framework, esp. one of wood and of
shipbuilding, i.^e. the hull or framing
of a vessel. (Cf. unda, mwunzi.)

Mautbiko, n. plur. annoyances,
(feeling of) annoyance. Kwa uchu-
ngu na m., from resentment and
irritation. (Cf. uthi, uthia, and

syn. masumbuo.)

MAUTI

214

MB-

*Mauti, n. death. Patiwa na
(kutiwa na, patikana na) mauti, die.
(Ar. Cf. maiti, and syn. B. ufu,
kifo.)

Mavi, n. plur. (no sing.), (i)
dung, excrement; (2) dross (of
metal), scoria, e. g. m. ya chuma,
iron-worker's refuse ; m. ya nyota,
star droppings, — used of bright,
metallic, sparkling stone, mica, &c.
(3) a coarse term of abuse and con-
tempt, like mawe, rot, humbug, non-
sense, trash.

Mavunde, n. plur., and Mavunde-
vunde, broken, scattered, ragged
clouds, a cloudy overcast sky. (Cf.
vunja, and pass, termin. -e.)

Mavune, n. plur. that which is
harvested or reaped. Sometimes used
fig. of outcome, result, consequences,
effect. (Cf. vuna, and pass, termin.
-e, also follg.)

Mavuno, n. plur. (1) time
(place, process, results, &c.) of har-
vesting, reaping crops ; (2) fig.
generally profit, gain, exploitation.
M. ya nyuki, bee harvest, i.e. honey.
(Cf. vuna, and prec, and for profit,
faida, zic/iumi.)

Mavusho, n. plur. (like mavukizo),
fumes, exhalations, fumigation, &c.
(Cf. vukizo, vukiza.)

Mawe, n. plur. of jiwe (which
see). Often used contemptuously of
things common or worthless, — rub-
bish, nonsense, trash.

Mawele, n. plur. a very small
species of grain, a kind of millet
{Penicillaria spicata, Sac).

*Mayiti, n. See Maiti.

Mayugwa, n. plur. leaves of the
plant jimbi, a green vegetable like
spinach when cooked.

Mazao, n. plur. natural produce,
products, offspring, fruit. (Cf. zaa,
zao.)

*Maziada, Mazidi, Mazidio,
Mazidisho. See Ziada, &c. (Ar.
Cf. zidi.)

Maziko, n. plur. process (time,
place, &c.) of burial, funeral, inter-

ment. (Cf. zika, mzishi, maziski,
kaburi.)

Mazinga-ombwe, n. juggling
tricks, conjuring, puzzles. (Cf.
kiini-77iacho, mizungu, and follg.)

Mazingazinga, n. plur. going
round, revolutions, rounds, e. g. of
a patrol, police, &c. (Cf. zinga,

zunguka, mzinga. )

Mazishi, n. plur. preparations for
burying, attendance at a funeral,
things used at a burial (e. g. sanda,.
kiunza, pamba, ubani, &c). (Cf.

zika, maziko, mzishi?)

Maziwa, n. (1) as a collective
noun, milk of man or animal; (2)
plur. of ziwa, i. e. (a) breasts, suck-
ling organs; (b) pools, lakes. M.
mabivn, curdled milk. (Cf. m-

tindi, butter-milk.) M. ya watu
wawili, dragon's blood (sap of a
tree).

Mazoea, n. plur. habituation,
practice, familiarity, use, habit, cus-
tom. Sina m. ya kzisema naye, I
am not used to talking with him.
Fanya m., settle down, become
sociable, get contented. (Cf.

follg.)

Mazoezo, n. plur. and Mazoezi,
habits, customs, usages, practice,
wont. (Cf. zoea, -zoefu, and syn.
destziri.)

Mazu, n. local name for akind of
banana, not in Z. (Cf. ndizi,

mgomba.)

Mazua, n. plur. and Masua, giddi-
ness, confusion. (Cf. zulu, zu-
lika.)

Mazuka, n. plur. apparitions,
ghosts, spirits. (Cf. zuka, kizuka,
and syn. kivuli, pepo.)

Mazungumzo, n. plur. social
intercourse, conversation, amusement.
(Cf. zungumza, and syn. maongezi,
mchezo.)

Mb-, a common plural prefix of
nouns beginning with tt, w, tiw, ub
in Singular, usually representing a eu-
phonic change from original n sound.
Words not found under Mb may

MBA

215

MBARIKA

therefore be looked for under U, Uw,
W, Ub.

Mba, n. a kind of skin disease,
causing irritation and subsequently
scaling. (Cf. choa, dasi, rupia,
uwati.)

Mbaanrwezi, n. See Mbala-
mwezi.

Mbaazi, n. {mi-), (i) a shrub
bearing a yellow laburnum-like blos-
som, and pods containing an edible
pea or bean; (2) the beans of this
shrub, — ? Angola pea (Cajamis In-
dicus, Sac). Tundu la ?nibaazi, a
cage made of twigs of the mbaazi.

*Mbaharia, n. (wa-), commonly
Baharia (ma-), a sailor. (Cf.
bahari, and syn. mwana maji.)

*Mbahili, n. (wa-), a miser.
(Ar. Cf. bahili, ubahili, mkabithi.)

Mbalamwezi, n. also Mbaa-
mwezi, Balamwezi, moonshine,
bright moonlight. (Mbala- is perh.
a plur. form connected with waa,
v., shine, i.e. u(w)a'J)a, ua(l)a-,
mba(l)a-, combined with mwezi,
moon.)

Mbalanga, n. also Balanga, a
form of leprosy. (Cf. ukoma, ba-

lasi.)

*Mbalehe, n. (wa-) and a., boy or
girl growing up, developed, marriage-
able. (Ar. Cf. balehe, and syn.
mzima, mpevu.)

Mbali, adv. (1) far, far off, dis-
tant (in place or time), long ago,
long after; (2) distinct, separate,
different, contrary, opposite ; (3)
with the Ap. form of verb, ' alto-
gether, completely, quite.' E.g.
walio mbali kwa mbali huonana kwa
nyaraka, people who are far apart
meet by means of letters. Weka
m., put aside (apart). Safari ya
mbali, a long journey. Hakuja m.
sana, it is not very long since he
came. Sometimes Rd. rangi

mbali mbali, (of) different colours,
many-coloured, variegated. Mambo
haya mbali mbali kabisa, these
things are diametrically opposed.

With verbs, ulia mbali, kill outright.
Potetea mbali, perish utterly, — a com-
mon imprecation, ' go and be hanged.'
Tupia ?nbali, throw quite away.
With ya or na, mbali is used as
a prep., far from, distant from, — in
time, space, or quality. (Cf.

tibali, of which mbali is a plur. form,
as mbele of ubele. Opp. karibn,
kando.)

*Mbalungi, n. (mi-), a citron tree,
its fruit being balungi. ;For other
varieties of orange see Mchungwa.)

Mbamba, n. (mi-), (1) thin, flat
piece (of stone, metal, or other ma-
terial), plate, layer, sheet, strip, chip,
&c. Albamba wa jiwe, jiwe la
mbamba, a flat stone. Also (2) a
plant, a kind of Euphorbia. (Cf.

bamba, bambo, -embamba.)

Mbandiko, n. (mi-), a sticking
on, application (e. g. of a plaster,
&c.) (Cf. bandika.)

Mbanduko, n. (mi-), a taking off,
removing (e. g. of a plaster, covering,
clothes), a stripping off. (Cf.

bandua.)

Mbangi, n. (mi-), the Indian hemp
plant, from which the intoxicant
bangi is made. (Cf. afiuni, ma-

juni, bangi.)

Mbango, n. a kind of wild pig
with projecting tusks. Hence of a
person with projecting teeth. (Sel-
dom in Z. Cf. ngiri, ngtiruwe)

Mbano, n. an instrument for
grasping and holding, forceps, pin-
cers, a hand-vice, stick partly split.
(Cf. bano, bana, banzi, kibano.)

*Mbaraka, n. (mi-), also Baraka,
a blessing, — in Z. more usual form
than baraka. Shauri ni m., taking
counsel brings a blessing. (Ar.

Cf. bariki.)

Mbarango,* n. (mi'), also Ba-
rango, stout club, cudgel. Dim.
kibarango. (Cf. bakora,Jimbo.)

Mbarika, n. (mi-), the castor-oil
plant, — elsewhere on the coast called
mbono. Mafuta ya mbarika, castor-
oil.

MBARUTI

216

MBELE

Mbaruti, n. {mi-), a thistle-like
weed.

*Mbashiri, n. {wa-), one who
brings news, one who foretells, a
prophet. (Ar. Cf. bashiri.)

Mbasua, n. or Mbazua, giddiness,
craziness. (Cf. ?nazua, kizua, zulika.)

Mbata, n. a cocoanut in the final
state of ripeness and dryness, when
the nutty part inside gets loose from
the shell. Commonly used for copra.
(Cf. nazi, mnazi.)

Mbati, n. (perh. plur. from a sing.
uwati), the poles laid along the top
of a wall, or of side posts, supporting
the rafters on which the roof rests.

Mbatili, n. (wa-), prodigal, spend-
thrift, gambler. (Cf. batili, and
bathiri, and syn. mharibifu, or mpo-
tevu, wa mali.)

Mbau, n. {mi-), (i) a plank, a
board. Also (2) plur. of ubau, a plank,
i. e. timber generally, sawn wood.

Mbavuni, adv. by the side (of),
alongside, on the sides (skirts, flanks).
Mbavuni mwa mlima, on the flanks
of the mountains. Alimganda mba-
vuni, he stuck to his side, — kept
close to him. (Plur. of ubavu,
with locative suffix -ni. Cf. kando,
upande.)

Mbawa, n. plur. of ubawa (which
see).

*Mbayani, n. (wa-), a well-known,
notorious person. (Ar. Also

baini, which see.)

*Mbazazi, n. {wa-), trader, dealer,
pedlar. (Ar. trader in calico,

draper. Cf. ubazazi, and syn. tajiri,
mc/iuruzi.)

Mbega, n. a monkey with long
black silky hair, white on the shoul-
ders. (Cf. kima.)

Mbegu, n. (1) seed, germ, that from
which a plant grows ; (2) breed,
race, stock. A wider term than
chembe, punje (a single grain, a sepa-
rate small thing), and including what
is planted and set to grow, i. e.
bulbs, roots, seedlings, cuttings, &c.
Fig. of the germ of a disease.

*Mbeja, n. {wa-), a person who is
neat, smart, well dressed, careful of
personal appearance. Mbeja wa
kano, a fine muscular man, athlete.
(? Ax*bahaj. Cf. umbuji.)

Mbeko, n. perh. the same as
mbeleko (which see).

Mbele, adv. and n. (1) of place, —
before, in front, on the near side,
on the far side, forward, beyond; (2)
of time, — long ago, previously, in the
past, in the future, hereafter ; (3)
fig. in the front, in a prominent
place (as • to rank, quality, value,
&c). Mbele is often used with ya
or za (never nd) in the above senses,
and also (4) in the presence (of), in
view of, and so, as compared with.
E. g. as a noun, ' something before,'
huna mbele huna nyuma, you have
nothing before or behind you, no
prospects or resources, you are utter-
ly destitute. Neno hili ntakuelezea
mbele, I will explain this matter to
you presently. Tuendelee i?ibele, let
us go forward. Alikuja mbele, he
arrived previously. Hawi mumewe
mbele ya sheria, he is not her hus-
band in the eye of the law. Dunia
si kitu mbele yajua, the world (earth)
is nothing compared with the sun.
Akiba ya mbeleni, a provision for the
future. {Mbele is a plur. form from
ubele, or wele. Henceits prepositional
use with za, as well 2&ya. The seem-
ing vagueness of mbele, as meaning
' on the near side ' and ' on the further
side,' and also ' before ' and ' after '
in time, is generally removed by the
context suggesting the point of view.
If the idea of movement onward, pro-
gression, is suggested by the circum-
stances or only present in the mind,
then mbele is usually ' on the further
side, further on, after,' e.g. mbele ya
mlima, beyond the mountain, mbele
ya siku kuu, after the festival.
Otherwise mbele may equally well
mean ' in front of, before.' Alisi-
mama mbele ya mlima, he stopped
on this side of the mountain, in front

MBELEKO

217

MBOGA

of it. Hufunga mbele ya siku kuu,
there is a general fast before the
feast. Cf. kabla, nyuma, baada.)

Mbeleko, n. also Mbeko and
Ubeleko, a piece of calico used by
women for carrying a child on the
back while at work or walking. Such
a cloth is a usual wedding present,
made to the bride's mother. Ondoa
(vunjd) mbeko , put to shame. (Cf.
eleka.)

Mbembe, n. {wa-), a coaxing, in-
sinuating, flattering person, a coquette,
a flirt. Also, a procurer. (Cf.
bembeleza, ubembe, bembe, and follg.)

Mbembezi, n. {wa-), similar to
Mbembe. (Cf. ubembezi.)

Mbibo, n. {mi-), the cashew-nut
tree (also known as mkanju), bearing
the cashew apple {bibo) with the
attached nut {korosho) . (Cf. dunge,
kanju.)

Mbigili, n. {mi-), a thorny brier-
like shrub.

Mbili, a. two, the form of -wilt
agreeing with D 4 (P), D 6 (P). (Cf.
pili, -wili.)

Mbilikimo, n. {wa-), a name by
which the pigmy races of the central
African forest region are known on
the coast, a dwarf.

Mbilingani,n. and Mbilinganya,
a plant producing the edible veget-
able bilingani (of the tomato class),
sometimes called the mad-apple or
egg-plant.

Mbingu, n. plur. of uwingu, the
skies, the heavens, heaven.

Mbinja, n. plur. of uwinja, whist-
ling. Pigam., give a whistle. End-
eleza m., make a long whistle.
(Cf. ubinja, ubinda, and ? ivinda,
i. e. of hunting-calls, imitation of
birds, &c. Also miunzi, msonyo.)

Mbinu, n. ( — ), roundness, plump-
ness, protuberance, a curve. M. ya
mkono, a plump, well-shaped arm.
(Cf. benuka.)

Mbio, n. and adv., act of running,
running, with speed, fast. Piga m.,
run, — like kimbia. Enda m., go

quickly. Rd. mbio-mbio, at full

speed. (Cf. kimbia, and syn. upesi,

hima.)

Mbirambi, used only in the semi-
Arab, expression of condolence to a
mourner, or bereaved person, or after
any great personal loss, viz. mbirambi
zako. Also in the form bi rabbi zako,
e.g. hunena bi rabbi zako. Hujibu,
zimepita, the usual words are ' thy
(sorrows) be with the Lord,' and the
usual reply, * they are over.' (For
rambi and rabbi cf. fatndi and buddi.)

Mbisho,n.(#zz'-), (1) act of striking,
knocking against ; (2 ) opposition, con-
tradiction ; (3) in navigation, — beat-
ing to windward, tacking. Mbisho wa
pepo, the winds being contrary. (Cf.
bisha, bisho, ubishi.)

Mbisi, n. also bisi (which see),
parched Indian corn. (Dist. mbizi,
diving.)

Mbiu, n. (1) a buffalo's horn, —
sometimes beaten as a musical instru-
ment; (2) also blown to call public
attention, and so meaning a proclama-
tion. Piga m., give public notice,
announce. llipokwisha m., when
the proclamation had been made.
(For horn cf. pembe, — for proclama-
tion hubiri, tangaza habari.)

Mbizi, n. a dive, diving. Piga
{enda) m., dive. Hodari sana kwe-
nda m., a first-rate diver. {Mbizi

is used mainly of the plunge itself.
Professional diving is described by
zama, which see.)

Mboga, n. (1) {mi-), the plant
which produces the boga, pumpkin.
E.g. ukaota mboga, ukazaa maboga
mengi, and the plant grew and pro-
duced a number of pumpkins. (2)
when treated as D 6, is a general
term for garden produce, edible vege-
tables of all 4:inds, — including the
above. Mboga ya pzvani, an edible
plant growing like a weed in creeks
near Z. city, — Sesuvium porttdaca-
strum (Sac), purslane. (Various
other vegetables are dodoki, nyanya,
mumunye, figili, bilinganya, jimbi,

MBOLEO

218

MCHAKACHO

kiazi, tango, uwatu, mchicha, yugwa,
and several described as majani.)

Mboleo, n. manure, dung. (Cf.
syn. samadi.)

Mbomosni, n. (wa-), one who
throws down (demolishes, destroys,
ruins, &c), a destroyer, a revolu-
tionist. (Cf. bomoa, bomosha.)

Mbona, adv. interrog., why? what
for ? for what reason ? (Cf. syn.
kwa nini, kwa sababu gani.)

Mboni, n. mboni ya jicho, the
seeing part of the eye, i.e. the apple
or pupil of the eye, also described as
mwana wa mboni. (Cf. ona.)

Mbono, n. {mi-), (i) the castor-oil
plant, — known usually in Z. as mba-
rika, also (2) plur. of ttbono, the seed
of this plant.

Mboo, n. (mi-), penis. (Syn.
Arab, jiraka.)

Mbu, n. also imbu in Z. (rather
than umbu), mosquito.

Mbuai, a. invar, savage, wild,
rapacious. Nyama mbtiai, beasts of
prey. (Cf. ua, mwuaji. Perh.for
mbnaji. Cf. syn. -kali, -a mwitu.)

Mbugu., n. (mi-), a creeper, creep-
ing plant. (Cf. tibugu, bugn, and
mbungo.)

Mbukulia, n. (wa-), one who gets
hold of and tells secrets, a gossip,
scandal-monger, tell-tale. (Cf. bu-
kua, and syn. mdaku, mdakizi.)

Mbungo, n. (mi-), a creeping plant,
bearing an edible fruit resembling a
medlar (bzmgo), and producing india-
rubber, — a kind of Landolphia. (Cf.
mtoria, and mbugu.)

Mbuni, n. (1) (wa-), an ostrich;
(2) (wa-), verbal noun of buni, i. e.
an inventor, author, originator, deviser,
e.g. mbuni kitabu (or, wa kitabu),
the author of a book; (3) (mi-), a
coffee plant, the berries being buni, or
buni za kahawa, whence the beverage
coffee (kahawa).

Mburugo, n. (mi-), and Mvurugo,
a stirring up, a mixing, a muddling,
disorder, mess. (Cf. buruga.)

Mbururo, n. (mi-), (1) a pulling,

hauling, dragging ; (2) track or marks
made by pulling something along.
(Cf. burura, and mkokoto.)

Mbuyu, n.(wz-),the baobaborcal-
abash tree, — often of enormous girth
in proportion to the height, producing
a large nut ibuyu), the hard shell of
which is used for drawing water, and
the kernel (ubuyu, a dry biscuit-like
substance with an acid taste) for
flavouring food. Siogopi unene wa
mbuyu, I am not afraid of a baobab's
size, i.e. appearance of strength with-
out reality, the wood being soft and
unworkable.

Mbuzi, n. ( — ), and Mabuzi, of
size, (1) a goat; (2) an instrument
for grating cocoanut, i.e. mbuzi y a
kukunia nazi, — a piece of iron with
serrated edge fixed in a board. (Cf.
kibuzi. Next to fowls, goats are the
usual and often the only feasible in-
vestment for a native. The next is a
cow, or slave.)

Mbwa, n. ( — ), a dog, — an un-
clean animal to Mahommedans. M.
wa mwitu, a jackal, or wild dog.
M. koko, a bush-dog, the common
pariah or half-wild dog of Zanzibar,
of a reddish fox-like kind, living in
the plantations near the town in a
semi-domesticated state and invading
it in troops at night. (Cf. jibwa.)

Mbwai. See Mbuai.

Mbwe, n. ( — ), small stone, pebble,
shingle, — larger than changarawe.
(Ci.jiwe, kijiwe, kibwe.)

Mbweha, n. ( — ), a fox, jackal.

Mbweu, n. ( — ), also Mbweo,
belching, eructation. Piga (enda)
mbweu, belch. (Cf. syn. Ar.

riyahi.)

Mchafuko, n. (mi-), disorder,
disturbance, chaos, confusion, mess.
M. wa watu, riot, tumult. (Cf.
chafua, and syn. ghasia.)

Mchago, n. (mi-), the end of a
bedstead, where the head rests. (Cf.
kit and a.)

Mchakacho, n. (1) a crushing, a
pounding, and so (2) a crackling,

MCHAKTJKO

219

MCHELE

rustling sound, e.g. of feet on dry
grass and leaves. (Cf. chakacha,
and peril, mtakaso.)

Mchakuro, n. (i) a scratching;
(2) the sound of scratching. (Cf.
chakura.)

Mchana, n. (no plur.), day as op-
posed to night {usiku), daytime, day-
light. Mchana and usiku together
make one day, or period of twenty-
four hours. The mchana or period
of daylight at Zanzibar varies little
more than an hour in the course of
the year, — so little that sunset, when-
ever it occurs, is taken as 6 p.m.,
the point from which the next twenty-
four hours are to be reckoned. An
evening salutation is Za mchana ?
i.e. Habari za mchana ? How have
you been to-day ? — with the invari-
able response, njema, quite well. Also
used in Z. as a kind of challenge
word, e. g. Mchana usiku ? Are you
friend or foe? (lit. day or night).
Mchana kuchwa, the whole day long,
like usiku kucha, the whole night
long. Mchana is also used in a more
limited sense, midday, noon, also
mchana mkuu, i. e. the height of day
(and commonly athuuri, and jua
kichwani). Mchana mdogo, the
period before and after the midday
hours. Chakula cha mchana, the mid-
day meal, lunch, tiffin. The com-
monest divisions of daytime are al-
fajiri, when the first signs of it ap-
pear ; kucha, dawn ; asstibuhi, fore-
noon (including mafungulia njombe,
between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.) ; athuuri,
noon ; alasiri, afternoon, about 3 p.m. ;
jioni, evening, till dark. (Perhaps
conn, with cha, v. and kucha, kuchwa.
Cf. saa, siku, usiku.)

Mchanga, n. (no plur.), sand. M.
mnene, coarse sand. M. mwemba-
mba, fine sand. M. mtifu, loose, dry,
dust-like sand. Chembe ya mchanga,
a grain of sand, and perh. uchanga.
(? Cf. -changa, a., i. e. in a small un-
developed stage, or follg.)

Mchanganyiko, Mchanganyo,

n. {mi-), mixture, promiscuous ming-
ling, adulteration. (The two forms
only differ in voice, Act. and Nt.
'a mixing, a being mixed,' both being
covered by ' mixture.' Cf. chang-
anya.)

Mchango, n. {mi-), (1) collecting,
getting together, joining in an under-
taking, contribution, e. g. m. wa
asikari, mustering soldiers ; m. wa
mali, raising funds from different
sources. (2) Intestinal worms, m.wa
tu?7ibo. (Cf. cha?iga, chango, u-
chango.)

Mchanjo, n. {mi-), a cutting, a
lopping, &c. (Cf. chanja, chanj'o.)

Mchanyato, n. a native dish,
— bananas, cassava, &c, sliced up
and boiled with fish. (Cf. cha-
nyata.)

Mchawi, n. {wa-), a wizard, a
witch, one of either sex who practises
the black arts, a sorcerer, a magician.
Contr. mganga, whose art is in
the main under the control of, and
allowed by, the community. E. g.
huyu ni mganga, kisha ni
mchawi, wala hawezekani, he's a
medicine-man, and what's more, a
wizard, and we cannot put up with
him. (Perh. conn with cha, v.,
fear, as a passive form, ' a dreaded one.'
For syn. cf. mwanga, mwangaji,
mlozi, i. e. mlogaji.)

Mche, n. {mi-), seedling, slip,
shoot, cutting, young plant. E. g.
Mche huu ni mti gani? What tree is
this a cutting of? (Dist. mchi,
mchu.)

Mchekeshaji, n. {wa-), an amus-
ing droll person, a wag, a clown, a
merry smiling person. (Cf. cheka,
and follg.)

Mchekeshi, n. {wa-), and Mche-
shi, like mch&eshaji.

Mcheko, n. {mi-), act (manner, cir-
cumstances) of laughing, &c. (Cf.
cheka, and prec.)

Mchele, n. {mi-), rice, — collec-
tively, the grain as gathered andcleaned
of the husk. Plural seldom heard, e. g.

MCHEETGO

220

MCHU

wakala michele pia, they ate up all
the rice. Mchele has also a wider
sense, i. e. ' cleaned grain ' in general,
hence mchele wa mtama, millet grain,
and mchele wa mpung a defining it as
' rice-grain.' Different sorts of rice
are known as sena, bungala, shi-
ndano, garafuu, kapwai, kifungo, ma-
devu, mwanga, sifara, uchukwi.
(Dist. mpttnga, the rice-plant, grow-
ing rice, and the various kinds of
cooked rice, wait, uji, tibwabwa.)

Mchengo, n. {mi-), a cutting, esp.
of wood, trees, bushes, stalks, &c.
(Cf. chetiga, chanja, and kata.)

Mchenza, n. {mi-), a tree bearing
a large mandarin orange {chenzd).
(For other kinds cf. mchungwa.)

Mcheshi, n. {wa-), a merry,
laughing, genial, amusing person.
(Cf. cheka, mchekeshi.)

Mchezi, n. {wa-), one who plays,
a gay sportive person, a player, an
actor. (Cf. cheza, and follg.)

Mchezo, n. {mi-), game, pastime,
amusement, sport. (Cf. cheza,

and prec, and syn. maongezi, ma-
zungumzo. For games cf. tinge, bao,
sataranji, karat a, tiabtc, dama, ki-
shada.)

Mchi, n. {mi-), a pestle, a pole of
hard wood used for pounding grain
.&c. in a wooden mortar {kinu).

Mchicha, n. {mi-), a common
plant with edible leaves, used as a
vegetable, like spinach. (Dist.

chicha.)

Mchikiehi, n. {mi-), the palm-oil
tree, bearing the fruit chikichi. (For
other palms see mnazi.)

Mchinjaji, n. {wa-), a butcher,
a slaughterer. (Cf. chinja, and

follg.)

Mchinjo, n. {mi-), act (place,
manner, &c.) of slaying, slaughter,
butchery, massacre. (Cf. chinja.)

Mchirizi, n. {mi-), anything for
collecting or draining away water, a
gutter, a channel, a stick or leaflet
or blade of grass for leading rain-
water from the trunk of a tree ,to a

pail. Also, the eaves of a house,
from which rain drips or trickles.
(Cf. churuzika.)

Mchiro, n. {wa-), but better
ng'chiro, a mungoos.

Mchocheo, Mchocho, n. {mi-),
a poking up, a rousing, stimulation,
— from chocha (which see).

Mch.oeh.oro, n. {mi-), a narrow
alley, or passage between houses.
(Cf. kichochoro.)

Mchokichoki, n. {mi-), and
Mchokochoko, a tree bearing the
fruit ckokichoki (which see) {Nep he-
lium Litschi, Sac).

Mchomo, n. act or process of
burning, &c. See Choraa, Chomo.
Also irritation, smart, pricking, stab-
bing, &c, — and of cooking. (Cf.
mhaango, mtokoso, mwoko, &c.)

Mchonge, a. mchonge wa jicho,
a one-eyed person, i. e. mwenyi
chongo. (Cf. follg.)

Mchongo, n. {mi-), a cutting, act
of cutting, making a cut, — with axe,
knife, &c. Mchongo wa kalamu, cut-
ting a pen. (Cf. chonga, chonge,
chongo. )

Mchongoma, n. {mi-), a thorny
shrub, with white flowers, and a small
black edible fruit (Str.). Used for
fences. Also ? a kind of Euphorbia.

Mchoro, n. {mi-), carving, en-
graving, making a scratch or scrawl.
(Cf. chora, and follg.)

Mchorochoro, n. {wa-) , a scrawler,
scribbler, bad writer. (Cf. chora,
and prec.)

Mchoroko, n. {mi-), the plant
which produces the edible bean
choroko (which see).

Mchoto, n. {mi-), a small bit, a
scrap, a sample, a taste, e. g. of a
delicacy or sweetmeat, sent as a
present. (Cf. chota, choto.)

Mchovyo, n. {mi-), a dipping,
plunging in a liquid, — and so used of
tempering metals, process of plating
or coating with a substance or colour.
(Cf. chovya.)

Mchu, n. {mi-), a kind of man-

MCHUKTJZI

221

MDOSHI

grove, with tough whitish wood.
(Dist. mche, mchi.)

Mchukuzi, n. (wa-), a bearer,
• carrier, porter. (Cf. chukua, and
mpagazi, Aama/i.)

Mchumba, n. (wa-), one who
seeks or is sought in marriage, suitor,
lover, sweetheart, fiancee. (Cf.

chumba, kinyumba.)

Mchunga, n. (wa-), one who has
the care of animals, shepherd, herds-
man, groom, &c, — with or without
a preposition. M. (wa) ng'ombe, a
cowherd. Mbuzi wasio m., goats
without a goatherd. Also m. wa
gari, coachman, driver. (Cf. chunga,
lis ha.)

Mchungaji, n. same as Mchunga
(which see), — the ji suffix denoting
a professional or habitual occupation,
shepherd, &c.

Mchungwa, n. (mi-), an orange
tree, bearing a sweet orange (chtingwa)
of the common kind, plentiful during
nine months of the year in Z. (Cf.
chungwa, and for other varieties
mchenza, mlimau, mbalungi, mndi-
mu, mkangaja, mdanzi, mfurnngu.)

Mchuruzi, n. (wa-), small trader,
shopman, retail-dealer, pedlar, stall-
keeper. (Cf. churuza, and syn.
mbazazi, mfanyi biashara, mwenyi
duka.)

Mchuzi, n. (mi-), any kind of
gravy, soup, sauce, broth, — esp. as
used to flavour a dish of rice or other
cooked grain. Prov. ?nchuzi ni maji,
gravy means water, — of something
indispensable. (Cf. ckuza, and

kit owe o, kiungo.)

Mchwa, n. ( — ), white ants, — of
a small but destructive kind in Z.
(For other varieties cf. chungu, siafu,
maji ya moto, sisimisi, kttmbi.)

Mda, n. (mi-), also Muda (which
see), a space of time, period.

Mdaa, n. (mi-), a plant used for
producing a black dye.

*Mdadisi, n. (wa-), one who ques-
tions, an inquisitive, curious, prying
person. (Ar. Cf. dadisi.)

Mdago, n. (mi-), a kind of weed.

*Mdai, n. (wa-), a claimant, plain-
tiff, prosecutor, creditor. ( Ar. Cf.
dai, dawa, mdawa, and mwii.)

Mdakizi, n. (wa-), similar to
Mdaku, and Mdukizi (which see),
eavesdropper, gossip-monger, &c.

Mdaku, n. (wa-), one who catches
up news, slanderer, tale-bearer, &c.
(Cf. prec. and daka.)

Mdalasini, n. (mi-), a cinnamon
tree, also the bark.

Mdanzi, n. (mi-), the tree bearing
the danzi, or bitter orange. (For
other kinds cf. ?nchungwa.)

*Mdarabi, n. (mi-), also Mtarabe,
the rose- apple tree, bearing the fruit
darabi.

*Mdawa,n. (i) (wa-), claimant, ac-
cuser, prosecutor, opponent, assailant.
Sometimes (2) (mi-), a claim, suit,
legal proceedings. ( Ar. Like mdai,
cf. dai, dawa, and mshtaki, mtesi.)

*Mdeki, n. (mi-), a ramrod. Shind-
ilia bundnki kwa 7?ideki, to load a
gun with a ramrod. (Ar.)

*Mdengu, n. (*ni-), a plant pro-
ducing the small edible bean or pea,
dengn (which see).

*Mdeni, n. (wa-), a debtor, a
person in debt. (Ar. Cf. deni,
and mwii, wia, wiwa.)

*Mdila, n. (mi-), a coffee-pot.
(Ar. Cf. bidi, teapot.)

Mdimu, n. (i?ii-). See Mndimu,
the tree which bears the lime fruit
ndimu.

Mdiria, n. (wa-), a kingfisher.

Mdodoki, n. (mi-), the climbing
plant producing the edible vegetable
dodoki, a kind of lufah.

Mdomo, n. (mi-), with variants
m/omo, muomo, mwomo, (1) a lip;
(2) beak, bill (of a bird) ; (3) fig.
anything lip-like, i.e. a similar organ,
a projection, overhanging part. M.
wapande, a hare-lip. Piga m., pout, — ,
also, make a long speech, be garru-
lous, — but usually domo in this
sense. (Cf. domo, and omo.)

Mdoshi, n. (mi-), a kind of pedal

MDUAKA

222

MENO

or treadle, working the part of a
native loom which raises the threads
of the warp alternately. (Cf. mfu-
mi,fuma, kitanda^)

*Mduara, n. (mi-), and Duara,
a circular thing, circle, round heap,
wheel, — like duara (which see).
(Ar. Cf. mviringo, gurudumu.)

*Mdudu, n. (wa-), the most general
word for ' insect,' including ants, flies,
fleas, grubs, worms, and all small
creeping and flying creatures. Also
used of various diseases caused by, or
attributed by the natives to, parasites
and other insects in the body. (Ar.
Cf. dudti, kidudu, and dist. dude.)

Mdukizi, n. {wa-), eavesdropper,
gossip-monger, slanderer. (Perh.
the same as mdakizi, cf. daka, mdaku,
dakiza, dukiza.)

Mdukuo, n. (mi-), a tap, push,
poke,thrust, — given with stick, finger,
or open hand, e. g. mtie mdukuo
wa jicho, poke him in the eye. So
pigo la kidole.

Mdumu, n. (mi-), commonly
dumu (which see), pot, mug.

Mdundo, n. (mi-), used of a roll-
ing, rumbling sound, as of drums or
a band. (? Hind. dund. Cf. vuma,
mvumo.)

Me-, (i) as a tense-sign, marks
the completion of an action or pro-
cess, or the consequent state and
condition, and so supplies a Perfect
and Pluperfect Tense. This form of
the verb also often supplies the place
of a Past Participle. It can never be
combined with a relative-pfx., — the
necessary forms being supplied by
the -li- (Past) Tense. It is rarely
used with a negative pers.-pfx., sime-
kwambia ? Have I not told you ? —
its place being supplied by the Past
Tense Negative with ku-. E.g. ame-
fika amechoha, he has arrived in a
tired state. Tukamkuta amekufa,
we found him dead. Amevaa nguo
nzuri, he is wearing fine clothes. (2)
as an initial syllable, sometimes
represents ma- combined with an -i }

e-, or -0 following, e. g. makasha
mengine mengi, for ma-ingine , ma-
ingi, many other boxes ; mavazi me-
roro, for ma-ororo, soft clothes.
See A, E, I.

Mea, v. ' grow ' as a vegetable or
plant, — of plant life, but also of parts
of the animal organization, which
resemble plants in growth, i.e. hair,
teeth, nails, &c. Also in a quasi-
active sense, e. g. buu likamea mbawa,
the grub grew wings. A p. melea,
grow in (on, by, &c), grow as a
parasite of, and also in a quasi-passive
sense, be grown over, be overgrown,
e.g. shamba langu linamelea, my
plantation is overgrown (with weeds,
&c). Cs. meza, cause to grow,
e. g. Mtiungu amenimeza meno, God
has caused my teeth to grow. (Dist.
meza, swallow.) (Cf. vwiea, umea,
mmelea, kimelea, and syn. ota, kua.)

Mega, v. break off a piece, take a bit,
esp. with fingers or teeth, — of taking
a share of food, a help from a common
plate or dainty. Ps. megwa. Nt.
megeka. Ap. meg-ea, -ewa. Cs. me-
gesha, e. g. invite to take a bite,
ask to help himself. Rp. megana, of
general consent or common action.
(Cf. follg. and tonge, mmego.)

Mego, n. (wa-), a piece, a bit,
a morsel, a bite, a helping, esp. of
food. (Cf. mega.)

Meka-meka, v. a variant of meta-
meta, merimeta, me??ieteka, sparkle,
glitter, shine, be bright, fiery, &c.
(And cf. mulimu/i.)

Meko, n. plur. of jiko (i. e.
majiko, maiko, vieko) (which see), and
cf. figa, jifya, stones for supporting
a cooking-pot over the fire.

Memeteka v. also Memetuka,
sparkle, shine. (Cf. meiameta.)

Mende, n. ( — ), a cockroach. Also
a slang term for a rupee.

Mengi, a form of -ingi agreeing
with D 5 (P), i. e. maingi, mengi.
So mengine, from -ingine.

Meno, n. plur. oijino (i. e. majino,
I maino, meno), teeth. Meno meno,

MENYA

223

MFASIRI

battlements, usually arched or pointed
in Z. See Jino.

Menya, v. (i) shell, husk, peel,
e. g. sugar-cane ; (2) beat, pound
(not usual in Z.). (Cf. ambua,
chambua, paa, v.)

*Merikebu, n. ( — ), also Marike-
bu, Marekabu, a ship, esp. of foreign
construction, as contr. with the native
vessel chombo. Various kinds are dis-
tinguished as merikebu ya matanga,
sailing vessel ; m. ya moshi, steamer
— also ya dohani; m.ya kazi or ya
serkali, a freight vessel, as contr.
with meli for passenger traffic ; m. ya
milingote miwili (miwili u nussu,
mitatu), a brig or schooner (a "'arque,
a full-rigged ship). Ingia {panda)
merikebuni, go on board a vessel.
Shuka merikebuni, disembark. (Ar.
Cf. jahazi, chombo?)

Merimeta, v. sparkle, shine (cf.
metameta).

*Meshmaa, n. ( — ), a candle.
. (Ar. shamaa, — sometimes changed to
mskumaa {mi-).)

*Meski, n. and Miski, musk.
Also similar scents. (Cf. marashi,
harufu.)

*Meskiti, n. also Msikiti, Mo-
skiti, a mosque. (Ar. changed from
mesgidi, masjidi, cf. sujudu.)

Meta, v. also Metameta, shine,
sparkle, glitter, be bright, &c, e.g.
of polished metal, fireflies, stars, &c.
Nt. meteka, e.g. upanga humeteka
kotekote, the sword is bright all over.
Cs. meteska, make shine, polish.
(Cf. merimeta, memeteka, memetuka,
mekameka, — all perh. variants of
similar sound. Also mulimuli,
mulika, and (of steady light) ng'aa,
anga.)

*Methali, n. and conj., also in
several other forms, mathali, mathal,
methili, mithili, mizli, (1) a likeness,
resemblance, emblem, similitude, par-
able, proverb, allegory. Often methali
ya, like, resembling, a likeness of, in
the likeness of, and so (2) as, like,
just as if, for instance, — same as the

commoner kama. Mithili ni kuwa
ametia mtu, as for instance (it is as if)
he has committed a murder. (Ar.
Cf. syn. B. mfano, and conj. kama.)

Meza, v. (1) swallow, swallow up
(perh. a Cs. of mega (which see), i.e.
megesha, meza ; (2) Cs. oimea, cause
to grow.

*Meza, n. ( — ), a table, raised
wooden bench, school form. Mezani,
(of Europeans) at a meal, at dinner, —
also a dining-room, mess-room, i. e.
chtimba cha kulia. (Portug. Cf.
Lat. mensa.)

Mfaa, n. (mi-), centre-piece of
native door, fixed to one valve,
the other closing against it. (Cf.

mlango.)

Mfalme, n. (wa-),king, chief, ruler,
sultan. (Cf. ufalme, and syn. jumbe,
sultani, mkuu.)

Mfano, n. {mi-), likeness, re-
semblance, similitude, emblem, sam-
ple, pattern, parable. Mfano wa
maneno, an allegory, parable. Kwa
mfano wa, or only mfano na, like.
Also mfano alone, as conj. ndio
mfano nguoyapili, it acts as another
garment. (Cf. fanana, kifano,

and syn. Ar. methali, and conj.
kama?)

Mfanyi, n. (wa-), a doer, a maker,
one who practises, — usually as a ver-
bal noun governing another noun,
e. g. mfanyi biashara, a trader, a mer-
chant ; mfanyi viatu, a shoemaker.
(From fanya.)

*Mfaransa, n. (wa-), also Mfra-
nsa, Mfarasa, a Frenchman. (From
F?-ancais. Cf. -faransa.)

*Mfariji, n. (wa-), one who com-
forts, a comforter, a consoler. ( Ar.
Qi.fariji.)

*Mfarika, n. (wa-),a young animal,
— goat, sheepjr &c., grown but not
yet breeding. (Ar. Cf. fariki and
follg.)

*Mfariki, n. a divider, esp. a comb-
like instrument used in weaving.
Same as faraka (which see).

*Mfasiri, n. (yoa-), an expounder.

MFATHILI

224

MFUMA

interpreter, translator. (Ar. Cf.

fasiri, and mkalimani.)

*Mfathili, n. (wa-), a benefactor,
helper, a kind, liberal, generous person.
(Ar. Clfathili.)

Mfenessi,n. (mi-), a jack-fruit tree,
a single fruit of which often weighs
over 20 lb. (Cf.fenessi.)

Mfichaji, Mfichifichi, n. (wa-),
one who habitually conceals, a very
reserved or retiring person. (Cf.
ficha, and -nyamafu.)

Mfigili, n. (mi-), and Mfljili, a
kind of radish-plant, with an edible
root, figili.

Mfiko, n. (mi-), arrival, reach,
range. Mfiko wa lisasi, range of a
bullet (gunshot, rifle). (Ci.fika.)

*Mfilisi, n. (wa-), one who forces
another into ruin, bankruptcy, &c,
a distrainer, defrauder, embezzler.
(Ci.filisi, and follg.)

*Mfllisika, n. (wa-), a ruined per-
son, bankrupt. (Cf. prec.)

Mfinessi, n. See Mfenessi.

Mfinyangi, n. (wa-), also Mfinya-
nzi (and -ji) , a worker in clay, a potter.
Mfinyanzi hulia gae, a potter eats
off a potsherd, i. e. is no millionaire.
(Cf. finyanza, finya, ufinyanzi.)

Mfisha, MfLshaji, n. (wa-), one
who kills, a slaughterer. (Cf. fa,
fisha.)

*Mfith.uli, n. (wa-), an insolent,
rude, overbearing, insulting person.
(Ar. Cf. fithuli, ufithuli, and syn.
mjeuri.)

*Mfitmi, n. (wa-), one who causes
discord, a quarrelsome person, brawler,
agitator, disturber of peace, mutineer,
conspirator. (Ar. Qi.fitina,fitini.)

Mriwi, n. (mi-), plant producing
the fiwi, Cape bean.

Mfo, n. (mi-), torrent, rain-fed
stream, flood, also the channel or
bed of a torrent. Mfo mkavu, dry
bed, — of a torrent. Leo kumeshuka
mfo, hakupitiki, to-day a flood has
come down, it is impossible to cross.
Mto alikuwa na mfo, the river was
in flood. (fZi.furiko, and mto.)

*Mforsadi, n. (mi-), a mulberry
tree, bearing the fruit forsadi.

Mfu, n. (wa-), a dead person.
(See -fu. Cf. fa, v., kifo, ufu, and
syn. maiti.)

Mfua, (1) (wa-)-, one who beats,
esp. of one who works in metal with
hammer, &c, a smith. A verbal-
noun from fua, governing a noun
following, e.g. mfua chumaithahabu,
fetha, &c), a blacksmith (goldsmith,
silversmith, &c). Mfua nguo, one
who washes clothes, a washerman
(commonly dobi in Z.). (2) (mi-),
miftia (or mifuo), bellows. Vakuta
mifua, blow bellows. (Cf. fua,
mvzikulo.)

Mfuasi, n. (wa-), (1) a follower,
adherent, retainer, disciple ; (2) a
pursuer, tracker. (Cf. fuata.)

Mfufuzi, n. (wa-), one who raises
from the dead, restorer of life. (Cf.
fufua.)

Mfugo, n. (mi-), taming, breed-
ing, rearing of birds or animals.
M. wa nyama, cattle breeding. M. wa
frasi, keeping a stable, breaking-in
horses. Nina mifugo mingi, I rear
many kinds of animals. (Ci.fuga.)

Mfuko, n. (mi-), a bag, a pocket, —
a general term, with dim. kifuko, and
fuko (ma-), a large bag, travelling
bag, saddle-bag. (Ci.foikia,fukua.
Various kinds of bags are fumba,
kiftwiba, gunia, kiguni, kanda,
kikanda, mbatu, mkoba, mtumba,
&c.)

Mfukuzi, n. (wa-), (1 ) from fukuza,
pursuer, persecutor ; (2) hom fukua,
digger, miner, pitman.

Mfulizo, n. (mi-), causing to go
on, giving an energetic impetus, a
pull, tug, haul, thrust, shove, &c.
Kwa mfulizo mmoja, all pulling to-
gether. (Ct.fua,fuliza, and follg.)

Mfululizo, n. (mi-), also Mfufu-
lizo, a Rd. form of mfulizo, a going on
and on, a regular progression, series,
succession. Siku tano ya mfululizo,
five consecutive days. (Cf. prec.)

Mfuma, Mfumaji, Mfumi, n.

MFUMBATT

225

MGANGO

(wa-), one who weaves, a weaver.
Mfuma nguo, a weaver of cloth.
Kitanda cha mfumi, a weaver's loom.
Mfumaji wa hariri, a silk weaver.
(Cf. fuma, and kitanda^)

Mfumbati, n. {mi-), side-piece of
the frame of a native bedstead. See
Kitanda.

Mfumi, n. See Mfuma.

Mfumo, n. {mi-), (i) art (act,
process, &c.) of weaving ; (2) tex-
ture, fabric. Mfumo wake mzuri, it
is a well-woven stuff. (Cf. fuma,

mfumi, kitanda cha mfumi, mtande
(warp), mshindio (woof).)

Mfungizo, n. {mi-), a fastening
up, an investment, blockade, siege.
{Cf. funga,ftingiza, and mazingiwa.)

Mfungo, n. {mi-), (1) a fastening,
shutting, closing, tying, &c. (see
Funga), and (2) esp. fasting,— used
both of such fasts as the month Rama-
than and of the carnival immediately
preceding it. Mfungo wa Ulaya,
European mode of fastening. (Cf.
funga, kifungo, and follg.)

Mfunguo, n. {mi-), unfastening,
untying, loosing, releasing, &c. (see
Fungua). Used to describe the
nine months following the month of
fasting, Ramathan, viz. mfunguo wa
mosi, wa pili, wa tatu, &c, — the
remaining three being called by the
Arabic names Rajabu, Shaabani, Ra-
mathani. (Cf. fungua, and prec.)

Mfunza, Mfunzaji, Mfunzi, n.
{wa-), a teacher, instructor, tutor.
{Ci.fttnza,fundisha, and syn. mwali-
mu, mkuftmzi, fundi. Dist. funza,
maggot.)

Mfuo, n. {mi-), (1) a beating,
hammering, &c, — verbal of fua, v. ;
(2) a groove, crease, mark made by
drawing a line, stripe, band of colour,
&c. E. g. karatasi ya ?nifuo, ruled
paper. Nguo ya mifuo, striped cloth,
tartan. (3) Miftio, or mi fua, bellows ;
(4) mfuo wa mawinbi, the beating of
waves on the shore, and also, the beach,
shore of the sea. (Cf. tcfuo, ufuko,
and/«a.)

Mfupa, n. {mi-), a bone. Mifupa,
a skeleton. Mifupa mitupu, a mere
skeleton, i. e. very emaciated. Dim.
kifupa. (Cf. ufupa, fupa.)

*Mfuria, n. also kanzu ya
mfuria, an Arab garment, a sort
of loose cloth coat, with a collar,
but no sleeves. (Perh. Ar., meaning
fur coat.)

Mfurungu, n. {mi-), the tree
which bears the shaddock, furungu.
(Cf. mchungwa.)

Mfuto, n. {mi-), (1) a wiping,
sweeping, clearing off, erasing, aboli-
tion, absolution ; (2) used to denote
a common, plain, rough, inferior
article of any kind, e. g. mlango wa
mfuto, a plain door, without carving
or ornamentation. Mkeka wa 7nfuto,
a plain, cheap mat. (Cf. futa.)

Mfuu, n. {mi-), a tree bearing
a small black edible berry {fuu).

Mfyozi, n. (wa-), an abusive,
scornful, insolent person. {Cf.fyoa,
and syn. mfithuli.)

Mganda, n. {mi-), (1) a bundle,
a sheaf, e. g. of rice or other crop ;
(2) a kind of drum (cf. ngoma).
(Cf. ganda, and follg.)

Mgandisho, n. {mi-), causing to
coagulate (set, curdle, thicken), co-
agulation. (Cf. ganda, and follg.)

Mgando, n. {mi-). Mgando wa
chuma, iron smelted and run out
to cool, pig iron (cf. mkuo). Piga
chuma mgando, make wrought iron.
(Cf. ganda, and prec.)

Mganga, n. (wa-), a native doc-
tor, medicine man, — the recognized
representative of superior knowledge
on all subjects mysterious to the
native mind, and regarded with re-
spect, fear, or toleration accordingly.
The mchawi is, on the other hand,
not recognized^r tolerated as a rule
by the community, however useful
his services may be to individuals.
Mganga mkuu, mganga sana, a fam-
ous medicine man. (Cf. ganga y
tiganga, and mchawi?)

Mgango, n. {mi-), a binding up,

MGAWANYA

226

MGUNYA

splicing, mending. (Cf. ganga,

gango, kigango.)

Mgawanya, Mgawanyi, n. (wa-),
a divider, a distributor. (Cf. gawa,
gawaiiya, and follg., also mwenezi.)

Mgawo, n. {mi-), and Mgao, a
dividing, division, distribution, par-
tition. So also Mgawanyo. (Cf.
gawa, and prec.)

Mgema, n. (wa-), and Mgemi, a
man who climbs and taps cocoanut
trees to get palm-wine (tembo). This
business (mgemo, kugema) is a regu-
lar profession, and in Zanzibar is often
carried on by Digo men from the
coastland a little north of Z. Cf.
Prov. mgemi akisifiwa tembo halitia
tnaji, if the tapper hears his tap
praised he waters it. (Cf. gema,
and tembo.)

Mgemo, n. See Mgema.

Mgeni, n. (wa-), (i) a stranger,
new-comer, foreigner; (2) a guest.
Mgeni na aje mwenyeji apone, let the
foreigner come that the native may
be the better off. (Cf. -geni.)

Mgereza, n. See Mwingereza.

*Mghalaba,n. competition, rivalry.
Bei ni mghalaba, commerce is com-
petition. (Ar. Cf. ghalibu, and
syn. B. s/iindana.)

Mgogoro, n. (mi-), (1) an obstacle,
obstruction, e. g. a stone or tree in a
road; (2) a difficulty, nuisance,
trouble, worry. (Cf. syn. ztiizo,
tatizo, kwao.)

Mgoja, n. See Mngoja.

Mgomba, n. (1) (mi-), the banana
plant, plantain tree, bearing the
fruit ndizi (which see), and pro-
ducing a strong fibre (ugomba) ; (2)
(wa-), verbal noun of gomba (which
see, and cf. follg.).

Mgombwe, n. (mi-), bull's-mouth
shell (Cassis rubra, Str.).

Mgomvi, n. (wa-), a quarrelsome
person, brawler. (Cf. gomba,

ugomvi, and mjitini.)

Mgongo, n. (mi-), (1) the back,
back part, back-bone, — of man or
animal ; (2) of things resembling the

back, anything raised, ridge, hump,
edge. Geuka (elekeza, pa) m., turn
the back, — in fear, contempt, &c.
(Cf. pa kishogo). Lala mgongoni,
lie on the back (cf. kichalichali,
kiianitani). M. wa nynmba, ridge
of a roof. Nyiimba ya m., a house
with ridge-roof (cf. pad). Njia ya
m., a raised path, causeway. M.
wa tnwitti, a thick line of trees, a
forest ridge. Kinyosha m., a back-
straightener, i. e. a gratuity after a
hard job. (Cf. jongo, kijongo, ki-
biongo, maongo, — all of which point
to ongo, a form not used in Z. but
occurring in mongo, mwongo, a back,
— in other dialects. Gongo, a thick
stick, is different, cf. gonga, strike,
beat.)

Mgonjwa, n. (wa-), a sick person,
an invalid, — used of any bodily
ailment, serious or slight. Cf.
mwele, bedridden, crippled, — of more
serious illness, disablement, e. g. mgo-
njwa aweza ktttembea kidogo, ???wele
amekazwa na marathi, hawezi ku-
tembea, a mgonjwa can (at least)
just move about, a mwele is gripped
by his malady and cannot move.
(Cf. -gonjwa, gonjweza, tigonjwa, and
use of hawezi, as a semi -noun, and
contr. mzima, sound, in good health.)

Mgoto, n. (mi-), (1) act of beat-
ing, knocking together, blows, strokes,
clashing, sudden meeting, conflict,
and (2) commonly of the sound of
such beating, e. g. m. wa makasia, the
beat of oars, — both act and sound ;
m. wa maj'i, the sound of meeting or
falling water. (Cf. got a, and pigo,
shindo, mbis/10.)

Mgunga, n. (mi-), a kind of acacia
(Sac).

Mguno, n. (mi-), a grumbling,
grunting, murmuring, complaining,
discontent. (Cf. giina, nunghi-
nika.)

Mgunya, n. (wa-), a native of a
coast district between Mombasa and
the river Juba. They use the sailing
vessel called tepe.

MGURTTGURU

227

MHOGO

Mguruguru, n. (wa-), a large
kind of lizard, living in holes and
feeding on insects. (For other varie-
ties cf. m/ustj kenge.)

Mguu, n. (mi-), (i) the leg, — of
man or any kind of living creature,
and esp. the lower part of it, the foot ;
(2) anything resembling a leg, in
shape or function. Enda kwa miguu,
go on foot, walk. Shika miguu (yd),
make obeisance (to), become a sub-
ject or dependent (of). Panua (tanua)
miguu, take long strides. (Cf.
guu, kiguu.)

*Mhabeshi, n. (wa-), an Abyssi-
nian, — esp. of the female, valued
as a slave from the light complexion.
(Cf. Habeshia.)

*Mhadimu, n. (wa-), a Hadimu,
— one of the earlier inhabitants of the
island of Zanzibar, living mostly on
the east and south of the island, re-
taining their own dialect and customs,
and till latterly some independence.
Mostly fishermen. (Ar. Cf. ha-
dimu, hudumu.)

*Mhajiri, n. (wa-), an emigrant,
settler, colonist, — also one who travels
to Mecca as a pilgrim. (Ar. Cf.
hajiri, and haj.)

*Mhalbori, n. a strip of lining
under the ornamental silk, stitching
down the front of a kanzu (Str.).

Mhamishi, n. (wa-), a wandering,
unsettled, homeless person, a nomad,
pilgrim, tramp, vagrant. (Cf.

hama, mahame.)

*Mharabu, n. (wa-), a destructive
person, a destroyer, a vandal. (Cf.
haribu, and syn. mwangamizi, mwu-
aji.)

*Mhashiri,n. (#**'-), or Mwashiri,
a strong beam, by which the mast is
secured in position in a native
vessel. (Cf. vilingoti.)

*Mhassi, n. (wa-), a castrated
man or animal, a eunuch. (Ar.
Cf. maksai, and syn. tawaski.)

*Mhenzerani, n. (mi-), a plant
producing a small kind of cane, hen-
zerani.

*Mhimili, n. (1) (*»/-), that which
carries (bears, supports), a beam,
girdle, post, prop, bearing. Also
(2) (wa-), a patient, enduring person.
(Ar. Cf. himili, ha??iali, himila, sta-
himili, and for ' patient ' mvumilivu.)

Mhina, n. (mi-), the henna plant,
the leaves of which steeped in water
produce a red dye, much used for
ornamental staining of fingers, feet,
and often donkeys. (Cf. hina.)

*Mhmdi, n. (1) (wa-), also com-
monly Muhindi, a native of India,
but in Z. usually restricted to the
Mahommedan Hindoos, who are
divided into two chief sects, the
Bohoras and Khojas, each with their
own mosques, burial grounds, clubs,
&c. The heathen Hindoos are called
Baniani (ma-). (Cf. Hindi , ki-
hindi.) (2) (mi-), also commonly
Muhindi, the plant bearing maize,
or Indian corn — also called Muhindi,
in its natural state and collectively.
Single cobs are called gunzi, kigunzi,
and the grains when separated ma-
hindi. (Cf. hindi, gunzi, bisi,
kumvi, ganda.)

*Mhitaji, n. (wa-), (1) a person
who wants (needs something), a
candidate, ^applicant, petitioner. (2)
one who is needy, in want, poor.
E. g. tnimi si mhitaji nawe (or
kwako), I want nothing from you.
Bwana alikuwa tajiri, sasa m/iitaji,
my master was once rich, now he is
poor. (Ar. Cf. hitaji, uhitaji,

ha/a, and syn. viasikini.)

Mhogo, n. (mi-), also commonly
Muhogo, the cassava or manioc
plant, producing the edible roots,
also called in their natural state
and collectively mhogo, muhogo.
Very large roots are called hogo,
mahogo. The*roots are cut in strips
(cf. kopa, ubale) and dried; then,
when wanted, pounded and boiled.
There are several varieties, m. wa
bungaia and m. mweusi, with reddish
stems, sweet and eatable without
cooking ; m, wakindoro, m. nangwa,

Q 2

MHTJNZI

223

MIONGONI

m. m-chungit, with green stems,
bitter, and requiring (excepting in one
variety) to be dried before eaten.
E. g. siuchezei m/iogo mchungu, I do
not play with bitter cassava. Enga
muhogo, cut cassava in slices for
cooking.

Mhunzi, n. {wa-), a worker in
metals, or stone, a smith, a stone-
cutter. Usually defined by a word
following, e.g. m. wa chuma {fetha,
bati), a blacksmith (silversmith,
tin-worker). M. wa mawe, a stone-
cutter, carver in stone. (Cf. mfua,
and fundi.)

Mi-, Plur. Pfx. of D 2, e.g. mti,
a tree, mitt, trees.

*Mia, n. and a., a hundred, one
hundred, -a ??iia, hundredth. Mia
kwa moja, one per cent. Mia mia,
hundreds, in hundreds, — of a large
indefinite quantity. (Ar. Cf. dual
from mi teen.)

Miaa, n. plur. also Miyaa. See
Mwaa.

Mikambe, n. Piga m., in bath-
ing, duck down and throw one
leg over so as to strike the water
with it.

*Mila, n. ( — ), custom, habit, pro-
pensity, usage. (Ar. Cf. desturi,
tabia, ada.)

*Milele, n. and adv., eternity,
perpetuity, -a ?nilele, continual, never
ending, everlasting. As adv. , always,
perpetually, for ever. Maisha na
milele, for life and for ever, for ever
and ever. Also Umilele. (Ar.
Cf. syn. daima, sikti zote.)

Milhoi, n. one kind of evil spirit.
(Cf. pepo.)

Milia, n. plur. of ?nlia, but used
as a., striped. Ptinda milia, zebra.
(Cf. mlia.)

*Miliki, v. possess, be owner
(ruler, king) of, rule, exercise au-
thority over. Ps. ?nilikiwa. Ap.
milik-ia, e. g. hold in trust for, be
regent for, rule in (for, with, &c).
Cs. milik-isha, -ishwa, put in posses-
sion, make king or ruler. (Ar. Cf.

maliki, malkia, matfilaka, and follg.
Also syn. tawala.)

*Milki, n. ( — ), sometimes also
Mulki, and treated as if D 2, posses-
sion, property, dominion, kingdom.
(Ar. Cf. prec.)

Mimba, n. ( — ), conception, preg-
nancy, embryo. Shika {chukua,
tunga,-wa na) mimba, be (or , become)
pregnant, conceive. Tia m., cause to
be pregnant. Haribu m., cause mis-
carriage, miscarry. Also of plants,
mtama unafanya mimba, the millet
is just forming the ear. (Cf. hi-
mila, uzito.)

*Mimbara, n. ( — ), pulpit, — in a
mosque. (Ar.)

Mimi, pron. of 1 Pers. S., I, me.
Also often miye. Mimi mwenyewe.,
mimi nafsi yatigti or bi nafsi yangu,
I myself. -angu mimi, my own.
(All the personal pronouns are re-
duplicated forms, except the third
plural, mimi, wewe, yeye, sisi, ninyi,
wao.)

Mimina, v. (1) pour out, pour,
spill, — of anything in a fluid state, and
so (2) run into a mould, cast. Ame-
nimiminia samli cho??iboni mwangu,
he has poured me out some ghee in
my vessel. Mkate wa kumimina, a
kind of confectionery. Ps. mimi-
niwa. Nt. mi??iinika, e. g. be

poured out, overflow. Ap. mimin-
ia, -iwa. Cs. mimin-isha, -ishwa.
(Cf. follg., and mwaga, pour away,
subn, cast.)

Miminiko, n. {ma-), something
poured out, a casting. (Cf. prec.)

Minya, v. press, squeeze, squeeze
out. Rp. minyana. (Cf.jinya,
and syn. kama, kamtta!)

Mio, n. plur of umio (which see),
(2) {ma-), amplif. form of umio (cf.
kimio), e. g. mio la mnyama, the
throat-passage of an animal.

Miongoni, plur. locat. form from
mwongo (which see), number, account,
reckoning. Used in miongoni mwa,
as a prepositional phrase, in the
number of, among, from among, on

MIKATHI

229

MJIGTJTT

the side of, in the party of, i. e. ka-
tika hesabu ya. Hawa si miongoni
mwangu, these are not among my
people, in my service.

*Mirathi, n. inheritance, heritage,
— for more usual urithi. (Ar. Cf.
rithi.)

*Miski, n. and Meski, musk, or
similar perfume.

*Misko, n. Moscow, and used for
Russia.

*Misri, n. Egypt. (Ar.)

*Miteen, n. and a., two hundred.
-a miteen, two-hundredth. (Ar.

dual of mia, i. e. mia mbili.)

*Mithili, n. likeness, resemblance,
similitude, — same asMethali ^ which
see). Usually (i) in prepositional
phrase mithili ya, like, just as, — or
only mithili. (2) as conj., for (or
with kama), as, like, like as. Na-
taka kasha mithili ya hii, I want
a box of this pattern. Wakaonana
mithili kama auwali, and they met
like as at first. (Ar. Cf. methali,
kama.)

Miunzi, n. plur. of mwunzi,
which is seldom used, whistling,
a whistle. Piga miunzi, whistle.
(Cf. ubinja, i?ibinja, msonyo.)

Miwa, n. plur. of mtiwa, or mwa,
sugar-cane.

Miwaa, n. plur. of mwaa (which
see).

*Miwani, n. a pair of spectacles,
eye-glasses. Commonly described
as macho mawili, double eyes. (Ar.)

Miye, pron. 1 Pers. S., same as
Mimi, I, me. (Cf. weye, yeye,
siye.)

*Mizani, n. (1) weighing machine,
balances, scales. The pan is called
kitanga, and the beam of the scales
mtange. Also (2) the pendulum, or
balance, regulating a machine, clock,
watch, &c. (Ar. Cf. uzani,

uthani.)

Mja, n. (wa-), verbal of ja, one
who comes, and so (1) a new-comer,
foreigner, — also mja na maji, or ?nja
maji) (2) a slave, — not usual in Z.,

for mtumwa. Ada ya mja, hunena ;
mngwana ni kitendo, a slave talks,
but a free man acts.

Mjakazi, n. (wa-), a female slave.
(Cf. ktj^kazi, and mtumwa. Perh.
mja, and kazi, work, but kazi, mkazi,
in some dialects means a woman.)

Mjane, n. (wa-), a widowed,
bereaved person, male or female,
a widow, a widower. (Cf. ujane.)

Mjanja, n. (wa-), cheat, impostor,
knave, sharper. (Cf. -janja, u-

janja, and syn. ayari, mkoJ>i.)

Mjeledi, n. (mi-), whip (of
leather), thong, strap. -Piga (tia)
mijeledi, beat with a whip. (Ar.

leather. Ci.jelidi, jalada, and uka-
nda.) .

Mjengo, n. (mi-), (1) act (pro-
cess, style, method) of building,
architecture, also (2) thing built,
erection, structure, e. g. encampment,
hut. (Cf.jenga,jengo, mjenzi.)

Mjenzi, n. (wa-), a builder, esp.
in native style, i. e. of wooden struc-
tures. (Cf. mwashi, of stone work.)
Kwenyi miti hakuna mjenzi, where
the trees are, there is no one to use
them. (Q{.jenga, and prec.)

Mji, n. (mi-), (1) village, ham-
let, town, city, i. e. a collection of
human dwellings irrespective of num-
ber, 5 or 5,000. (Cf. kijiji, ki-
tongoji.) Used with and without
preps. Toka (ondoka, &c.) katika
mji, or mjini, or mji only. So enda
(jika, Sec.) katika mji, or mjini, or
mji. (2) middle of a piece of cloth ;
(3) after-birth, placenta, and some-
times of the womb itself. (Mji is
traceable in other Bantu dialects,
some distant, as also maji, water.)

*Mjiari, n. (mi-), tiller-rope
(Str.). Also ujari. (Cf. kamba

for other ropes.}

*Mjibu, n. an affable, pleasant,
accessible person. (Arab., not

common, cf. wajibu.)

*Mjiguu, n. (wa-), a large foot, a
long leg, a person with large feet (or
long-legged). (Cf kijiguu, mguu.)

MJIKO

230

MKABITHI

Mjiko, n. {mi-), lower bowel, rec-
tum (Kr.). ' {Ci.jika.)

Mjima, n. (w-), one who co-
operates, or gives friendly help, an
assistant. (Cf. ujima.)

Mjinga, n. {wa-), a fool, simple-
ton, ignoramus, dupe, and esp. of
innocent ignorance, inexperience, and
so, new-comer, raw slave, greenhorn,
tenderfoot. Akawa mjinga, kama
mbuzi ilia kasoro, he was a fool, like
a goat and even worse. Mjinga ni
mtu, usinene ni ng'ombe, a simpleton
is a human being, do not call him a
cow, — a native type of silliness.
(Cf. mpumbafu,barazuli, mzuzu. s )

Mjio, n. {mi-), coming, arrival.
Verbal of _/Vr, v. (Cf. ?najilio,
jioni.)

Mjoli, n. {wa-), fellow slave, mem-
ber of same establishment, fellow
servant. (Cf. mtnmwa.)

Mjomba, n. {wa-), (i) uncle,
nephew,— the term being used by
each of the other. But ?7ijomba also
is used especially of the uncle on the
mother's side, who is also called
baba ?nkubwa or mdogo (according as
he is older or younger than the
father). Contr. amu (Ar.), uncle
on the father's side. (2) a native
name for a Swahili, — the Swahili
region being called Ujomba, and lan-
guage kijomba.

Mjukuu, n. {zva-), grandchild, or
other relation of the second genera-
tion, grand-nephew (or -niece), second
cousin (male or female). Fig. as in
tnajuto ni mjukuu, remorse is a
grandchild, i. e. comes at length.
(Cf. kijukuu, kilembwe, kiningina.)

Mjumbe, n. {wa-), messenger, go-
between, deputed person, ambassador,
delegate, representative. Mjumbe
hauawi, a messenger's person is
sacred. (Cf. jumbe, kijumbe, u-
jtimbe.)

Mjume, n. {wa-), a skilled work-
man who executes ornamental work,
engraving, inlaying, &c. on weapons,
and personal ornaments. M. wa

visu, a high- class cutler. (Cf.

ujume, mjumu.)

Mjumu, n. or !Njumu, inlaid
work, ornamental decoration with
various materials.

Mjusi, n. {wa-), (1) a lizard, — of
the smaller sort, of which there are
many varieties. (For larger kinds
cf. guruguru, kenge.) (2) a lizard-
shaped ornament worked in silk
stitches on the front of a kanzu
(which see).

Mjuu, n. used of wind, — as blow-
ing above or overhead. {Cf.juu.)

Mjuvi, n. {wa-), a saucy, impu-
dent, inquisitive, prying, intruding
person. (Cf. jua, ujuvi, and

follg.)

Mjuzi, n. {wa-), one who knows,
a well-informed, large-minded, saga-
cious, wise person. Mwenyezi Mngu
ni msikizi ?ia mjuzi wa killa kitu,
Almighty God hears and knows
everything. (Cf. jua, ujuzi, and
prec.)

Mkaa, n. (1) {wa-), one who sits,
remains, lives, &c, an inhabitant,
a resident, an occupant. Mkaa ji-
koni, a kitchen maid, a Cinderella.
(Cf. kaa, and follg.) (2) {mi-),
a tree, the bark of which is used
medicinally as an astringent.

Mkaaji, Mkaazi, n. {wa-), an
inhabitant, regular occupant, a stay-
at-home, not a traveller, contr. to
77ipitaji, mhamishi. Ukiwa mkaazi,
jenga, if you are come to stay,
build a house. (Cf. kaa, v. and
prec.)

*Mkabala, Mkabil, adv. mostly
in prepositional phrase, mkabala wa,
in front of, facing, opposite, corre-
sponding to, fronting. Also, in front,
future. (Ar. Cf. kabili, kabla,
kibula, &c, and lekea.)

*Mkabithi, n. {wa-), verbal of
kabithi, one who holds, keeps, &c,
and so (1) a trustee, one who holds
property or money; (2) a miser, an
economizer, a thrifty person. (Cf.
kabithi, and bahili.)

MKADAMU

231

MKATE

*Mkadamu, n. {wa-) } and Muka-
darau. See Eadamu.

Mkadi, n. {mi-), a pandanus tree,
with strongly scented leaves used in
perfumes, and large fruits like pine-
apples.

Mkaguo, n. (mi-), inspection,
visitation, review. (Cf. kagua, and
follg., also angalia, tazamia.)

Mkaguzi, n. (wa-), an inspector,
examiner, reviewer. (Cf. kagua,
and prec.)

Mkahaba, n. (wa-), also Kahaba
(ma-), prostitute.

*Mkahawa, n. (mi-), coffee-house,
restaurant, cafe. A square containing
several of these in Z. is kr. own as
Mkahawani. (Cf. kahawa.)

Mkaja, n. (mi-), cloth worn by
women round the body, esp. after
child-birth, — one of the presents usu-
ally made to the bride's mother at
marriage. (Cf. mbeleko, and follg.)

*Mkalimani, n. (wa-), interpreter,
i. e. in a professional sense, one who
is employed to translate into and from
an unknown tongue. (Ar. kali?na,
a word, cf. syn. mfasiri. Mkalimu
is also used for teacher.)

Mkalio, n. (mi-), a customary
wedding fee, one of several given
to the bride's attendants, lit. sitting
by, — like kiosha miguu, kipa mkono,
kifungua mlango, &c.

Mkamba, n. (mi-), a larger species
of sea crab. (Cf. kamba, and kaa.)

Mkamshe, n. (mi-), a kind of
wooden spoon (Str.). (Cf. mwiko.)

Mkana, n. (wa-), verbal of kana,
one who denies, repudiates, &c.
Mkana Muungu, an atheist. (Cf.
kana, mkanushi, tikanyo, ukani, &c.)

Mkandaa, n. {mi-), a kind of
mangrove, growing abundantly on the
coast in East Africa. The bark is
used for tanning, and furnishes a red
dye. The hard straight trunks supply
largely the boriti of commerce, i. e.
poles used for carrying concrete roofs
in house-building. (Cf. ?nkoko, and
mui.)

Mkangaja, n. (mi-), a tree bear-
ing a small kind of mandarin orange
(ka)igaja) in thick clusters of bright
orange-red colour. (Cf. mchungwa,
for other varieties.)

Mkanju, n. (mi-), a cashew-nut
tree, — known in Z. usually as mbibo
(which see).

Mkano, n. (mi-), tendon, sinew,
muscle,— of cattle and animals general-
ly. (Cf. kano, uka?io, and ms/ii/>a.)

*Mkasama, n. (i) division, part,
portion; (2) in mathematics, division.
(Arab. Cf. tngawo.)

Mkasasi, n. \rni-), a fine tree, use-
less for timber (Str., who quotes a
couplet, iizuri wa mkasasi ukipata
maji basi, the ?nkasasi is a fine tree,
but all it yields is sap).

Mkasiri, n. (mi-), a tree, the bark
of which is used to dye nets black
(Str.).

Mkata, n. (wa-), (1) one who cuts,
— verbal oikata, v. (cf. mkate,mkati) ;
(2) a poor man, — seldom heard in Z.
city. Ni mkata, sina mbele wala
nyuma, I am a poor man, with noth-
ing before or behind me. Mkata kana
kinyongo, a poor man cannot afford
fancies. (Cf. ukata, and syn. ??iasi-
kini, fukara.)

*Mkataa, n. and adv., also Maka-
taa, (1) what is settled, final decision,
end of an affair ; (2) in a fixed, firm,
decided, final way, e. g. m. neno hili,
sitakwenda, this is my final word, I
will not go. Ttmieafikana m., we
made a final contract. Sema kwa m.,
make a final statement. (Ar. Cf.
kata.)

*Mkataba, n. (mi-), what is
written, book, statute, contract, en-
gagement. (Ar. Cf. kitabu, and
syn. hati, sharti, maagano.)

Mkatale, n« (mi-) t stocks, instru-
ment for confining a prisoner by the
feet, i. e. tnti uliochongxva ukazuliwa
tundu, a piece of wood shaped and
with holes bored in it. (Cf. kifungo,
mnyororo, pingti.)

*Mkate, n. (mi-) , something cut.

MKATI

232

MKINDU

and so, (i) any kind of lump, or
separate piece, ?n. wa tumbako, a plug
or cake of tobacco, m. wa nyiiki, a
piece of honey-comb, but esp. (2) a
loaf, cake, bun, biscuit, or anything
similar, and used commonly of
European bread. Various kinds are
distinguished as m. wa ngano, bread
made of wheat flour ; m. wa mofa, or
mofa only, a cake of millet meal
baked in an oven ; m. wa kumimina,
a cake of batter, fritter; m. wa
kusonga, &c. When mkate is used
of ordinary bread, the crust (ganda la
mkate) is distinguished from the crumb
(nyama ya mkate). (Ar. Cf. kata,
v., and follg.)

Mkati, n. (tea-), one who cuts,
cuts up, cuts out, cuts down, &c.
(Cf. kata, v., mkate, mkato.)

*Mkato, n. (mi-), (1) a cutting,
incision, amputation, cut ; (2) effect
of cutting, a slit, crack, crevice ; (3)
a fraction, piece, esp. a separate part
of a native house, a division, apart-
ment, room, — made by a partition or
screen only, kiwambaza ; (4) fig. a
cutting down or away, cutting short,
reduction, retrenchment ; (5) a short,
abrupt, decisive act or method.
Fanya ktua mkato, like mkataa, act
quickly, decisively, at a word. (Ar.
Cf. kata, and prec.)

Mkazi, n. (wa-), (1) for Mkaazi
(which see), an inhabitant ; (2)
Muungu ni mkazi wa ulimwengu,
i. e. perh. from kaza, upholder, firm
supporter. (Cf. follg.)

Mkazo, n. (mi-), using force, ten-
sion, effort, energy, pressure, exertion.
(Cf. kaza, kazi, and syn. bidii, ngu-
vu.)

Mke, n. (wa-) for mtu mke, a
woman, a female, also mwanamke.
Used alone, mke means distinctively
' wife,' in contrast with mwanamke.
Mume ni kazi, mke ni nguo, the
husband works, the wife dresses. See
-ke. (Cf. mume.)

Mkebe, n. (mi-), pot, canister,
mug (for drinking and other pur-

poses). Mkebe wa ubani, a pot for
keeping or burning incense in. (For
other kinds cf. chungu, chombo.)

Mkeka, n. (mi-), a mat (usually
of the kind used for sleeping on).
Hence kama kitanda kupata mkeka,
like a bedstead getting a mat, i. e. of
natural completion, the final touch.
These mats are oblong, made of
certain leaves (ukindu), slit into strips,
plaited, and stained various colours.
The strips (ukili) are sewn together,
and bound round the edge. The
commonest in Z. are plain white, or
with transverse stripes of colour.
Their manufacture is. the ordinary
occupation of women when not en-
gaged in cookery or other household
work. Mikeka are described as ya
kulalia, for sleeping on ; ya rangi,
with coloured stripes ; ya kufuta, of
common cheap make ; ya kazi, plaited
in patterns. (For other kinds cf.
jamvi, msala, kitanga, randa.)

Mkereza, n. (wa-), one who turns
with a lathe, a turner. (Cf. ke-

reza.)

Mkewe, n. for mke wake, his wife.
So mkewo, mkeo, your wife, i. e. mke
wako.

Mkia, n. (mi-), a tail. Suka #*.,
wag the tail. M. wa mjusi, lines of
silk stitching running up the front of
a kanzu from the ornament called
mjusi.

Mkilemba, n. (wa-), one who has
earned a turban, i.e. by completing
a job or a course of instruction, and
so denotes a successful candidate,
prizeman, graduate. (Cf. ki-

te mba.)

Mkimbizi, n. (wa-), (1) one who
runs, e.g. the slave who runs in front of
his master's donkey, but also (2) one
who runs away, — fugitive, runaway,
deserter, truant ; (3) one who causes
to run, pursuer, hunter, persecutor, —
also a robber, a highwayman (cf.
mtoro). (Cf. kimbia, mbio.)

Mkindu, n. (mi-), the wild date
palm, — producing an edible fruit (ki-

MKINGA

233

MKONO

ndu), and leaves which furnish material
{ukindu) for weaving fine mats, and
a fibre used for string. (For other
palms cf. mnazi.)

Mkinga, n. {mi-), anything that
stops, obstructs, or diverts something
else, e. g. mkinga maji, a strip of
leaf or stick used to catch the water
running down a tree, also mchilizi.
(Cf. kinga, v., and follg.)

Mkingamo, n. {mi-), a crossing,
being athwart, obstructing, in the way.
Njia ya mkingamo, a cross-road.
(Cf. kinga, kingama, and follg.)

Mkingiko, n. {mi-), a cross-pole
laid on the top of upright posts to
carry the lower ends of the racers in
building a native house. (Cf. kinga,
and prec)

Mkiwa, n. {iva-), a solitary, desti-
tute, friendless person, a poor man.
(Cf. -kiwa, ukiwa.)

Mkizi, n. {wa-), a kind offish.

Mkoba, n. {mi-), bag, pouch,
wallet, — sometimes made of the entire
skin of a small animal. Wimbi la
mkoba, bag-like waves, i.e. smooth
swelling waves, not like breakers.
(For various kinds of bag, &c. cf.
mfuko, kikapo.)

Mkoche, n. {mi-), one name of
a kind of palm (Hyphaene), known
also as mkoma, but in Z. commonly
as mwaa, or mnyaa (which see).

*Mkonani, n. {wa-), and Mku-
hani, Kuhani, Kahini , priest j sooth-
sayer, magician. (Ar. Cf. kahini,
kasisi.)

Mkojo, n. {mi-), micturition, urine,
— also cJioo cha mbele, choo kidogo.
(Cf. kojoa, and follg., also nya, choo.)

Mkojozi, n. {wa-), one who cannot
or does not control his urine, one
who wets his bed. (Cf. kojoa, and
prec.)

Mkoko, n. {mi-), a kind of man-
grove, much used as firewood in Z.,
with a red bark used for dyeing.
(Other kinds are mkandaa, and
mui.)

Mkokoto, n. {mi-), (i) a dragging,

a hauling, a pull; (2) the mark or
trail of something dragged along.
(Cf. kokota, and dist. makokolo.)

Mkoma, n. (1) {wa-), verbal of
koma (which see), one who stops,
ceases, comes to an end; (2) {wa-),
a leper, one suffering from ukoma
(which see) ; (3) {mi-), one of the
names by which the Hyphaene palm
is known on the East Coast, — others
being mkoche, mwaa (which see).

Mkomafi, n. {mi-), name of a
tree {Carapa moluccensis , Sac). The
wood is red, and was formerly much
used in Z.

Mkombozi, n. {wa-), one who
ransoms (buys back, gets out of
pawn, recovers a deposit), a redeemer.
(Cf. komboa, ukombozi.)

Mkomwe, n. {mi-), a kind of
climbing plant, — the seeds of which
are used as counters in playing various
games. (Cf. komwe.)

Mkondo, n. {mi-), current, flow,
rush, passage, run, e. g. of water in
a river or poured on the ground ; of air
through a door or window, i. e. draft ;
of the wake of a ship, of an animal,
i. e. track, run. Cf. ?nkondo wa nyasi,
a track through rushes, showing where
people have passed. (Cf. kondo.)

Mkonga, n. {mi-), trunk of an
elephant, — in Z. commonly mkono
wa tembo.

Mkonge, n. {mi-), (1) a fibre-
producing plant, a kind of hemp or
Sansevieria, i. e. shttbiri la kufanyia
kitani, the fibre being called ukonge,
or uzi wa mkonge ; (2) a kind of fish.

Mkongojo, n. {mi-), a staff used
as a prop or crutch, for an old or
weakly person. (Cf. kongoja, tiko-
ngojo, and for sticks bakora,Jimbo.)

Mkongwe, n. {wa-), an aged,
feeble, infirm person. (Cf. konga,
kikongwe, and syn. mzee.)

Mkono, n. {mi-), (1) the arm of
a human being, esp. of the lower arm,
and the hand, e.g. mkono hnkatwa
kati ya kisigino ita mkono, his arm is
cut off between the elbow and hand.

MKONZO

234

MKUMBO

Mkono wake watoa sana, his hand
gives freely. Pelekea mkono, lay
hands on, arrest. Then (2) of a
corresponding member in animals,
front paw. Simba akamka?nata mko-
noni, the lion seized him with its paw.
(Cf. mkono wa tembo, an elephant's
trunk, and mkono (or kikono, kono),
of the tendrils of a plant. ) (3) of what
resembles an arm, e.g. as projecting,
mkono wa sufuria, the handle of a
European saucepan, — as spreading,
mikono ya mto (bahari), branches of
a river, creeks of the sea, — as grasping,
&c. (4) as a convenient measure,
from ringer tips to elbow, a cubit,
same as (Ar.) thiraa, 18 inches,
i.e. double of a span, and half a yard.
Also in various figurative senses, e.g.
mwenyi mkono mrefu, a thieving,
mischievous, cunning person, a rogue.
Mkono wake mzuri, he is a liberal,
open-handed person. Chuo cha
?nkono, a handy book, manual. Kupa
mkono, to give the hand, i. e. greet,
congratulate, condole with, assist,
take leave, take an oath, &c. Mkono
wa msiba, condolence in grief. (Cf.
kono, kikono?)

Mkonzo, n. {mi-). See Konzo.

Mkoo, n. {wa-), a slut, slattern, a
dirty untidy person, male or female.
(Cf. syn. mchafu, and dist. tikoo, koo.)

Mkopeshi, n. {wa-), one who
supplies goods or capital on credit
for commercial purposes, a lender, a
usurer. (Cf. kopa, v., and follg.)

Mkopi, n. {wa-), (1) one who
borrows goods or money, e. g. to
trade with on the mainland; (2) a
swindler, impostor, knave. (Cf.

kopa, ukopi, and prec.)

Mkopo, n. {mi-), act (process,
method, &c.) of borrowing, swindling,
&c. (Cf. kopa, tikopi, and prec.)

Mkorofi, n. [wa-), an evil-minded,
malignant, brutal, tyrannical person,
a monster, a brute. (Cf. -koroji,
ukorofi. )

Mkoroga, n. {wa-), a stirrer, i.e.
(1) a maker of discord, an agitator,

firebrand ; (2) a blunderer, bungler.
(Cf. koroga, and follg., and syn. mji-
tini.)

Mkorogo, n. {mi-), (1) a stirring,
mashing, mixing of ingredients, &c. ;
(2) a causing discord, agitation, dis-
turbance of peace, blundering, bung-
ling. (Cf. koroga, and prec, also
syn. fitina, sukosuko.)

Mkoromaji, n. {wa-), a regular
snorer. (Cf. koroma, and prec.)

Mkoromo, n. {mi-), a snoring,
snorting, or similar sound. (Cf.
koroma, and follg., and msono.)

Mkubwa, n. {wa-), (1) a great
man (in wealth, dignity, power, &c.) ;
(2) chief, director, responsible head,
master, owner. Huyu ni mkubwa
wetu, here is our master. (Cf.
•kubwa, and syn. mkztu, msimamizi,
bwana.)

Mkuchyo, n. name of a town on
the Somali coast, north of Mombasa,
also called Mukdisha, and commonly
Makdesh or Magadoxa.

Mkufu, n. {mi-), a chain, usually
metal, of a light kind, worn as an
ornament. (Contr. mnyororo, and
for ornaments cf. urembo.)

Mkufunzi, n. {wa-), a teacher, —
more usual form for mfunzi. (Cf.
mfundishi, mwali?)iu, and for the
insertion of ku cf. mkulima?)

Mkuki, n. {mi-), a spear. C/10-
meka mkuki, to stick a spear in the
ground. (For the iron head cf.

chembe, kengee, for the shaft mti,
uti, for the butt end tako.)

Mkuku, n. {mi-), the keel, — of a
boat or ship. (Dist. kuku, a fowl.)

Mkule, n. (wa-), a garfish (Str.).

Mkulima, n. {wa-), a tiller of the
ground, cultivator, agriculturist, field
labourer, peasant. (Cf. lima, mli-
maji, and for the form mkufunzi, —
the ku being inserted perh. to dis-
tinguish from mlima, a hill.)

Mkumbizi, n. {wa-), one who
clears up, makes a sweep of anything,
a gleaner. (Cf. kumba, and follg.)

Mkumbo, n. {mi-), a complete

MKtJNAZI

235

MLADI

clearing out, a clean sweep, a thor-
ough removal, wholesale devastation.
(Cf. kumba.)

Mkunazi, n. (mi-), the jujube
tree, bearing a small edible stone-
fruit'like a cherry, kunazi.

Mkun.de, n. {mi-) , the shrub, which
produces the common bean ukunde,
much used in Z.

Mkundu, n. (mi-), the anus, ori-
fice of the bowel.

Mkunga, n. (wa-), (i) a midwife,
but in Z.commonly mzalislii(ci.kunga,
ukunga,-kungu); (2) a kind of eel,
or sea-snake.

Mkungu, n. {mi-), (1) a large tree
bearing a fruit (kungti) resembling
a small apple, but with a large stone
and kernel; (2) the fruit-stem or
pedicel of a banana plant carrying
the whole head of fruit; (3) an
earthenware dish, used for cooking,
and also its lid, mkungu wa kufu-
nikia. (For other vessels cf. chu-
ngu, chombo.)

Mkunguru, n. also Ukunguru,
the fever which attacks a new-comer
at a place, after a change of residence
and diet, sickness of acclimatization.

Mkung'uto, n. (mi-), a straining
off, a shaking off, a wiping off, a
siftipg. (Cf. kunguta, kunguto.)

Mkunjo, n. a folding, a creasing,
a turning over, a fold. (Cf. kunja.)

Mkuno, n. (mi-), a scratching,
a grating. (Cf. kuna.)

Mkuo, n. (mi-), an ingot, lump
or bar of cast or unwrought metal, pig
(of iron), rough casting. (Cf.

mgando, and ? mtapo. )

Mkupuo, n. (mi-), a shaking or
pushing off, a getting rid of, a letting
drop. (Cf. kupua, and kunguta.)

Mkusanyi, n. (wa-), also Mku-
sanya, a collector, a gatherer to-
gether, convener. (Cf. follg.)

Mkusanyo, n. [mi-), a collecting,
gathering, &c. (Cf. kusanya.)

Mkutano, n. (mi-), (1) meeting,
gathering, assemblage, council, com-
mittee; (2) confluence, concurrence,

coincidence. M. wa watte, a meeting.
M. wa mito, junction of rivers.
(Cf. kuta, kutana, makutano.)

Mkuto, n. (mi-), (1) a meeting
with, a lighting upon, a finding; (2)
? a fold, like kunjo. Kunja nguo
mkuto, fold up a dress. (Cf. kuta.)

Mkuu, n. (wa-), (1) a great person
(in wealth, position, power, &c), a
grandee; (2) ruler, head, master,
governor, &c. Alkuu wa genzi,
leader of a caravan. (Cf. -kuu,
-kubwa, and syn. bwana, msimamizi.)

Mkuyu, n. (mi-), the sycamore of
the east, fig-mulberry tree, producing
the fruit kuyu.

Mkwaju, n. (mi-), the tamarind
tree, bearing the fruit ukwaju.

Mkwamba, n. (mi-), a kind of
thorny shrub.

Mkwarazo, n. (mi-), (1) a scrap-
ing, a grating; (2) track or trail of
something scraping along, e. g. mkwa-
ruzo wa nyoka, the trail of a serpent.
(Cf. kwaruza.)

Mkwasi, n. (wa-), a rich man, a
well-to-do opulent person. (Cf.

-kwasi, ukwasi.)

Mkwe, n. (wakzve), used of near
connexions by marriage, father (or
mother) in law, son (or daughter) in
law. (Cf. mwa?nu, wi/i.)

Mkweme, n. (mi-), a species of
climbing plant.

Mkweo, n. (1) (mi-), a climbing,
a mounting up or upon (cf. kwed)\
(2) for mkwe wako, see Mkwe.

Mkwezi, n. (wa-), one who climbs,
ascends, mounts up. (Cf. kwea.)

Mkwiro, n. (mi-), a drumstick,
used with some kinds of native drum.

Mia, n. (wala), an eater, consumer,
devourer, — verbal of la, governing a
noun. Mia watu, a cannibal. Mia
leo ni mlaji, tb* man who eats to-day
(here and now) is the real eater.
(Cf. la, v., mlo, ulafi, ulaji, mlaji.)

Mlaanizi, n. one who curses,
swears, uses bad language. (Cf.
laana, -laanifti.)

Mladi, n. (mi-), a thin piece of

MLAFI

230

MLIMBIKO

wood, — used by a weaver (mfumi),
with which the woof is tightened
after each thread is inserted. Also
called tipanga. (Cf. kitanda cha
mfumi.)

MlafI, Mlaji, n. (wa-), an eater,
a consumer, and esp. a voracious
eater, glutton, gormandizer. Mlafi
is always an uncomplimentary term.
(Cf. la, v., mla, mlo, ulafi, ulaji.)

Mlala, n. {mi-), one of the names
by which a Hyphaene palm, or a
species of it, is known. Also the
leaf which furnishes strips for making
mats on for tying. Kisu cha ku-
chania milala, a knife for slitting
palm leaves. (Cf. mwaa, mkocke,
m&indu.)

Mlamba, n. (wa-), (i) name of
a bird ; (2) verbal of lamba, one who
licks.

Mlango, n. (mi-), (1) door, door-
way, gate ; (2) entrance, means of
access, fee for entrance ; (3) anything
resembling a door, e.g. a pass (in
hills and mountains), a channel (across
a bar), a strait, estuary, mouth of a
river; (4) fig. of a man's relation to
his family or friends, social attitude,
circle of acquaintances, branch of a
family. Mlango wake mzuri, he
is a kind, hospitable, sociable person.
Wote walioko katika mlango wetu,
all who belong to our circle. Penyi
wimbi na mlango nipapo, the channel
and the breaker are close together,
i. e. safety and danger. (Cf. lango,
kilango.) Native doors are commonly
of two kinds, (1) a single door made
of pieces of mwale (i. e. mid-rib of a
large raphia-palm leaf) set side by
side with two cross-pieces passed
through them, making a light screen,
tied or propped in the doorway ; or
(2) a double or folding door of two
boards (ubau) turning inwards on
projecting tongues of wood fitting in
socket holes in the top and bottom
of the frame. One board carries a
centre strip (mfaa) to cover the
space between the valves when closed.

The frame consists of side-pieces
(mwimo) and top and bottom pieces
(kizingiti). Doors in Z. are often
richly carved, and adorned with large
brass studs.

*Mlariba, n. (wa-), a usurer, a
money-lender. (Ar. Cf. riba,

usury, interest, and syn. faida. The
first syllable is perh. mla, one who
eats, consumes.)

Mlazi, n. (wa-), bed-attendant,
bed -fellow. (Cf. lala.)

Mle, (1) adv. there within, — like
kule,pale; (2) form of the pronominal
adj. -le, ' that,' agreeing with a noun in
the locative form, e. g. nyumbani mle,
in that house (cf. yule) ; (3) subjunct.
2 Pers. P. of la, (that) you may
eat.

Mleo, n. (mi-), reeling, staggering,
unsteady gait. Also Mleoleo, of
uncertain wavering movement. (Cf.
lea, and follg.)

Mlevi, n. (wa-), a drunkard, a
drunken person. (Cf. lea, levya,

and prec.)

Mlezi, n. (wa-), one engaged in
the rearing or training of children, a
nurse, governess, tutor. Also name
of a disease, scrofula (Sac).

Mlezo, n. for Mwelezo. (See
Chelezo, and cf. elea.)

Mlia, n. (mi-), a stripe (line, band) •
of colouring. Used in plur. as adj.
Ptinda milia, zebra.

Mlilana, n. (mi-), name of a shrub.

Mlima, n. {mi-), a mountain, high
hill, long steep ascent. Mi lima,
milima mingi, a mountain range.
Mlima ?nrefzi (mkubwd), a high
mountain. (Cf. kilima, and Mrima,
the name of the coast district opposite
and south of Zanzibar.)

Mlimaji, n. (wa-), for the usual
mkulima, cultivator, tiller of the
ground. (Cf. lima.)

Mlimau, n. (mi-), the tree bearing
lemons (malimau). (Cf. for other
varieties mchungwa.)

Mlimbiko, n. (mi-), (1) a waiting
for something, taking turns, a turn

MLIMI

237

MMUMUNYE

(in waiting) ; (2) a store, stock, re-
serve, treasure. Mlimbiko wa fetha,
a reserve of funds. (Cf. limbika,
and syn. mngojo, zamu.)

Mlimi, n. (wa-), a fluent, babbling,
talkative person. (Cf. ulimi, and

syn. msemi, mwenyi domo.)

Mlinio, n. (mi-), (1) tillage, hus-
bandry, agriculture, cultivation ; (2)
results of cultivation, i.e. crops, pro-
duce. (Cf. lima, mkulima, kili?no.)

Mlimwengu, n. (wa-), (1) an in-
habitant of the world, and (2) esp.
a man of the world, a worldly man.
Mlimwengu ni mwanawe, a man's
hopes (chief worldly interest) are his
child. (Cf. ulimwengu, mali-

mwengu.)

Mlingoti, n. (mi-), mast, — of a
vessel. M. wa maji, bowsprit.
M. wa mbele, foremast, — also wa
omoni. M. wa kalme, mizzen-mast.
The mast rests on the false keel
(msitamu) and is fixed by a cross-
beam (fundo) and two longitudinal
timbers (mwashirt). (Cf. chombo.)

Mlinzi, n. (wa-), guardian, pro-
tector, keeper, guard, watchman,
sentinel, &c. (Cf. linda, ulinzi.)

Mlio, n. (mi-), a sound, — in the
widest sense, a cry, a note, weeping.
Used of all kinds of objects, animate
and inanimate, yielding a sound.
M. wa mtoto, a child's crying.
M. wa simba, a lion's roar. M. wa
bunduki, the report of a gun. M,
wa ndege, a bird's singing. Ngoma
ya milio saba, a drum with seven
notes. (Cf. Ha, Ho, kilio.)

Mlipizi, n. (wa-), one who pays,
one who causes to pay. AIHpizi
kisasi, an avenger. (Cf. lipa,

malipo.)

Mlisha, Mlishi, n. (wa-), one
who feeds or has the care of animals
or other creatures. (Cf. la, lis/ia,

maliska, and follg.)

Mlisno, n. (mi-), (1) a feeding,
giving food, rearing, supporting. M.
wa samaki, baiting for fish. M. wa
mshipi, putting bait on the fishing-

line, bait. (2) native name for the
month called in Arab. Shaaban, i. e.
the month before Ramathan. (Cf.
la, lisha, and prec.)

Mliwa, n. (mi-), a tree with fra-
grant aromatic wood. (Cf. liwa,
sandali.)

*Mlizamu, n. (mi-), a spout for
carrying water off a house-top, or
eaves. Commonly called kopo.

Mlizi, n. (wa-), one who cries or
makes a noise, a child who is always
crying, a ranter, a loud - mouthed
orator. (Cf. lia, ulizi.)

Mlomo, n. (mi-), a variant of
mdomo (which see).

Mlongo, n. (mi-), a variant of
mwongo (which see).

*Mlozi, n. (1) (mi-), an almond
tree, producing the almond nut, lozi.
(Ar.) (2) (wa-), wizard, sorcerer, for
the more usual mchawi. (Cf. loga,
ulozi. )

Mhingula, n. (wa-), a black-
mailer, an extortioner, a robber.
Also, blackmail, bribe extorted.
(Cf. hongo, rzishwa.)

Mmea, n. (mi-), anything possess-
ing vegetable life, or growth re-
sembling it, plant, shoot, sucker,
sprout, &c. Mimea, vegetation, — in
general. (Cf. mea, and syn. eta,

kua, mmeled).

Mmego, n. (mi-), act of breaking
off a piece or portion of food, with
fingers or teeth. (Cf. mega, mego.)

Mmelea, n. (mi-), that which
grows at (in, on) some place or thing,
a creeper, a parasite shrub. (Cf.
mea, kimelea.)

*Mmnadi, n. (wa-), also Mnadi,
an auctioneer, salesman, broker, haw-
ker of goods for sale, public crier.
(Ar. Cf. mnada, dalali.)

Mmoja, n. t>ne man, a man, a
person, a certain man. See -moja.

Mmumunye, n. (mi-), the plant
producing a kind of gourd (mumiinye),
like a vegetable marrow. The outer
rind, when dry and hard, is used as a
vessel for fluids. (Cf. boga, buyu.)

MMUNINA

238

MNG'AKIZO

*Mmunina, n. (wa-), a true be-
liever, i.e. a Mahommedan. (Ar.
Cf. imani, amini, mwamini.)

Mmvita, n. {wa-), an inhabitant
of Mviia, i.e. Mombasa.

Mna, verb-form, (i) there is
(within) (cf. m, na, and fnna, pcma) ;
(2) you (plur.) have. (Cf. 7iina,
una, Sec.)

*Mnada, n. ( — ), an auction, sale,
public notice. Mnadani, a sale-
room, place of auction. Tia
mnadani, put up for sale. Mnada
wa Sultani tcnanadiwa, a procla-
mation of the Sultan is being made.
(Ar. Cf. follg.)

*Mnadi, v. also Nadi, sell by
auction, put up for sale, hawk about
the streets. Ps. mnadiwa. (Ar.
Cf. tembeza.)

*Mnafiki, n. (wa-), a hypocrite,
pretender, impostor, liar. (Ar.

Cf. unafiki, and cf. mwongo, mjanja,
ay art.)

*Mnajimu, n. (wa-),an astrologer.
(Ar. Cf. unajimu.)

*Mnajisi, n. (wa-), an unclean,
foul person, one who is profane in
conduct or speech. (Ar. Qi.unajisi,
naj'isi, and syn. mchafu.)

Mnana, n. (wa-), (1) a small
yellowish bird, building in colonies
on cocoanuts and other palms; (2)
a substance used as a yellow dye for
the leaf strips (ukili) used for plait-
ing mats.

*Mnanaa, n. (mi-), mint. (Ar.
Cf. nanaa.)

*Mnanasi, n. (mi-), the pineapple
plant, — the fruit being nanasi.
(Hind.)

*Mnasara, n. (wa-) and Mnasa-
rani, Nazarene,— used of Christians
by Mahommedans. (Cf. -masihiya.)

Mnaso, n. (mi-), (1) a catching,
holding, hampering; (2) difficulty,
hitch, trap, impediment. (Cf. nasa,
mgogoro, kizuizo, mtego.)

Mnazi, n. (mi-), cocoanut tree, —
which grows in great numbers in
Zanzibar, and the adjacent islands

and coast, and next to cloves is the
most important commercial product,
as well as the most useful for local
purposes. The tree-stem is little
used, except for stout posts or props,
but when cut down the soft nutty
substance at the top, from which the
leaves and blossoms grow, is eaten as
a delicacy (moyo wa mnazi, kilele or
kichelema cha mnazi). The other
principal parts and products are the
leaf kuti, fruit nazi, fibre kumvi, and
sap called tembo. (See kuti, &c:)
The trees are distinguished as mh'nda,
i. e. young, not yet bearing, ?nume
male, and mke female. (See further
under the words mentioned above.
Various kinds of palm are mkindu,
mwaa, mpopoo, mvumo, mchikichi,
mtende, mzvale.)

Mnena, n. (wa-), one who speaks,
or who has the power of speech.
(Cf. follg.)

Mnenaji, Mneni, n. (wa-), a
speaker, a professional orator, an
eloquent person. (Cf. nena, and

msemaji, msemi.)

Mnenea, n. (wa-), (1) a pleader,
interceder, one who speaks for or to
the advantage of another ; (2) a
critic, opponent, one who speaks
against or in rebuke of another.
(Cf. nena, and prec.)

Mnevu, n. See Mnyefu.

Mng'ao, n. (mi-), (1) brightness,
blaze, lustre, glare ; (2) fig. clearness,
perspicuity. Mng'ao wa maneno,
lucidity of statement. (Cf. ng'aa,
and follg.)

Mng'ariza, n. (wa-), with or
without macho, — one who has glow-
ing, glaring eyes, and so to the native
mind one suspected of sorcery,
malignity, evil intent. So also

mng'arizo, gleaming, glaring, glitter.
(Cf. ngariza.)

Mng'arizo, n. (mi-), like mng'ao,
glitter, gleam, glare, radiance, &c.
M. wa macho, glowing, radiant look,
or, glaring, gleaming eyes. (Cf.
ng'aa.)

MNGAZIJA

239

MNYEO

Mngazija, n. (wa-), a native of
the Great Comoro Island. (Anzwani,
Moalli, Maotive are other islands in
the group.)

Mng'oaji, n. {wa-), one who digs
out, roots up, extracts, &c. Mng'oaji
wa meno, a dentist. (Cf. ngoa.)

Mngoja, n. (wa-), also Mngoje,
and Mgoja, -e, one who waits at a
place (occupies a station, is on guard) ,
sentinel, guard, keeper. Mngoja
m/ango, hall-porter, door-boy, gate-
keeper. (Cf. ngoja, and follg., and
syn. mlinzi.)

Mngojezi, n. (wa-), keeper, care-
taker, guardian, watchman. (Cf.
ngoja, and prec.)

Mng'ongo, n. (mi-), name of a tree.

Mnguri, n. (mi-), a shoemaker's
mallet. (Cf. mskoni.)

Mngurumizi, n. (wa-), one who
grumbles, growls. (Cf. nguruma.)

Mngwana, n. (wa-), one who is
not a slave, a free (civilized, educated)
person, gentleman, lady. Mngwana
ni kitendo, a free man can act (while
a slave can only talk). (Cf.
ungwana, kiungwana, and contr.
mtumwa.)

Mnjugu, n. (mi-), the plant pro-
ducing the ground-nut njugti. (Also
njugu, of the plant.)

Mno, adv. very much, too much,
excessively, exceedingly, beyond
measure. Sometimes combined with
other adverbs of similar meaning,
sana mno, mno ajabu, very exceed-
ingly, wonderfully much.

Mnofu, n. flesh, meat, fleshy part,
as opp. to bone, i. e. nyama tnptt, all
meat.

Mnong'onezi, Mnong'oni, n.
(wa-), a whisperer. (Cf. follg.)

Mnong'ono, n. (mi-), whispering,
a whisper. (Cf. nong ona.)

Mnuna, Mnunaji, Mnuni, n.
(wa-), a grumbler, one who com-
plains (sulks, is discontented). (Cf.
follg.)

Mnunda, n. (mi-), a semi-wild
town cat. (Cf. paka.)

Mnuno, n. (mi-), grumbling, dis-
content, complaint, sulkiness. (Cf.
nuna, and prec.)

Mnunuzi, n. (wa-), a buyer, cus-
tomer, purchaser. (Cf. nunua,
tinunuzi.)

Mnyaa, n. (mi-), one of the names
by which the Hyphaene palm is
known, — commonly mwaa (which
see).

Mnyakuzi, n. (wa-), a snatcher,
pilferer, thief, shop-lifter, pickpocket.
(Cf. nyakua, and syn. mwizi.)

Mnyama, n. (wa-), (i) an animal,
a beast. Also fig. (2) having the
characteristics of an animal, a stupid
fool, a brute, a beast. But commonly
nyama is used in both senses. (Cf.
nyama, ndama. Mnyama, a riddle,
is seldom used in Z.)

Mnyampara, n. (wa-), head of a
body of men (caravan, expedition,
army), or of a part of it, head-
man, — whether of porters or armed
guard. (Cf. mkuu wa genzi,

msimamizi.)

Mnyamwezi, n. (wa-), one of the
Nyamwezi tribe, living on the main-
land west of Zanzibar, and largely
used as porters to and from the coast.
Used as a term of contempt by coast
people.

Mnyang'anyi, n. (wa-), robber,
thief, highwayman, burglar. Com-
monly implies a larger scale of action
than mwizi, which includes mere petty
thieving or pilfering. (Cf. nyang 1 -
anya, unyang^anyi, and mwizi.)

Mnyanya, n. (mi-), the plant
bearing the tomato (nyanya).

Mnyefu, n. (mi-), and Mnefu,
damp, wet, moisture, dampness.
(Cf. nya, -nyefu, and syn. rutuba,
maji, uloefti, chepechepe.)

MnyenyekeS, n. deference, a
humble attitude, reverence, &c. (Cf.
nyenyekea.)

Mnyeo, n. (mi-) y a tickling, prick-
ing, itching sensation, a creeping
feeling, craving. Mnyeo wa njaa,
the pricks, pangs of hunger. Also

MNYIMO

240

-MOJA

of prurience. (Qi.nyea, andkinyefu,
nyegi.)

Mnyimo, n. (mi-), a withholding,
refusal, prohibition. (Cf. nyima.)

Mnyiri, n. (mi-), also Mnyiriri,

and Mng'iri, arm, tentacle, feeler,

of the cuttle-fish pweza (and similar

creatures?). Commonly mkono wa

pweza.

Mnyofu, n. (wa-), a straight-
forward, honest, upright, trustworthy
person. See -nyofu, Unyofu.

Mnyonge, n. (wa-), a. humble,
abject, low, debased person. Mnyonge
msonge, name of a kind of musical
entertainment or concert, in which
the performers are women, forming
a kind of club. (Cf. -nyonge,
unyonge.)

Mnyororo,n. (mi-), also Mnyoro,
Mnyoo, (i) a chain, used com-
monly for securing prisoners, slaves,
&c, hence (2) fetters, prison, con-
finement, gaol. Tia mnyororo, or
mnyororoni, imprison, put under
arrest. Sometimes (3) intestinal
worm, but commonly chango. (Cf.
kifungo, pingu, mti kati, ?nkatale,
and contr. mkufu, light ornamental
chain.)

Mnyozi, n. (wa-), a barber, com-
monly kinyozi (which see).

Mnyunyo,n.(wz-), a sprinkling, —
of liquid, scent, &c. ' (Qi.nyunyiza,
manyunyo, and marashi.)

Mnywa, Mnywaji, n. (wa-),
verbal of nywa (see Nya), one who
drinks, a drinker, i. e. of any fluid.
Mnywa maji, a water - drinker.
Mnywa pombe,'& beer-drinker. (Cf.
nya, kinwa, kinywaji.)

-mo is the same element as mu,
tn, — the either denoting reference
or relative distance, ' in there,' or
else giving it the force of a relative
pronoun, ' in which.' (See Mu, M,
and -o.) Mo (1) forms part of the
demonstr. adv. humo, and mumo
(which see) ; (2) affixed to ndi- and
person-prefixes, and the verb -wa or
its equivalents, has a demonstrative

force, with general or usually local
reference, ' in there, to (or, from)
inside there,' e. g. yumo, he is in
there. Ndimo alimo, that is where
he is (in). Mimi simo, I am not in
it, i. e. I have nothing to do with it.
(3) in verb-forms generally is the
form of relative pronoun referring to
* place within which,' e.g. ndimo
akaamo, that is the place he lives in.
Hamna 1 hamna ! ndimo mliwamo,
Nothing in that ! nothing in that !
that's where there is something (to
be) eaten. Mo as a separate word
only appears in such a phrase as mo
mote, in whatever place, wherever.
(Cf. mti, mwa, humo, mumo.)

Moalli, n. the island Mohilla in
the Comoro group.

*Mofa, n. (1) a small, hard, round
cake of millet (rntama) meal; (2) a
cooking oven of burnt clay.

Moga, n. (waoga), coward, for
muoga, mwoga (which see). (Cf.
oga, ogopa.)

Moja, n., also Moji, Mosi, Moya,
(the number) one, one as an abstract.
Kumi na moja, ten and one, eleven.
Moja kwa moja, straight on, con-
tinuously, without a break. Njia
inakwenda moja kwa moja, the road
goes straight on. Barra na poli
??wja kwa moja, desert and forest
without a break. Mia kwa moja,
one per cent.

-moja, a. (same with D 5 (S), D 6),
(1) one, a single, a certain, an indi-
vidual ; (2) one in kind, similar,
identical ; (3) one in feeling, agree-
ing, harmonious, of one mind. Mtu
mmoja, an individual, a certain man.
Nguo moja, the same kind of cloth.
Moyo mmoja, concord, harmony, — so
kali moja, s kauri moja. Namna
moja na kite, the same pattern as
that one. Various plural forms oc-
cur, e.g. vitu vingi vimoja, many
single, separate, single things ; watu
si wamoja, people are not all alike.
Mtti na ?nwanawe, watu wamoja
I maskini, a man and his son, both

MOLA

241

MOYO

equally poor. Mamoja, often with
yote or pia added, all one, all the
same, all alike, to express indiffer-
ence. Mamoja kwangii, it's all one
to me, I do not care, never mind.
(Cf. haithurzi.) -mojawapo, any one
whatever, -mq/a-moja, one by one,
singly, individually, — so vimoja.
Pamoja is used as an adv., all to-
gether, with one voice, unanimously,
at one time (or, place). (Cf. most,
and Ar. wahedi, which is also com-
monly used in counting.)

Mola, n. a title of God, ' Lord.'
(Ar. Cf. Muungu, Rabbi.)

♦Mombasa, n. the Arab name of
the island and town of Mombasa,
about 1 20 miles north of Zanzibar.
The native name is Mviia. (There
is also a village called Mombasa in
Zanzibar near the town.)

Mombee, n. Bombav.

Moris, n. Mauritius.

Moshi, n. {mi-), (1) smoke, steam ;
(2) soot, lamp-black. Moshi wa
moto, the smoke of a fire. Moshi
unasimama, the smoke rises straight
up. Merikebu ya moshi, a steam-
ship. (Cf. ota, moto, and syn.
mvuke, masizi.)

Mosi, n. (the number) one. -a
mosi, first, but -a kwanza is usual.
Jumaa mosi {J tuna ya mosi), Satur-
day, — as being the first day after
Friday, which is observed by the
Mahommedans as Sunday. See
Juma. (Cf. moja, and Ar. wahedi?)

Moskiti, n. also Meskiti, Msi-
kiti, a mosque, the Mahommedan
place of worship. (There are great
numbers in Zanzibar city and is-
land, — many being merely native
houses of sticks, mud, and thatch,
with a barrel or large vessel of water
near the door. In the city they are
mostly of stone, plain in architecture
and ornamentation, only one with
a minaret, and only one of large size.
Each has its mzualimu, or official
teacher, and mwathini, or crier, a
cistern for ablutions, and for the

most part a distinct congregation of
members of the same nation, sect, or
class. Moskiti is a form of masgidi,
mesjidi, cf. sujudu.)

Mote, a. and Mwote, form of

-ote, all, — agreeing with nouns having

the locative termination -ni, e. g. m-

jini mote, in the whole town. (Cf.

-ote, kote, pote.)

Moto, n. (??iioto), (1) fire, flame,
a fire, a conflagration ; (2) heat,
warmth, inflammation, temperature ;
(3) fig. zeal, ardour, energy, vehe-
mence, martial spirit, fierceness. Fa-
nya m., make a fire. VVasha m., light
a fire. Pekecha m., light a fire by
means of firesticks. Pata ??i., get
hot. Ota (kota) m., sit by a fire,
warm oneself. Choma {pasha) m.,
or kwa m., set fire to, heat, cook with
fire. Chochea m., stir the fire.
Zima (zimisha) m., put out the fire.
Prov. dawaya moto ni moto, fire must
be met with fire. Akajisifu moto,
he boasted of his martial prowess.
-a moto, hot, warm, energetic, fiery,
&c. Kazi moto, strenuous, eager
work. Maji ya moto, (1) hot water ;
(2) a large red ant, living in trees, is
so called. (Cf. ota, moshi. Fire-
sticks are seldom seen in Z., — matches
being very cheap, and embers easily
obtainable.)

Moyo, n. (jnioyo, also nyoyo as
if from twyo), (1) the heart (the
physical organ) ; (2) the heart, feel-
ings, soul, mind, will, self; (3) in-
most part, core, pith, centre ; (4)
courage, resolution, presence of mind ;
(5) special favourite, chief delight.
Unichinje utauona moyo wangu, kill
me and you will find my heart. Jipa
m.,piga m. konde, take heart, pluck
up courage. Tia (simika, ktiza) m.,
encourage, crfter, hearten. Shuka
m., be depressed. M. mchache, lack
of courage, a faint heart. Mimi
moyo wangu nataka, I really desire
it. M. wajipu, the core of an ab-
scess. Moyo wa mnazi, the soft
nutty core at the top of a cocoanut

R

MPAGAZI

242

MPANZI

tree, from which leaves and blossoms
grow, — eaten as a delicacy. Moyo
wa kanzu, the part of a kanzu over
the chest. Huyu ndiye moyo zvake,
this is his great pet. -a moyo,

voluntary, willing. Sana {fatty a)
kwa moyo, speak (act 1 ) voluntarily,
readily. Also se?/ta kwa moyo, say
by rote, repeat without a book or re-
minder. (Cf. roho, nafsi, and
mlima.)

Mpagazi, n. {wa-), carrier, bearer,
caravan-porter. Nikawapa wapa-
gazi upagazi wao, I gave the porters
their wages. (Cf. pagaa, upagazi,
and syn. mchukuzi, /tamali.)

Mpaji, n. {wa-), donor, giver,
benefactor, a generous, liberal person.
But esp. of God, e. g. mpaji wa kupa
iti Mtiungu, the real (only) Giver is
God, — also called mpaji asiyepewa,
He who always gives and never
receives. (Cf. pa, itpaji, kipaji,
and -karimu. Dist. paji, kipaji,
forehead, temple.)

Mpaka, n. {mi-), boundary, limit,
border, term. Piga {weka) m., fix a
boundary, lay down a limit. Ruka
vt., trespass, break bounds. Mpaka
mmoja, adjacent, bordering, adjoin-
ing. Also used as prep., up to, to,
as far as, till, until, to the time of, —
like hatta. Akafika mpaka kwetu,
he came as far as our country. Nikae
mpaka lini ? How long am I to stay ?
(Cf. paka, v., pakaita, also upeo.
Dist. paka, with other meanings.)

Mpaka, Mpaki, n. {wa-), verbal
of paka, a plasterer, a painter; also
mpaka chokaa, mpaka rangi.

Mpakato, n. (»*-), something
applied, stuck on, e.g. a patch, a
bandage. (Cf. pakata, paka, v.)

Mpakizi, n. {wa-), a shipper,
a stevedore, one who sees goods or
freight put on board. (Cf. pakia.)

Mpako, n. {mi-), a plastering,
plaster. Mpako wa rangi, applying
paint, painting. (Cf. paka.)

Mpalio, n. {mi-), (i) a rising in
the throat or nostril, a choke ; (2) a

hoeing up the soil among growing
crops. (Cf. paa, pa/ia.)

Mpamba, n. {mi-), (1) the plant
producing cotton, pamba; (2) {wa-),
verbal of pamba, one who adorns.
(Cf. pamba, and follg.)

Mpambaji, n. {wa-), an under-
taker, one of the professional atten-
dants who with the mwosha prepares
a dead body for burial, — using such
things as pamba, dalia, manukato,
mavukizo, sanda, mkeka wa pamba.
(Cf. pamba.)

Mpambano, n. {mi-), a meeting,
colliding, confronting, an encounter.
(Cf. pambana.)

Mpambe, n. {wa-), a person
dressed up, bedecked with ornaments,
in a showy costume, esp. of a female
attendant on a chief at certain cere-
monials, maid-of-honour. (Cf. follg.)

Mpambi, n. {wa-), a decorator, —
of house, person, &c, e.g. a lady's
maid. (Cf. pamba, v.)

Mpanda, n. {wa-), verbal of
panda, (1) one who climbs, a climber ;
(2) one who plants, a planter. Also
Mpandaji, Mpandi. Also (3) {mi-),
a forked branch or stick, — such as
is used for a slave-stick. See
Kongwa.

Mpande, n. {mi-), piece, part,
side. Rarely used. (Cf. upande,

kipande, pande.)

Mpando, n. {mi-), (1) a climbing,
mounting up, ascent. Inchiya mpa-
ndo, rising ground. (2) act (pro-
cess, method, &c.) of planting, time
or season of planting. Also of a row
or line of plants, cuttings, seeds, &c,
e. g. mipando kumi ya muhindi, ten
rows of Indian corn. (Cf. panda,

?)ipanzi.)

Mpango, n. {mi-), (1) act (pro-
cess, manner, time, &c.) of arranging,
setting in order, placing in line, mar-
shalling (cf. panga, and syn. andika.
Dist. pango). (2) act (terms, method,
&c.) of hiring, renting, letting, &c.
(Cf. panga, kuchisha.)

Mpanzi, n. (wa-), a planter, a

MPAPAI

243

MPIKAJI

sower. (Cf. panda, mpando. Dist.
panzl, grasshopper.)

Mpapai, n. {mi-), the tree which
bears papaw-fruit {papal). The
leaves and juices rubbed on meat
make it tender, and are so used by
cooks. Digestive preparations are
now made from it.

Mpapatiko, n. {ml-), fluttering,
throbbing. (Cf. papatlka.)

Mpapuro, n. {ml-), a scratching,
a scratch, esp. with nails or claws.
{CLpapura, and mtal, mfuo, mkuno.)

Mparamuzi, n. {ml-), name of
a tree difficult to climb. Mil pla
umepanda, huu ndlo mparamuzi, you
have climbed every kind of i^ee, but
this is a puzzler (? Bombax Celba).

Mparuzi, n. {wa-), one who does
not work smoothly, a bungler. (Cf.
paruza.)

Mparuzo, n. {ml-), a scraping,
rough work, bungling, &c. (Cf.
prec.)

Mpasi, n. {wa-), one who gets,
one who makes money, a rising am-
bitious man, a prosperous merchant.
(Cf. pat a, pato, and syn. tajlrl,
mkwasl.)

Mpatanishi, n. {wa-), a peace-
maker, reconciler, one who brings
people to terms, settles quarrels and
difficulties, a negotiator. (Cf.

patana, and msuluhlshi.)

Mpato, n. {ml-), (1) verbal of
pata, a getting, a procuring, &c. ;
(2) a float used for showing the
position of a fishing-net, and keeping
it extended; (3) ? lattice, trellis-
work (Str.).

Mpekecho, n. {ml-), (1) a twirl-
ing, a stirring; (2) a disturbance,
agitation, fomenting of discord.
(Cf. pekecha, zipekecho.)

Mpekuzi, n. {wa-), one who picks
and scratches (like a fowl), an in-
quisitive person. (Cf. pekna.)

Mpelekwa, n. {wa-), a person
sent, a messenger. (Cf. peleka,

and syn. tume.)

Mpelelezi, n. {wa-), (1) one who

R

investigates, reconnoitres, examines,
&c. ; (2) a spy, scout, tracker, eaves-
dropper. (Cf. peleleza.)

Mpenda, Mpendi, n. {wa-), ver-
bals of penda, one who loves, likes,
intends, &c, a lover. Mpendwa
{wa-), one who is loved. (Cf.
penda, mapenda, mpenzl, upendo.)

Mpenyezi, n. {wa-), (1) one who
introduces, causes to enter or pene-
trate, brings in, and esp. in an under-
hand secret way, hence (2) a traitor,
smuggler, illicit trader, secret agent,
one who gives bribes. Mpenyezo,
a bribe. (Cf. penya, tipenyezl.)

Mpenzi, n. {wa-), (1) one who
is beloved, a dear favourite person ;
(2) one who loves, a lover, as
mpendi. Cf. mapenzi, active love,
inclination, will, and see Mapenda.
Mpenzl hana klnyongo, (1) the ob-
ject of affection has no defect, causes
no scruples ; (2) a lover sees no
defects. (Cf. penda, upenzl.)

Mpepea, n. {ml-), a light breeze,
a zephyr, i.e. tipepo mpepea, a breeze
that fans. {Qi.pepea, itpepo,pepeo.)

Mpepetaji,n. (wa-),also Mpetaji,
one who sifts or winnows grain, &c.
(Cf. pepeta.)

Mpera, n. {ml-), the tree that
bears the guava fruit, pera. Mpera
wa klzungu, the rose-apple tree.
Another variety is the mtofaa.

Mpetaji, n. {wa-), for mpepetajl.

Mpevushi, n. {wa-), a corrupter
of morals, esp. of the young, lit. one
who ripens, brings to maturity, forces
growth. (Cf. pevua, -pevu, and
komaa.)

Mpiga, n. {wa-), verbal of plga, in
all its manifold uses, one who strikes,
&c. See Piga.

Mpiganisho, n. {ml-), collision,
encounter, conflict. {Ci.plga, tipl-
gano.)

Mpigo, n. {ml-), act (mode, &c.)
of striking. {Cf.plgo.)

Mpikaji, n. {wa-), a cook, a pro-
fessional cook, head cook. (Cf.
plka, mplshl, and follg.)

MPIKO

244

MPTTNGA

Mpiko, n. (#«*-), (i) stick or pole
to carry or sling loads on; (2) act
(process, method, &c.) of cooking, —
including nikaango, mchomo, mtokoso,
mwoko. See Pika.

Mpilipili, n. (mi-), the plant pro-
ducing capsicums (pilipili), the red-
pepper plant. (Cf. pilipili.)

Mpimo, n. (mi-), (1) act (mode,
means, &c.) of measuring ; (2) pay-
ment for measuring. (Cf. pima,
kipimo.)

Mpindani, n. (wa-), a person bent
or crooked by stiffness or disease.
(Cf. pinda, and follg.)

Mpindano, n. (mi-), a bending
together, a stiffening. Mp. wa ms/ii-
pa, cramp. (Cf. pinda, and syn.
kiharnsi.)

Mpinduzi, n. (wa-), one who
turns things upside down, a revolu-
tionist, a disturber of peace. (Cf.
pinda, pindua.)

Mpingani, n. (wa-), an obstruc-
tor, a stubborn opponent. (Cf.
pinga.)

Mpingo, n. (mi-), the ebony tree.

Mpini, n. (mi-), a handle, haft, —
of an instrument, such as knife, sword,
tool. (Cf. kipini. Other kinds
are called (1) mkono, e.g. projecting
handle of a saucepan ; (2) tdambo,
e.g. handle of a bucket.)

Mpira, n. (mi-), (1) a tree pro-
ducing india-rubber ; (2) the substance
india-rubber ; (3) a ball of india-
rubber, and hence a ball of any ma-
terial, — used of a cricket- or foot-ball,
and extended to any games of ball.
Gema mpira, draw off the sap from
an india-rubber tree. Mpira wa ku-
ponda, india-rubber got by boiling
the roots of trees. The natives make
up the sap into balls of about three
inches diam. for sale. (Cf. mbungo,
mtoria.)

Mpishi, n. (wa-), a cook. (Cf.
pika, pikisha, tipishi. Dist. pisha,
Cs. of pi/a, and pishi, a measure.)

Mpofu, n. (wa-), an eland. Also
(from -pofti), a blind person, blind,

i. e. mtu mpofu wa macho. (Cf. -pofu,
pofua. And for various antelopes
cf.paa, n.)

Mpokezi, n. (wa-), one who re-
ceives, a receiver, recipient. (Cf.
pokea, and mkabithi.)

Mponda, n. (wa- ), verbal oiponda,
one who crushes, breaks to pieces.
Mponda mali, a spendthrift, prodigal.

Mpondo, n. (mi-), a pole for
pushing a vessel in shallow water, a
punting-pole. (Cf. ponda, also

pondo, kiporido.)

Mpopoo, n. (mi-), the areca palm,
bearing the betel-nut, popoo, which is
always in great request for chewing.
See Popoo, Tambuu, Uraibu.

Mposa, n. (wa-), a suitor, one who
makes proposals of marriage to
parents. (Cf. posa, and follg.)

Mposo, n. (mi-), proposal of mar-
riage, wooing. (Cf. posa, andprec.)

Mpotezi, n. (wa-), one who spoils,
ruins, corrupts, misleads, destroys,
perverts, &c. (Cf. potea, -potevu,
and follg., and syn. mwangamizi.)

Mpoto, n. (wa-), and more com-
monly Mpotofu, Mpotoe, wrong-
headed, wilful, perverse, wayward,
headstrong, unprincipled, — contr. of
mwongofu, and described as mtu
asiyeongoka, a man who does not go
the right way ; asiyeshika akili za
mtu mwingine, one who never listens
to others. (Cf. potoa, and potea.)

Mpozi, n. (wa-), one who cures, a
physician, — a title which is usually
ascribed to God. Mpozi ni Muungu,
God is the real physician. Doctors
are usually called mganga, tabibu,
daktari. (Cf. poa, porta, poza.)

Mpumbafu, n. (wa-), a fool, a
dupe, described as mtu aseyiweza
kufanyiza kazi ya nafsi yake, a man
who has not the wits to do what he
sets himself to do. (Cf. pumbaa,
-pumbafu, and syn. 7?ijinga, bara-
thuli.)

Mpunga, n. (mi-), the rice plant,
and rice while still growing or in the
husk. (When husked it is called

MPUNGATE

245

MSAFA

mchele, when cooked in the ordinary
way wait.)

Mpungate, n. {mi-), a kind of
cactus (Str.).

Mpuzi, n. {wa-), one who is
foolish, flippant, careless, loose, — in
conduct, conversation, &c., a gossip,
flirt, babbler, gad-about. (Cf.

-puzi, ttpuzi, puza.)

Mpwa, n. {wa-), sister's child,
nephew, niece, and ? cousin. (Not
often in Z.)

Mpweke, n. {mi-), (i) a short
thick stick, cudgel, bludgeon (cf.
kibarango, and for other sticks bakora,
fimbd). (2) a. See -pweke.

Mpya, a. See -pya.

*Mraba, n. (mi-) and Mrabba,
what is fourfold, square, a square,
a rectangle, a right angle. Also of
squares laid out for planting, garden
beds, -a miraba minne, rectangular.
Mtn wa miraba minne, a square-
built, stout man. Piga miraba ka-
tika shamba, lay out beds for cultiva-
tion on an estate. (Ar. Cf. robo,
droba. Also in Ar. mraba means
'jam, preserve.')

*Mrabaha, n. (mi-), royalty, fee
paid to a chief by a trader for right
of trading in a place. (Ar. Cf.
rabbi.)

*Mradi, n. {mi-), intention, plan,
resolve. (Ar. Cf. nia, shanri,

azima, kustidi.)

*Mrama, n. also Mramma, Mra-
maa, pitching, tossing, rolling, — the
motion of a ship at sea, e.g. m. wa
chombo. Enda m., roll, toss, pitch,
&c, — of a ship. (Ar. Cf. suko-
suko.)

Mrao, n. {mi-), fuse for a gun,
match for lighting the powder in a
matchlock, — a small twisted bit of
combustible fibre from a suitable tree.
Bundttki ya mrao, a matchlock gun.
(Cf. utambi.)

*Mrashi, n. {mi-), a long-necked
glass or metal bottle or flask, used
for sprinkling scent. (Ar. Cf.

mar at hi.)

*Mrejaa, n. and Mregaa. Bei
ya mrejaa, trading by commission,
i.e. with goods lent for sale, and
returnable if not sold. (Ar., lit.
'returning.' Cf. rejea, and kopa,
tikopi.)

Mrenaha, n. {mi-), the thorn-apple
tree (Str.).

Mreno, n. {wa-), a Portuguese.
(Cf. -reno.)

Mrera, n. lines of ornamental
stitching on the collar of a kanzu,
usually of red silk. See Kanzu.

*Mrihani, n. basil (the aromatic
herb). (Ar. Cf. rihani, manu-

kato.)

Mrija, n. {mi-), a small kind of
reed, — often used as a pipe (for
drinking with, musical, &c), and so
(2) a pipe, tube, piping.

Mrima, n. and Merima, name of
the strip of coastland opposite and
south of Zanzibar, with its own dialect
of Swahili called Kimrima. The
people also are described as Wa-
mrima. (Perh. cf. mlima, i.e. the
hill-country, rising from the coast
inland.)

*Mrithi, n. {wa-), an heir, legatee,
inheritor. (Ar. Cf. rithi, urithi,
warithi.)

*Mrithia, n. {wa-), a pleasant,
affable, amiable person. (Ar. Cf.
rat hi, urathi.)

Mrithishi, n. {wa-), an executor, —
of a will. (Ar. Cf. mrithi.)

Mruba, n. {mi-), a leech.

*Mrututu, n. sulphate of copper,
blue-stone, blue vitriol, — often used
as a caustic for sores, &c.

*Msaada, n. {mi-) , help, aid, assist-
ance, support. (Ar. Cf. saidia,
and syn. auni, iegemeo, shime.)

*Msafa, n. {mi-), a line, row,
series, — more commonly safu (which
see). Msafa wa milima, a chain of
mountains, mountain-range, i.e. ime-
fungamana, kama kilima kimoja kwa
kimoja, they are joined together like
a continuous series of hills. (Ar.
Cf. mstari r mpango, and safu.)

MS AFAR A

246

MSEMO

*Msafara, n. (mi-), a travelling
company, caravan, expedition, — for
trading, war, &c. Andika (tengeneza,
panga) msafara, organize an expedi-
tion. (Ar. Cf. safri, safari, and
follg.)

*Msafiri, n. (wa-), a traveller (by-
sea or land), wayfarer, voyager.
(Ar. Cf. prec, and syn. vipitaji,
mtembezi, abiria.)

*Msahafu, n. (;«z-),a book (blank,
written, or printed), esp. the Coran,
the Book, the Mahommedan Bible.
Also page or leaf of a book, i.e.
karatasi ya chuo kitupu, kisicho-
andikwa, page of a blank book not
written in. (Ar. sahifat, a page,
layer. Cf. kitabu, chuo})

*Msahau, n. (wa-), one who for-
gets, a forgetful perron. (Ar. Cf.
sahau, -sahaulifu.)

*Msaji, n. {mi-), the teak tree,
teak wood, — imported to Zanzibar,
resists the attacks of white ants.

Msakaji, n. (wa-), one who hunts,
i. e. msakaji nyama, a hunter of
game. (Cf. follg. and mwinda,

mwindaji.)

Msako, n. (mi-), hunting, a hunt.
(Cf. saka, and syn. winda, j?iwindo.)

*Msala, n. (mi-), (i) a praying
mat, — usually oval, and hence of oval
or round mats in general. Also (2)
a private place, bath, closet, — like
faraghani. Yuko msa/ani, he is en-
gaged. Akapelekwa msalani akaenda
akaoga, he was conducted to the bath-
room and went and had a bath.
(Ar. Cf. sal a, sali, and for mats
mkeka, kitanga. Also cf. choo.)

Msalaba, n. (mi-), (1) a cross,
anything in the form of a cross. Also
(2) instrument of torture, used for
mkatale, stocks. (Ar. Cf. suhibii.)

*Msalata, n. (wa-), a harsh, over-
bearing, unfeeling, provoking person.
(Ar. Cf. saliti, and syn. mgomvi,
mstimbufu, &c.)

Msalimina, Msalimu, n. (wa-),
variants of Mwislamu, Msilimu, a
Mahommedan, a Moslem.

*Msaliti, n. (wa-). See Msalata.

*Msamaha, n. (mi-) also Msa-
meha, pardon, forgiveness, forbear-
ance, respite. A r ataka msamaha
kwako, 1 beg your forgiveness.
(Ar. Cf. samehe, and follg., and syn.
achilio, ghofira.)

*Msamehe, n. (wa-), a. forgiving,
merciful person. (Ar. Cf. prec.)

Msamilo, n. (mi-), wooden head-
rest, used by natives as a pillow.

*Msanaa, n. (wa-), also Msani,
one skilled in an art, artist, artisan.
(Ar. Cf. sanaa, -sanifu. In Z.
commoner syn. are fundi, waria,
mstadi, mbingwa.)

*Msandali, n. (mi-), the tree pro-
ducing the aromatic sandal-wood.

*Msandarusi, n. (mi-), the gum-
copal tree. (Cf. sandarusi.)

Msangao, n. (mi-), also Msba-
ngao (which see).

Msapata, n. (mi-), a kind of
native dance. (Cf. ngoma.)

Msasa, n. (mi-), (1) a plant or
shrub with rough leaves, used for
smoothing wood. Hence (2) sand-
paper, emery paper.

Msazo, n. (mi-), what is left over,
leavings, remnant, remainder. (Cf.
salia, saza, sazo, salio, and syn. baki.)

Msekeneko, n. syphilis. (Cf.
sekeneka.)

*Mselehish.a, n. (wa-), also -ishi,
a reconciler, a peacemaker. (Ar.
Cf. suluhi, selehisha, and syn. mpa-
lanishi.)

Msema, n. (wa-), verbal of sema,
one who says, speaks, has the power
of speech. (Cf. sema, nena, and
follg.)

Msemi, Msemaji, n. (wa-), (1)
a speaker, a narrator ; (2) an eloquent
person, an orator, a fluent, talkative
person. Afsemaj'i wa habari, one who
tells news, a narrator, an historian.
(Cf. sema, and prec, usemi, use-
maji.)

Msemo, n. (mi-), act (kind, style,
&c.) of speaking, utterance, speech.
Kilichowafunga ni msemo wao we-

MSETIRI

247

MS HIND ANT

nyewe, what convicted them was their
own speech. (Cf. sema, and prec.)

Msetiri, n. (wa-). See Mstiri.

Mseto, n. {mi-), and Msheto, a
mixture of grains and other ingredients
cooked for food, a mash, e. g. mtama,
choroko, kunde, viazi. (Cf. seta?}

Msewe, n. {mi-), a sort of rattle,
fastened to the leg, to make a jingle
in dancing. (Cf. 7tjuga.)

*Mshabaha, n. {mi-), likeness, re-
semblance, similitude. Used also like
met kali {mithili) and mfano as a
conj. ' in the likeness (of), like,' — for
the common kama, sawa (na). Msha-
baha mmoja, alike. (Ar. Cf. sha-
baha.)

*Mshahara, n. {mi-), monthly
wages, regular salary. (Ar. shah?',
a month. Cf. ujira.)

*Mshairi, n. (wa-), a composer
of verses, a rhymer, a poet. (Ar.
Cf. shairi.)

*Mshakiki, n. (mi-), (i) spit,
skewer ; (2) a bit of meat, toasted
over embers on a skewer. (Ar.
sikkat, and cf. syn. kijiti, kibanzi.)

Mshale, n. (mi-), an arrow. For
various parts cf. chembe (iron head),
wano (shaft), manyoya (feathers),
koleo (notch). Dim. kishale. (Other
common weapons are mkttki, upa-
nga, kisn, rtmgti.)

Mshangao, n. (mi-), also Msa-
ngao, thrilling excitement, deep sen-
sation, admiration, wonder, perplex-
ity, amazement, bewilderment, stupe-
faction. Ona (fanya, shikwa na,
ingid), be seized with wonder, &c.
(Cf. shangaa, and ajabu, bumbuazi,
toshea.)

*Mshari, n. (wa-), an evil person,
one who brings ruin, strife, ill luck,
destruction, &c. Opp. of heri.
(Ar. Cf. syn. mgomvi, mtesi, mkorofi,
mchokozi, mpotezi?)

*Msharika, n. (wa-), also Mshi-
riki, partner, participator, sharer,
associate, equal, — but msharika may
imply the closest possible identifica-
tion of interests, communion of life,

nature, and feeling. (Ar. Cf.

shariki, shiriki, and syn. mwenyi,
rofiki.)

*Mshathali, a. and adv., also
Mshethali, and sometimes heard as
Msitara, crooked, slanting, oblique,
out of the straight or level, sloping,
on one side. (?Ar., and cf. syn.
upande, kikombo, kipogo.)

*Mshauri, n. (wa-), adviser, friend,
counsellor. (Ar. Cf. shauri.)

*Msh.eheri, n. (wa-), an Arab
from Sheher in South Arabia, usu.
of a low class, engaged in manual
trades and labour. (Ar.)

*Mshemali, n. (wa-), a northern
Arab, i. e. one who comes from
Muscat and the Persian Gulf. (Ar.)

Mshenzi, n. (wa-), a barbarian,
savage, one of the aborigines, a person
untouched by civilization. Often used
contemptuously by the coast Swahilis
of those who come from the interior.
(Cf. tishenzi, mjinga.)

Msheto, n. (mi-). See Mseto.

Mshika, Mshiki, n . (wa-) , one who
holds, takes hold of, grasps. Mshiki
shikio (or, msukani), pilot, steersman.
(Cf. shika.)

Mshikilizo, n. (mi-), lit. a causing
to hold on to, or together, — used of
tacking or basting materials ready
for sewing.

Mshinda, n. (wa-), verbal of
shinda, one who remains, conquers,
&c. (See the various meanings of
shinda, and follg.)

Mshindaji, n. (wa-), a conqueror,
victor, successful competitor or can-
didate. (Differs from Mshinda,
Mshindi, only so far as the termination
ji implies that the action is character-
istic, repeated, or professional. Cf.
shinda, mshindi, mshindwa, mshinde,
mshindo, and*follg.)

Mshindani, n. (wa-), (1) an op-
ponent, rival, antagonist, competitor ;
(2) a contentious, obstructive, cap-
tious person. (Cf. shinda, mashi-
ndano, ushindani, and syn. mbishi,
mpingamizi, mtesi, adui.)

MSHINDE

248

MSIBA

Mshinde, n. {wa-), one who is
conquered. (From shinda, with
pass, termin. -e. Not often used.)

Mshindi, n. (w-), a conqueror,
winner, prize-taker, victor. (Cf.

shinda, mshindi, mshindaji, and prec.)

Mshindilio, n. {mi-), a pushing,
a pressing, application of force.
Used of (i) loading a gun, ramming
the charge home. Also of (2) the
charge or cartridge itself. (Cf.

shinda, shindilia, and hiasi.)

Mshindio, n. {mi-), (1) the work-
ing of the woof or weft across the warp
{mtande) in weaving; (2) the woof
itself. Used also of the interlacing
of plaited leaf strips {mashupahi) to
form a bedstead {kitanda), — mshindio
wa mashupahi. (Cf. shinda, and
prec, also mfumo for weaving.)

Mshindo,n. (w/-),used to describe
any act (process, effect), characterized
by suddenness, force, violence, &c,
and so translated variously as ' shock,
blow, stroke, explosion, noise, bang,
sensation, burst, thump, crash, out-
break, tumult, uproar,' &c. Mshindo
wa ngurumo, peal of thunder. Ngoma
ya mishindo saba, a drum with seven
notes. Ikawa mshindo ?nkubwa
kalika inchi, there was a general
rising throughout the land. Also of
a report, rumour, news of a thrilling
or sensational kind. Mshindo wa
miguu, tramp of feet. (Cf. shinda,
and prec, and dim. kishindo.)

Mshipa, n. {mi-), used rather
vaguely of minor organs of the body
not commonly distinguished by
natives, blood-vessel, nerve, vein,
artery, and of any pain, ache, disease
or affection of them, — ache, swelling,
throbbing, fullness of blood. E.g.
mshipa unampiga fimdo, there is a
knot (obstruction, clot) in his vein, —
of aneurism, &c. Alarathiya mshipa,
neuralgic pain, sciatica, and similar
pains. Mshipa unamtambaa mwili-
ni, of creeping shooting pains in diff-
erent parts of the body. M. inapiga
{inapuma, inatukiitika), the vein, or

pulse, beats (throbs, is irregular).
Kanda mshipa, feel the pulse.

Mshipi, n. {mi-), (1) a narrow strip
of stuff (cloth, webbing, &c), used
as a belt, girdle, waist-band, halter, —
also used of braces, suspenders ; (2)
a fishing-line, a fishing-net.

*Mshitiri, n. {wa-), customer,
buyer. (Arab., for the common

mnimuzi.)

Mshituko, n. {mi-). See Mshtuko.

Mshona, Mshoni, u. {wa-), one
who sews, — always a man in Z . ,a tailor.
Mshona viatu, mshoni wa viatu y a
sandal-maker, a shoemaker. (Cf.
shona, and follg.)

Mshono, n. {mi-), sewing, seam,
suture. Knnga mshono, sew a seam.
(Cf. shona, ushoni, prec, and hunga.)

*Mshtaka, n. {mi-), charge, ac-
cusation, complaint. Fanya mshtaka,
prosecute. (Cf. shtaki, and follg.,
and ddwa.)

*Msh.taki, n. {wa-), accuser, prose-
cutor, plaintiff. (See Shtaki, and
prec, and cf. dai.)

*Mshubiri, n. {mi-), an aloe.
(Cf. also subiri, sibiri.)

Mshuko, n. {mi-), (1) descent,
coming down, an incline ; (2) coming
to end, conclusion. Used of the time
of coming away from the mosque
after any of the usual prayers.
Mshuko wa jua {wa magaribi), time
of twilight, just after sunset, 6 to
6.30 p.m. (Cf. shuka.)

*Mshumaa, n. {mi-), candle.
See Meshmaa. (Ar.)

*Mshurutisho, n. {mi-), a com-
pelling, a compulsion, moral pressure.
(Ar. Cf. sharti, shuruti.)

*Msiba, n. {mi-), (1) calamity,
misfortune, untoward accident, dis-
aster ; (2) sorrow, distress of mind,
grief ; (3) formal mourning, outward
signs of sorrow, &c. Used of war,
famine, sickness, and minor calami-
ties. Msiba mkuu {mkubwa, mgumii),
a great disaster. Fanya {ona, ingia,
pata, &c), m., take to heart, grieve
(over). Muungu hushasha msiba

MSIBU

249

MSOMESHI

kwao watenda maovti, God sends
down calamities on evil-doers.
Kwenda kupa mkono wa msiba, go
and make a visit of condolence, offer
sympathy, inquire after, — after a
funeral, misfortune, &c. Akakaa
msiba wa mamaye, he observed the
usual mourning for his mother.
Ikhva jtimbe amekufa, ukaanguka
msiba mkubwa mno wa ajabu, when
a chief dies, it means the occurrence
of a very great and exceptional
demonstration of sorrow. (Ar.

Cf. masaibn, sibu, and follg.)

*Msibu, n. {wa-), one who causes
trouble, distress, &c. (Ar. Cf.

sibu, and prec.)

*Msifu, n. {wa-), verbal of sifu,
one who praises, recommends, flatters.
Msifu mno, a gross flatterer, toady,
parasite. (Cf. sifu, si/a.)

Msijana, n. {wa-), young unmar-
ried person of either sex, from ten to
twenty-five years of age. (Not usual
in Z. Cf. kijana. Perh. m-si-jana,
i.e. one who is not a child. Cf.
msikwao.)

*Msikiti, n. mosque. See Mos-
kiti. (Ar.)

Msikizi, n. {wa-), one who hears,
heeds, obeys, and so (i) an auditor,
hearer, listener, one who attends a
class or meeting ; (2) a follower, dis-
ciple, adherent, a teachable, obedient
person, good pupil, good servant.
Mwenyezi Mngu ni msikizi na
mjuzi wa killa kitu, Almighty
God sees and hears everything.
Natafuta watu wasikizi, I am
looking for people to listen to my
case. (Cf. -sikia, -sikifu, sikio.)

Msikwao, n. {wa-), one who has
no home, a vagrant, a wanderer {si
kwao). (Cf. mkiwa.)

Msilimu, n. {wa-). See Mwi-
slamu.

Msimamizi, n. {wa-), lit. one
who causes to stand, or stands over,
i. e. an overseer, overlooker, — esp. the
headman of a plantation, or of a
caravan. Also generally, responsible |

head, director, manager, superinten-
dent, steward, foreman. (Cf.
simama, and also nokoa, kadamu.)

Msimulizi, n. {wa-), one who
reports, narrates, gives an account,
tells a story, recounts news, news-
man. (Cf. stimtilia.)

Msindikizo, n. {mi-), act of
escorting, escort, cortege, retinue.
(Cf. sindikiza, sindika.)

*Msingefuri, n. {mi-), the anatta
plant. (Cf. singefuri.)

Msinji, n. {mi-), also Msingi,
a trench, ditch, cutting made in the
ground, e.g. round a house for
carrying off water, &c, but esp. of
the foundation for a stone house.
Piga {weka) msinji, lay a foundation.
(Perh. mzingi, and conn, with zinga,
zunguka, &c.)

*Msiri, n. {wa-), a confidential
(intimate, bosom) friend, confidential
agent (adviser, counsellor). (Ar.
Cf. siri, and ms kauri, mkunga.)

Msisimizi, n. See Mzizimizi.

Msisimuko, n. {mi-), and Mzi-
zirn'ko, a startling, nervous excite-
ment, irritation, stimulation. (Cf.
sisima, zizimua, and syn. mshtuko.)

Msitamu, n. {mi-), keelson or
inner keel, to which the foot of the
mast and ribs of a vessel are secured.
(Cf. mkuku, keel, and ckombo.)

Msitiri, n. {mi-), and Msetiri.
See Mstiri.

Msitu, n. ( — , and ? mi-), land
covered with thick bushes, under-
growth, small trees. Sometimes
msitu wa miti, forest, but mwitu
is usual in this sense.

Msizi, n. (mi-), a plant from
which a black dye or ink is made.
(Cf. masizi. Dist. mzizi, a rootlet.)

*Msomari, n. {mi-), also Msu-
mari, Mismasi, a nail, large pin,
or anything similar in appearance or
use. Msomariwaparafujo, a screw.
(Ar.)

Msomeshi, n. {wa-), a teacher,
instructor, reader, esp. one who
teaches and leads Mahommedan

MSOMO

250

MSUKI

devotions. (Cf. soma, and follg.
Also mwalimu, mkufunzi.)

Msomo, n. (mi-), (i) reading, the
act (method, means, &c.) of reading,
repeating a lesson ; (2) study, subject
of study, lesson, lesson-book. (Cf.
soma, somo.)

Msonde, n. (mi-), a kind of drum,
long and of large size, — also called
gogo. (Cf. ngoma.)

Msonge, n. and adv. (something)
stirred, twisted, compressed, mud-
dled, jumbled. Maneno haya ni
msongesonge, these words are all
jumbled together, confused. P'or
mnyonge msonge see Mnyonge.
(Cf. songa, and follg. The -e is
a passive ending.)

Msongi, n. (wa-), one who stirs,
twists, presses, &c. Msongi wa nyele,
a hairdresser, who arranges the hair
in folds (cf. ?nsnsi wa nyele, one who
plaits the hair). (Cf. songa, and
prec.)

Msongo, n. (mi-), a stirring,
twisting, plaiting, compressing,
muddling, &c. (Cf. songa, kisongo,
and prec, and syn. ??isuko.)

Msonyo, n. (mi-), and Msono,
a whistling sound, made with the
teeth as well as the lip, to attract
notice or express contempt. Piga
(vuta) msonyo, give a whistle. (Cf.
sonya, and fyonya, also mwtinzi,
ttbinja, and koroma.)

Mstadi, n. (wa-), a skilled work-
man, one who knows his trade.
(Cf. fundi, waria, mbingwa.)

*Mstafeli, n. (mi-), a fruit tree
commonly called 7ntopetope, and some-
times mtomoko, custard-apple tree.
There are several varieties known in
Z., e.g. mstafeli wa kizungu, bearing
the fruit called ' sour-sop,' mst. wa
Ajjemi, bearing the ' bullock's heart.'
There is also an mst. iva mwitu, or
' wild custard-apple.' (Cf. tope-

tope})

*Mstaki, n. (wa-). See Mshtaki.

*Mstamu, n. (mi-). See Msi-
tamu.

*Mstarehe, n. state of rest, repose,
calm, — esp. in the phrase raha msta-
rehe, i.e. absolute, complete repose.
(Cf. starehe, -starehefn, raha, titulivu,
kimya, and tnstiri.)

*Mstari, n. (mi-), a line, an ex-
tended stroke, a line ruled or marked,
a row. Piga mstari, draw a line.
(Ar. Cf. safu, mfiw, alama.)

*Mstiri, n. (wa-), (1) for mshtiri,
a customer, a buyer (Arab.). (2)
(with variants msetiri, msitiri), one
who conceals, a hider, one who
covers, veils, disguises. (Ar. Cf.
stiri,jicha.)

*Msuaki, n. (mi-), a twig of a
fibrous shrub, the end of which is
chewed and used for rubbing and
cleaning the teeth, a tooth-stick, a
tooth-brush. Often a twig of the
mzambarau. (Ar. tooth-pick.)

*Msufi, n. (mi-), the cotton-tree
(Eriodendron anfractuosuni). (Cf.
sitfi, and dist. mpa?7iba, the cotton
plant, a small shrub.)

Msuka, n. (1) (wa-), verbal of
suka, one who plaits, &c. ; (2) (mi-),
the spike of a native hoe (jembe), —
the part of the iron head which passes
through and is fixed in the handle
(kipini). See Jembe.

*Msukani, n. (wz-),also Sukani,
TJsukani, rudder, and steering gear
in general, of a boat or ship. The
tiller or handle is called kana ; the
tiller-rope, rudder-line, ujari (plur.
njari) ; the steersman, mshiki msu-
kani or rubani; a steering wheel,
cherehe (or gnriidumii) ya msukani.
(Hind. Cf. shikio.)

Msukano, n. (mi-) and Msuka-
wano, part of the drill (keke) used for
boring hard woods by native car-
penters, viz. the shaft and barrel
carrying the iron bit or boring tool.
See Keke.

Msuki, n. (wa-), also Msusi, one
who plaits, &c. See Suka. M. wa
nyele, a professional or skilled hair-
dresser. M. wa vikapo, a basket
maker.

MSUKO

251

MTAMBA

Msuko, n. {mi-), act (process,
style, &c.) of plaiting, a plait. Also
of snaking, e.g. of a ship at sea.
(Verbal ot suka, in all its meanings.)

*Msuluhishi, n. {wa-), a peace-
maker, a reconciler, one who brings
to terms, arranges a bargain, ends a
quarrel, &c. (Ar. Cf. suluhisha,
-suluhifu, and syn. mpatanishi.)

Msumeno, n. {mi-), a sawing tool,
a saw. Piga m., use a saw. Kata
kwa m., cut with a saw, i.e. pasua.
Various kinds are m. wa kitanda,
frame-saw, — large ones being used
as pit-saws, and for plank cutting.
M. wa kamba, a fret-saw. M. wa
jambeni, a saw with two saw edges.
(Cf. Kx.jambei two-sided. kX^oki-su,
ji-su, whence perh. tn-su with meno,
i.e. a toothed or serrated knife.)

*Msunobari, n. {mi-), pine-tree,
fir-tree, deal, — timber imported in
quantities to Z. chiefly from Norway.
It is rapidly destroyed by white ants.
(Ar. and Hind.)

Msuruaki, n. {mi-), the wooden
peg on a kind of clog {mtalawanda)
used by women indoors, passing
between the toes and so holding the
clog on the foot.

Msusi, n. {wa) for Msuki (which
see). (Dist. mzuzil)

Msusu, n. {mi-), name of a tree.

Msuto, n. {mi-) and Msutu, a
large piece of coloured calico, often
used as a screen or partition in a
native house, — more commonly ki-
sutu, a piece of coloured calico worn
as a woman's dress. (Cf. nguo,
kisutu.)

Msuzo, n. {mi-) and Msuso, handle
of wood by which the upper stone is
turned, in grinding grain between two
stones.

*Mtaa, n. {mi-), division of a town,
quarter, district, parish. Kaa mtaa
mmoja, live in the same district,
be neighbours. (Cf. syn. fimgu,
se/iemu, upande.)

*Mtaala, n. study, practice, read-
ing. (Ar. Cf. taali, and soma.)

*Mtaalamu, n. {wa-), an educated,
learned, well-instructed person, a
scholar, a sage. (Ar. Cf. elimii,
and syn. mwana vyno.)

*Mtabiri, n. {wa-), one who an-
nounces or foretells events, a prophet,
a soothsayer. (Ar. Cf. tabiri,
/uebiri, and nabii.)

Mtafara, n. {mi-), crupper, — the
cord used to fasten the saddle to the
tail (Sac).

Mtai, n. (mi-), a scratch, a slight
cut. Piga mtai, make a scratch,
scarify. (Cf. papura, chora, toja,
piga, tikucha, also mfuo.)

Mtaimbo, n. {mi-), also Mta-
limbo, an iron crowbar, lever, bar.

Mtajiri, n. (wa-). See Tajiri.

Mtaka, n. (wa-), one who wants,
asks, begs, needs, &c. See Taka, v.
Mtaka yote Jmkorayoie, he who begs
for everything gets nothing. (Cf.
mtashi, mwombaji!)

Mtakaso, n. cleansing, a thing
cleaned (cf. takasa). Also ? a rustl-
ing, rustle, — perh. a variant of mcha-
kacho (which see).

Mtalawanda, n. (mi-), also Mtaa-
wanda, (i) a tree supplying a light
wood, from which clogs are made in
Z. Hence also (2) a wooden clog,
i. e. kiatu cha mti. (Cf. kiatu.)

Mtali, n. (mi-), an anklet, bangle.
(Cf. fiirungu, and for other orna-
ments urembo.)

Mtama, n. (mi-), millet, Kaffir
corn, sorghum, — a food staple in
many districts near Z. Mtama
mtindi, young half-grown millet.
Mtama tete, millet with grain formed
but not fully ripe. The stalk is bua
(ma-), and of a sweet kind kota (ma-).
Various kinds are known as felefele,
kipaje, kibakuli, fumbii, &c. (Ar.
taam, food, c&rn of any kind. For
other kinds cf. tiwele, tilezi, uwimbi,
ngano, shayiri, kimanga, mc/iete.)

Mtamba, n. (wa-), a female ani-
mal that has not yet borne young.
Mt. wa ng'ombe, a heifer. (Cf.
mfarika^)

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252

MTEMA

Mtambaazi, n. {wa-), any crawl-
ing creature, insect or reptile. (Cf.
-tanibaa, -tambaazi, utambaazi, and
tiririka, — used of the gliding of
snakes, i. e. without feet.)

Mtambo, n. {mi-), a trap with
a spring-action. Hence of any simi-
lar contrivance or machine with
movement. Mtambo wa bunduki,
the lock (or, action) of a gun. Tega
mtambo, set a trap. Mtambo wa taa,
a clock (or, watch) spring. (Cf.
tamba, tambo, kitambo, utambo,
tambi, tambaa, &c, — differing in
meaning, but perh. with same root.)

Mtambuu, n. {mi-), the shrub
which produces the betel-leaf, — in
great request for chewing at Z. See
Tambuu, Uraibu.

Mtambuzi, n. {wa-), a knowing,
clever, well-informed, intelligent per-
son. (Cf. tambua, utambuzi, and
tamba.)

Mtanda, n. (wa-), verbal oi tanda,
one who spreads, &c. See Tanda,
and follg.

Mtande, n. {mi-), lit. something
spread or stretched out. Hence used
of (i) a frame of sticks, or a line on
which clothes, &c. are hung to dry.
Also of a weaver's loom, more accu-
rately called kitanda cha mfumi. (2)
strip of flesh, or fish, hung up to dry
in the sun or by the fire. Also of
the threads of the warp in a loom, —
the woof being mshindio. (Cf.
tanda, and follg.)

Mtando, n. {mi-), a spreading,
a stretching out, &c. Also of what
is spread out. (Cf. tanda, and
prec.)

Mtanga, n. {wa-), one who wan-
ders idly and aimlessly about, an
idler, loafer, common tourist, vaga-
bond, tramp. So also Mtangatanga.
(Cf. tanga, mtango, kitanga, and
syn. mtembezi, ?npuzi.)

Mtangazi, n. {wa-), one who
makes generally known, proclaims,
divulges. (Cf. tangaa.)

Mtango, n. {mi-), (1) a loitering,

strolling about, idling (see Tanga,
and prec). (2) the plant producing
the tango, a kind of cucumber used
as a vegetable.

Mtangulizi, n. {wa-), one who
goes before, leads the way, is pre-
eminent or first in anything, and so
a leader, ringleader, herald, fore-
runner, predecessor. (Cf. tangulia,
and syn. takadamu.)

Mtani, n. {wa-), one of a family,
clan, or tribe, a kinsman, a rela-
tion, — but not nearer than a cousin
on the father's side. (Cf. zitani.)

Mtapo, n. {mi-), name of a plant,
a kind of Cycad. Also verbal n. of
tapa, shivering.

Mtasbihi, n. {mi-), a kind of reed.

Mtashi, n. {wa-),.an earnest, im-
portunate suppliant, one whose mind
is set on an object, an urgent pleader.
i^Cf. taka, v., and syn. mwombaji.)

Mtata, n. {mi-), name of a plant.

Mtatago, n. {mi-), a tree placed
so as to bridge or dam a stream, i. e.
mti wa kukingamisha magogo mtoni.
(Cf. ulalo.)

Mtatio, Mtatizo, n. {mi-), a coil-
ing (of cord), winding (of thread),
an entanglement. (Cf. tata, tatiza.)

*Mta'wa, n. {wa-), (1) one who
stays at home, keeps indoors, and so
(2) one who leads a moral self-con-
trolled life, a recluse, a devout re-
ligious person. (? Ar. Cf. tawa,
close up, ntawa. In (2) sense, the
sound of a seems prolonged, and is
written sometimes mtaawa, mtaowa,
mta y wa.)

Mtawanya, n. {wa-), one who
scatters, and so, one who spends
freely, an open-handed, liberal per-
son. (Cf. tawanya, and syn.
karimu, mpaji.)

Mtazamo, n. {mi-), looking, gaz-
ing. See Tazama.

Mtego, n. {mi-), a trap, snare,
gin, — used of all kinds of devices for
snaring animals and birds. Tega
mtego, set a trap. (Cf. -tega.)

Mtema, Mtemi, n. {wa-), verbal

MTEMBEZI

253

MTI

of tenia, one who spits, one who cuts.
See Tema, and Mtemo.

Mtembezi, n. (wa-), (i) from
tembea, one who walks about for
pleasure or exercise rather than busi-
ness, an idler, a pleasure-seeker, a
tourist, &c.,e.g. mtembezi ala mi gnu
yake, one who travels for pleasure,
lives off his own feet; (2) from
tembeza, e. g. mtembezi wa bithaa,
one who hawks goods about for sale,
a pedlar, a commercial traveller.
(Cf. tembea, tanga, zunguka.)

Mtemo, n. (mi-), (1) cutting;
(2) spitting, i. e. mtemo wa mate.
See Tema.

Mtendaji, n. (wa-), an active
(energetic, enterprising, pushing) per-
son. (Cf. tenda, kitendo, titendaji,
Sec.)

Mtende, n. (mi-), a date-palm,
producing the fruit tende. Not nu-
merous in Z., dates being imported
from Arabia.

Mtendo, n. (mi-), a doing, mode
of acting, performing, accomplishing.
(Cf. tenda, kitendo, utendaji.)

Mtenga, n. (wa-), verbal of tenga
(which see), one who separates, &c.

Mtengo, n. (mi-), a separating, a
dividing off, &c. See Tenga.

Mtengwa, n. (wa-), one who is
divided off, separated, put aside, set
apart, devoted (to a work or occupa-
tion. (Cf. tenga.)

Mtenzi, n. (wa-), one who does
things, carries on work, follows a
trade or occupation, &c. M. wa
mashairi (wa maneno), one who
makes poetry (stories), a poet, an
author. M. wa kazi, an active,
hard-working person. (Cf. tenda,

utenzi.)

Mtepe, n. (mi-), a native sailing
vessel, with a very long projecting
prow, upright mast, and square mat-
ting sail. Constructed with wooden
pegs and cord, at coast towns north of
Mombasa, — Patta, Lamu, &c, and
used by the Wagunyu in their trading
voyages. (Cf. chombo, dau.)

Mtepetevu, n. (wa-), a slack, re-
miss, do-nothing person. (Cf. -te-
petevu, tctepetevti.)

Mteremezi, n. (wa-), a kindly,
genial, friendly person, who sets
others at their ease. (Cf. terema,
and follg., -kunjtifu, changa??i , ka.)

Mteremo, n. (mi-), cheerfulness,
happiness,comfort, relief from trouble.
(Cf. terema, and prec.)

Mtesi, n. (wa-), one who causes
trouble or annoyance, a persecutor,
opponent, enemy, a quarrelsome or
litigious person. (Cf. tesa, teso.)

Mtete, n. (mi-), a reed. (Cf.
kitete, tinyasi, mwanzi, btia.)

Mtetemo, n. (mi-), shaking, trem-
bling, shuddering, shivering, quak-
ing. Mtetemo wa inchi, earthquake.
Mt. wa meno, chattering of the teeth.
(Cf. tetema, tetemeko, and syn. mti-
kiso, msuko.)

Mteua, n. (wa-), verbal of teua,
one who chooses, criticizes, picks and
chooses. Mteua mno huangukia
mbovu, the dainty person is sure to
find (his food) bad. (Cf. teua, and
follg.)

Mteule, n. (wa-), one who is
chosen, selected, picked out, and so
choice, of high quality or character.
(Cf. teua, -teule, mteuzi, and prec.)

Mteuzi, n. (wa-), like Mteua, a
dainty person, a critic, an eclectic, a
connoisseur, e.g. mtenzi haachi tamaa,
i. e. a critic is never satisfied. (Cf.
teua, and prec, and syn. mchaguzi.)

*Mthalimu, n. (wa-), an unjust,
tyrannical person, an oppressor, des-
pot, persecutor, defrauder, &c. (Ar.
Cf. t/zaiimu, uthalimu, tkulumu.)

*Mthamini, n. (wa-), a surety,
trustee, one who goes bail for another,
a hostage, guarantor. (Ar. Cf.
thamini, tnamt&za.)

Mti, n. {mi-), (1) a tree, — of any
kind and in any state; (2) tree-
material, i.e. wood, timber; (3) a
tree, or part of a tree, prepared for
use, — pole, post, palisade. Merikebu
ya mti, a wooden ship. Nyumba ya

MTI

254

MTONDOO

mti, a house of timber, a wooden
house. Nyumba ya miti, a house
built with poles. Mti kati, a post
to which a prisoner is secured by
fetters on his feet. (Cf. mkatale.)
(Cf. kijiti, uti, and ubau, plank,
sawn timber, nguzo, boriti. Lists of
trees may be found in Sacleux,
Dictionnaire Franc. -Swahili, Appen-
dix, and for British Central Africa in
Johnston's British Central Africa,
p. 227, first ed.)

Mti, n. ( — ). Marat hi ya mti,
tiwele wa mti, denotes sores of a
scrofulous or gangrenous kind.

*Mtii, n. (wa-), an obedient (sub-
missive, docile) person. (Ar. Cf.
tit, titii, to* a.)

Mtikiti, n. (mi-), the plant pro-
ducing the water-melon, tikiti.

Mtima, n. (mi-), heart, — seldom
used in modern Swahili, for moyo.

Mtindi, n. ( — ), buttermilk, — also
described as mtindi wa maziwa, or
maziwa ya mtindi. (Cf. -tindi.)

Mtindo, n. (mi-), (1) sort, shape,
size, pattern, cut; (2) a special sort,
a good kind, extra quality ; (3) con-
clusion, end. Nguo hii ya m., this
is a special (unusual, superfine) calico
(dress, fabric). Mwanangn ni m.
wa yule, my son is just like him.
M. wa kusi, the end of the (season
of the) south wind. (Cf. kitinda,
ti?uiika. Perh. same as chinja,
?nchinjo, i.e. (i) a cutting; (2) cut,
shape ; (3) cutting off, end.)

*Mtini, n. (mi-), a fig-tree, the
fruit being tini. (The wild fig is
mvumo.)

Mtipitipi, n. (mi-), name of a
climbing plant, or creeper. (Dist.
tipitipi, a bird.)

Mto, n. (mito), (1) a river, small
or large, rivulet, brook, stream, &c. ;
(2) creek, inlet, estuary, arm of the
sea, i. e. mto wa bahari; (2) a cushion,
pillow. Mto wa kono, a branching
river, delta. Mto mkavu, a river bed,
dry channel. Mkonowa mto, affluent,
branch of a river. Mto zaaenda

kassi, the river runs swiftly. Vuka
mto, cross a river. Kata mto, go up-
stream. Fuata mto, go down-stream.
Mto haupitiki, the river is impass-
able. (Cf. jito, kijito, also juto,
and uto, mfo.)

Mtoa, Mtoaji, n. (wa-), verbal of
toa, in all its senses, one who gives,
removes, &c. See Toa. Mtoaji
kahawa, one who serves coffee.

Mtobwe, n. (mi-), a tree from
which a favourite kind of walking-
stick is made, — white, and possessing
the quality of bending and keeping
any curve it is bent to, like lead.
(Cf. bakora,Jimbo.)

Mtofaa, n. (mi-), a fruit-tree, with
an apple-like fruit, tofaa (Jambosa
Malaccensis, Sac), jamrack.

Mtoki, n. ( — ), painful swelling
in the groin, usually accompanied by
fever.

Mtokoso, n. (mi-), (1) act (con*
dition) of boiling; (2) rice boiled
and dried, — so sold in shops. (Cf.
chemka.)

Mtombo, n. (mi-), and ? Mtembo,
(1) the heart or centre of the sprout-
ing shoot of a palm-tree, cocoanut or
other (cf. kilele, moyo). (2) painful
cracks and sores caused by the buba
disease, esp. on the soles of the feet.

Mtomo, n. (mi-), solidity (firm-
ness, strength, good workmanship)
in building (Str.). (Cf. totnea, and
syn. itnara, nthabiti.)

Mtomoko, n. (mi-), a fruit-tree of
the same class as the custard-apple
(mtopetope).

Mtomondo, n. (mi-), a fruit-tree
of the same class as the mtofaa, —
a Baringtonia, bearing the fruit to-
mondo.

Mtondo, n. (mi-), the third day
following, — the series being leo, to-
day, kesho, to-morrow, kesho kuchwa,
the day after to-morrow, then
mtondo, the third day. The fourth
day is called mtondo goo, or kushinda
mtondo.

Mtondoo, n. (mi-), a large tree,

MTONGOZI

255

MTU

bearing the fruit tondoo, with a seed
rich in oil, — Calophylltwi Inophyl-
lum.

Mtongozi, n. (wa-), one who tries
to attract (allure, seduce), e.g. by
words, signs, dress, &c, a seducer.
(Cf. tongoza, kitongo, utongozi.)

Mtopetope, n. (mi-), the small
tree which bears the custard-apple,
topetope. Another variety is mtope-
tope-mwitu.

Mtoria, n. (mi-), a kind of Lan-
dolphia, producing india-rubber, and
an edible fruit (kitoria). (Cf.

mbungo.)

Mtoro, n. (wa-), (i) a runaway
slave, a truant; (2) highwayman,
robber, bandit. (Cf. toroka.)

Mtoto, n. (wa-), implies generally
what is (A) in an early stage of
development, or (B) in a subordinate
position, and includes the following
meanings. A. child, young per-

son, offspring, offshoot, descendant.
E. g. m. mwanaume (mttme, wa
kiume), male child, son, boy. M.
viwanamke (wakike, mke), a female
child, daughter, girl. An mtoto re-
mains so till the age of about 7 years,
or about 15 years, — next becoming
a kijana (see Ki j ana) . M. mchanga,
a very young child, a baby. The
offspring of any animal is called
mtoto, e. g. m. wa ngombe, a calf;
m. wa mbuzi, a kid ; m. wa kuku,
a chicken. For offshoot of plants
cf. watoto wa mgomba, the young
shoots springing from the roots of
a banana. Mtoto is also u